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1.
An approach to cork oak forest management planning: a case study in southwestern Portugal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. Costa A. C. Oliveira F. Vidas J. G. Borges 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(2):233-241
This paper presents results of research aiming at the development of tools that may enhance cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest management planning. Specifically, it proposes an hierarchical approach that encompasses the spatial classification of a cork oak forest and the temporal scheduling of cork harvests. The use of both geographical information systems and operations research techniques is addressed. Emphasis is on the achievement of cork even flow objectives. Results from an application to a case study in the Charneca Pliocénica of Ribatejo in southern Portugal encompassing a cork oak forest extending over 4.8 thousand ha are discussed. They suggest that the proposed approach is capable of effective spatial classification of cork oak management units. They further suggest that it may be used to select optimal cork even flow scheduling strategies. Results also show that the proposed approach may lead to a substantial increase in net present value when compared to traditional approaches to cork oak forest management planning. 相似文献
2.
Taher Mechergui Marta Pardos Naceur Boussaidi Brahim Hasnaoui Douglass F. Jacobs 《林业研究》2013,24(2):193-204
The need for reforestation in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) areas is challenged by difficulties. Principal among these is herbivory of young plants, vegetative competition, and slow growth rates of cork oak seedlings. We evaluated the early development of cork oak seedlings treated using tree shelters and mulching in northwestern Tunisia. We tested three tree shelter treatments (non-vented, vented, and control) to shield seedlings from animal damage and five mulch types to control competing vegetation (Italian Stone Pine, Lentisk, combination of Italian Stone Pine and Lentisk (organic mulches), gravel (inorganic mulch) and no mulch). At the end of the two-year experiment, sheltered seedlings were 89-99% taller than unshelteredseedlings and had higher numbers and lengths of shoot growth flushes. In contrast, both stem diameter growth and dry weight biomass (from samples extracted after two years) were significantly reduced inside tree shelters. Root-to-shoot ratio was not significantly different in sheltered vs. unsheltered seedlings, suggesting that tree shelters do not adversely affect this parameter. Mulching alone did not favour growth, but could be beneficial when combined with tree shelters. The combination of vented tree shelters and gravel mulch was the most effective treatment for promoting diameter, height and stem volume growth. 相似文献
3.
4.
Dilek Yildiz Pascal Nzokou Ayse Deligoz Ismail Koc Musa Genc 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(5):809-818
Determining the adaptability to abiotic conditions and potential establishment success of tree species needs to be conducted before attempting to use a species in large-scale afforestation programs. In this study, the chemical and physiological performance of four Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) provenances was investigated after exposure to artificial cold temperature treatments to determine their adaptability to cold environment for potential use in afforestation programs. Seeds were sown and raised for 24, 28, and 32 weeks and exposed to decreasing temperatures in an artificial freezer. Relative electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured to determine the variability between provenances. Results showed that diameter and height growth did not vary with origin for each of the three growth stages measured. Root electrolyte leakage values differed between provenances, confirming that cold stress was effectively causing physiological damages when plants were exposed to temperature at ?15 °C and below. The variability observed in the relationship between provenances and cold hardiness responses can be attributed to tree-to-tree variability within provenances and microsites conditions. There was generally no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence between provenances, also attributed to low genetic variation between provenances. Carbohydrate concentrations were also very variable and varied significantly among growth stages and provenances. High-altitude provenances had higher soluble carbohydrates concentrations in several cases, suggesting a relationship between altitude, soluble sugars, and cold hardiness. However, these trends were not consistent; therefore, we suggest that such hypotheses be confirmed through more comprehensive further studies. 相似文献
5.
美国栎属种源引种、变异研究:种子及苗期生长变异 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
对从美国３个州（宾夕法尼亚、纽约和田纳西州）引进的栎属３个树种北方红栎、柳叶栎和红栎的２１个种源进行了两次播种和容器育苗试验。初步掌握了栎属种子砂床播种、芽苗移栽、容器育苗的关键技术。对栎属种子的发芽、芽苗和苗木的生长过程等有了一定的了解。发现栎属不同树种间和种内种源、家系间在种子体积、千粒重、发芽率、３０ｄ萌叶率和苗高生长等性状均存在极显著变异,试验数据表明种子体积北方红栎为大（其中宾夕法尼亚州家系１７２最大）,其次是红栎和柳叶栎。千粒重以北方红栎为重（其中宾夕法尼亚州家系１７２最重）,其次是红栎和柳叶栎。发芽率为北方红栎最高（其中宾夕法尼亚州家系１９１为１００％）,其次是红栎和柳叶栎。３０ｄ萌叶率和苗高生长以柳叶栎为高（田纳西州种源９７０１ＴＮ最高）,其次是红栎和北方红栎。在种间和种内不同种源、家系间种子千粒重与年终苗高生长相关不显著。 相似文献
6.
Jaime Puértolas Marta Pardos María Dolores Jiménez Ismael Aranda José Alberto Pardos 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(6):611-611
7.
Cork is a natural product that is extracted from the outer bark of the cork oak tree. According to Portuguese legislation, the interval between two consecutive cork extractions on the same tree must be equal or greater than 9 years. Although the majority of the cork oak stands are debarked at the end of this period, this rotation may not be the optimum in many cases. The existing models for cork weight prediction can only be used for trees debarked at a 9 years or, in one model, at a 10-years rotation period, since the data used for its development was limited to these growth periods. The development of a method that allows for the prediction of the mature cork biomass with t years of growth, based in one measurement taken at any other age, was the main objective of this work. The method is based on the knowledge that the density of the cork tissue is constant between the inner and outer cork rings, being significantly different from density of the cork back. It can be implemented using two different equations that were developed during this work: a model to estimate cork biomass with 9 years of age and a model to estimate the cork back weight proportion at 9 years of age. For the first model, four different alternative models were developed, considering different levels of information collected during forest inventory. The model to estimate the cork back weight proportion leads to the biomass of cork tissue. Cork biomass at t years is obtained by decreasing or increasing the biomass of cork tissue according to the difference in cork thickness between t and 9 years of growth. The proposed method was evaluated by comparing the observed and estimated values of cork biomass from an independent data set with corks with 9, 10 and 11 years of age. The results showed similar precision for corks with 9, 10 or 11 years of age. As expected the precision of the predictions increases when the model to estimate cork biomass with 9 years of age uses more information. The presented method should be an important tool for cork oak stand management, for the prediction of the evolution of carbon stocks in cork oak stands, and will allow analyzing the impact in cork biomass production of decreasing or extending the interval between two consecutive cork extractions. 相似文献
8.
Cork oak landscape dynamics were assessed over a 47-year period (1958–2005) in an endangered region of southwest Portugal
using a GIS approach. The area of cork oak woodlands was maintained during this period, but shifts due to land abandonment
were evident leading to transformation of cork oak agriculture areas into woodlands and of cork oak woodlands into shrublands
(average yearly change rates of 0.6 and 0.1%, respectively). The multi-temporal landscape analyses showed that expansion and
regression rates of cork oak forests were similar (15 and 16 ha year−1, respectively). The main factor determining oak woodlands expansion and regression was related to land-use changes, but slope,
aspect and soil type were also significant factors. The substitution of agriculture lands and oak woodlands by shrublands
has a determining role in periods of disturbance and recovery of these Mediterranean ecosystems. 相似文献
9.
Enrique Andivia Felipe Carevic Manuel Fernández Reyes Alejano Javier Vázquez-Piqué Raúl Tapias 《New Forests》2012,43(5-6):815-824
Forest restoration programs using Holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota [Desf.] Samp.) have had limited success. The effect of plant provenance on plantation success is uncertain, although some previous studies suggest that some provenances may be better able to tolerate stress. We studied the tolerance to drought in seedlings from two Spanish provenances of Holm oak before and after outplanting. One provenance was from a continental climate with cold winters (GR) and the other was from a xeric climate (HU). Seedlings were subjected to a water stress test in the nursery during the summer and survival was visually assessed after 2?weeks. In addition, 35 healthy seedlings of each provenance that were not subjected to the water stress tests were used for outplanting experiment. In these plants the seasonal changes in water potential at dawn (Ψ), specific leaf area (SLA), cuticular transpiration (Ec), and loss of xylem hydraulic conductance of twigs (PLC) were measured over 18?months. After the water stress test in summer, mortality was 44.3?% for GR seedlings and 12.6?% for HU seedlings. In addition there were differences between the two provenances in plant water status after planting. The HU provenance had a better water status and was more water conservative in the summer (higher Ψ, lower Ec, lower PLC), but not in the winter. The different drought tolerance and water relations parameters of these two provenances indicate that provenance should be considered in forest restoration and conservation programs involving Holm oak. 相似文献
10.
Nieves Vidal Ana M. Vieitez M. Rosario Fernández Beatriz Cuenca Antonio Ballester 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(4):635-643
Cryopreservation of selected genotypes of European chestnut and cork oak was carried out in two laboratories in a project
involving conservation of field collections. Plant material was selected on the basis of disease resistance (chestnut), growth
habit, phytosanitary performance and cork quality (cork oak). The cryopreservation technique comprised of vitrification of
shoot apices isolated from in vitro stock shoot cultures (chestnut) and somatic embryos (cork oak). Forty-three out of 46
chestnut genotypes assayed survived the freezing process, but only 63% recovered their capacity to produce new shoots. After
completion of multiplication and rooting steps, the surviving shoots produced plants that were morphologically identical to
those derived from non-supercooled material. All 51 cork oak genotypes withstood freezing and were able to produce new somatic
embryos through a process of secondary embryogenesis. Multiplication and germination of the recovered embryos enabled production
of plants that were morphologically identical to those derived from non-supercooled material. In light of the results obtained,
long-term cryopreservation of these species is feasible, thereby ensuring conservation of valuable genotypes during field
evaluation. 相似文献
11.
Differences of raw cork quality, in terms of thickness and porosity, were observed in productive cork oak (Quercus suber L.) stands in the Nebrodi and Iblei mountains of Sicily in relation to stand density. Five study areas were chosen across a range of different stand density satisfying specific sampling requirements among two managed cork oak woods.Analysis of variance using Fisher–Snedecor‘s F test (p < 0.05) were used to identify statistically significant differences of cork quality and sylvicultural, dendrometric and cork stripping parameters between study areas within each stand. Relationships between cork quality and sylvicultural and dendrometric parameters were also tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Results shown that sylvicultural practices are a key factor influencing cork quality: statistically significant differences in cork thickness and crown area were observed between areas at different stand density; positive correlations were found between cork thickness and crown area in lower density study areas favouring a significant vegetative activity; negative correlations were found between parameters of cork stripping (cork stripping coefficient, cork stripping surface, maximum height of cork stripping) and cork thickness. No correlations were found between cork porosity and dendrometric or sylvicultural parameters, demonstrating the probable genetic origin of cork porosity. Results shown that cork quality parameters and stand attributes may be used in sustainable management models of cork oak forests. 相似文献
12.
Modern alley cropping designs, with trees aligned in rows and adapted to operating farming machinery, have been suggested for Europe. This paper explores the potential for adoption of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) agroforestry in Portugal and estimates the potential carbon sequestration. Spatial modeling and Portuguese datasets were used to estimate target areas where cork oak could grow on farmland. Different implementation scenarios were then modeled for this area assuming a modern silvoarable agroforestry system (113 trees ha?1 thinned at year 20 for establishing 50 trees ha?1). The YieldSAFE process-based model was used to predict the biomass and carbon yield of cork oak under low and high soil water holding capacity levels. Approximately 353,000 ha are available in Portugal for new cork oak alley cropping. Assuming implementation rates between 10 % of the area with low soil water capacity (60 mm: 15 cm depth, coarse texture) and 70 % of the area with high soil water holding capacity (1,228 mm: 200 cm depth, very fine texture), then carbon sequestration could be 5 × 106 and 123 × 106 Mg CO2 respectively. Due to higher yields on more productive land, scenarios of limited implementation in high productivity locations can sequester similar amounts of carbon as wide implementation on low productivity land, suggesting that a priori land classification assessments can improve the targeting of land and financial incentives for carbon sequestration. 相似文献
13.
Temporal metabolic profiling of the Quercus suber–Phytophthora cinnamomi system by middle‐infrared spectroscopy 
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下载免费PDF全文 P. R. Hardoim R. Guerra A. M. Rosa da Costa M. S. Serrano M. E. Sánchez A. C. Coelho 《Forest Pathology》2016,46(2):122-133
The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is an aggressive plant pathogen, detrimental to many ecosystems including cork oak (Quercus suber) stands, and can inflict great losses in one of the greatest ‘hotspots’ for biodiversity in the world. Here, we applied Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to disclose the metabolic patterns of cork oak roots and P. cinnamomi mycelium during the early hours of the interaction. As early as 2 h post‐inoculation (hpi), cork oak roots showed altered metabolic patterns with significant variations for regions associated with carbohydrate, glycoconjugate and lipid groups when compared to mock‐inoculated plants. These variations were further extended at 8 hpi. Surprisingly, at 16 hpi, the metabolic changes in inoculated and mock‐inoculated plants were similar, and at 24 hpi, the metabolic patterns of the regions mentioned above were inverted when compared to samples collected at 8 hpi. Principal component analysis of the FT‐IR spectra confirmed that the metabolic patterns of inoculated cork oak roots could be readily distinguished from those of mock‐inoculated plants at 2, 8 and 24 hpi, but not at 16 hpi. FT‐IR spectral analysis from mycelium of P. cinnamomi exposed to cork oak root exudates revealed contrasting variations for regions associated with protein groups at 16 and 24 h post‐exposure (hpe), whereas carbohydrate and glycoconjugate groups varied mainly at 24 hpe. Our results revealed early alterations in the metabolic patterns of the host plant when interacting with the biotrophic pathogen. In addition, the FT‐IR technique can be successfully applied to discriminate infected cork oak plants from mock‐inoculated plants, although these differences were dynamic with time. To a lesser extent, the metabolic patterns of P. cinnamomi were also altered when exposed to cork oak root exudates. 相似文献
14.
Paulo Joana Amaral Firmino Paulo Neves Faias Sónia Pacheco Tomé Margarida 《European Journal of Forest Research》2021,140(4):991-1004
The annual growth and the thickness of cork are known to be highly variable between trees located in the same geographical location. Researching how climate variables affect different trees within the same site is a step forward for the management of cork production since current knowledge focusses only on the average tree response. Quantile regression methodology was applied for the first time to a large data set containing measurements of cork growth, sampled in 35 stands across the cork oak distribution area in Portugal. This methodology proved to be useful for testing the hypothesis raised: does climate affect differently the annual cork growth, and ultimately cork thickness of individual trees located in the same stand? Estimating the amount of cork produced by one stand that has the required thickness for the production of natural cork stoppers is essential to support cork oak management. However, no model, before this work, had been developed to provide managers with this information. A downward parabolic relationship between annual cork growth and annual precipitation was determined for all quantiles, with optimum annual average precipitation value ranging from 1103 to 1007 mm. April to August monthly temperatures, spring average temperature or summer average temperature, showed a negative relationship with annual cork growth, in particular for lower quantiles. Maximum annual temperature was shown to negatively affect annual cork thickness, in particular for the trees under the 6th quantile. The ratio between annual precipitation and average temperature, that define the Lang index (LI), showed a downward parabolic relationship with annual cork growth. Best cork growth conditions are found for Lang index values around 60, corresponding for the transition between semi-arid climate and humid climate. The application of the final model developed for estimating cork thickness of an eight years’ cork growth period allowed the prediction and mapping of the percentage of cork suitable for natural cork stopper production. It showed that higher values are expected in the Southern and Central coastal regions and along the Tagus River basin. The Northern coastal and mountain regions, characterised by Lang index values higher to 60 (humid climates), present lower estimated values for the percentage of cork suitable for natural cork stopper production. The estimated values are expected to be reduced under climate change scenarios in the Southern and Central coastal regions.
相似文献15.
Variations in tree ring growth of Quercus suber L. were analysed using dendrochronological techniques on cork oak discs from trees harvested in the cork producing region
of Alentejo, Portugal. A tree-ring chronology containing a strong common signal and covering the period from 1970 to 1995
was build for ca. 30-year-old cork oaks never submitted to cork harvesting using 14 trees that crossdated satisfactorily out
of 30 sampled trees. The tree ring indices correlated positively with September temperature (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) and very strongly with precipitation totals from previous October until current February (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) showing that the water stored in the soil during the autumn and winter months prior to the growing season has a
primordial effect on the growth of the given season. The effects of cork harvesting were analysed by comparing mean ring width,
mean annual vessel area, vessel density (n°vessels/mm2), and vessel coverage (percentage of transverse surface occupied by vessels) between three mature cork oak trees and three
young trees, for the period from 1987 to 1996, corresponding to the growth between two consecutive cork removals in the case
of mature trees. In 1988, 1989 and 1996 (corresponding to the first and second years after cork removal, and 1996 to a year
of cork removal), the ratios between ring widths of young versus mature trees was twice that for the rest of the period. However,
an effect of cork removal indicated by eventual alterations in vessel size and distribution in the wood rings corresponding
to the years 1988, 1989 and 1996 in the mature cork oaks was not observed. 相似文献
16.
Akkın Semerci Hacer Semerci Belma Çalişkan Nuran Çiçek Yasemin Ekmekçi Maurizio Mencuccini 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(1):91-104
Increased frequency and intensity of drought episodes as a consequence of current and predicted climatic changes require an understanding of the intra-specific variability in structural and physiological characteristics of forest trees. Adaptive plasticity and genotypic variability are considered two of the main processes by which trees can either be selected or can acclimate to changing conditions. We tested for the relative importance of genotypic variability, phenotypic plasticity and their interaction by comparing the growth and physiological performance of 15 provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), under two contrasting irrigation regimes. Selected provenances representing the distribution range of the species in Anatolia, Turkey, were contrasted with seed sources spanning the range from Spain to the UK, in Europe. We found a strong latitudinal differentiation among the 15 provenances for survival after drought, largely the result of the higher mortality of some western and central European provenances. Differentiation in diameter and height growth was also clear with the worst provenance coming from Western Europe (UK). Among the Turkish provenances, the more extreme southern high-elevation populations showed greater survival and lower growth rates overall. Differences in growth and survival were related to differences in photosynthetic pigment and nutrient contents and in the photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II. Plasticity was strongest for growth characters and pigment contents. 相似文献
17.
Cork oak (Quercus suber) is an evergreen tree characterized by a thick bark, which grows in Mediterranean schlerophyllous forests. It is most prevalent in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Despite the potential of the province of Huelva (southwestern Spain) to maintain mature forests of cork oak, the tree has been severely depleted and most forests have either disappeared or are seriously threatened. This paper presents a spatial distribution model of cork oak for the province of Huelva with a view to determining the optimal areas for reforestation. The model draws on all available digital cartographic information with respect to cork oak distribution: topographic data (altitude, slope and orientation) were obtained from a Digital Terrain Model (20 m scale); rainfall, temperature and PET models were based on data collected from a network of meteorological stations; litologic data derive from the litologic map of Huelva (1:100,000). The result of this work is a mesh of points at a resolution of 100 m, sufficient to meet the needs of any kind of reforestation or management programmes in the area studied. Each point of this mesh contains the corresponding values for bioclimatic, topographic and litologic variables in a georeferenced data matrix. The independent variables responsible for cork oak distribution (binary dependent variables) were then identified by means of binary logistic regression analysis. North-facing slopes, abundant annual rainfall and litology were the main explaining variables. The spatial distribution model was produced by applying the formula obtained to spatial analysis software. This model is proposed as a basis for future reforestation plans, especially in those areas most affected by forest fires. 相似文献
18.
Enrique Andivia Manuel Fernández Javier Vázquez-Piqué Reyes Alejano 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(4):1091-1101
Despite evidences that Holm oak has a high plasticity and great adaptability, there is limited or contradictory knowledge of the morphological and physiological variability of this species. Holm oak has been widely used for reforestation projects in Mediterranean areas, but has frequently shown poor field performance. We hypothesized that Holm oak has inter-population differences in physiological responses to abiotic stressors that could affect reforestation success. The influence of nursery culture on the characteristics of Holm oaks from different provenances has not been explored in depth. Thus, we studied the effect of nursery autumn fertilization on morphological traits, frost tolerance, root growth potential, and nutritional status of two Spanish provenances of Holm oak, La Alcarria (a region with inland Mediterranean climate) and Sierra Morena Occidental (a region with a warm coastal Mediterranean climate). There were significant differences between the provenances in frost tolerance, biomass allocation, and leaf nutrient content, suggesting a role of genetic factors. The leaves of seedlings from La Alcarria had less visual damage at ?12°C than seedlings from the warmer provenance (45% vs. 92%). Seedlings from La Alcarria, compared to those from Sierra Morena, had higher leaf P concentration (0.17% vs. 0.15%), greater stem diameter (3.1?mm vs. 2.7?mm), lower shoot-to-root dry mass ratio (0.46 vs. 0.53), and lower slenderness (4.03 vs. 5.31). For both provenances, N autumn fertilization improved growth, root growth potential, cold hardiness, and nutritional status of seedlings. We suggest that forest reforestation programs should consider to a greater extent Holm oak provenances and their tolerances to different abiotic stressors. 相似文献
19.
Mónica Sebastiana Vanessa Tolentino Pereira André Alcântara Maria Salomé Pais Anabela Bernardes Silva 《New Forests》2013,44(6):937-949
Mediterranean ecosystems are characterized by large arid areas where the patchy distribution of trees offers little protection against harsh climate conditions for seedling establishment. Climate change is predicted to result in an increase in these arid regions, with pronounced effects on vegetation. Production of seedlings with developed ectomycorrhizas is a promising strategy for minimizing the initial transplant shock, thereby increasing plant survival and growth during the first, most critical years of a plantation. One important species in the Mediterranean basin is Quercus suber (cork oak), which occurs, together with other evergreen oak species, in an agro-silvo-pastoral system that represents an example of sustainable land use in Europe. In this study, a Pisolithus tinctorius isolate was used for ectomycorrhizal colonization of cork oak nursery seedlings, and the effects on aboveground plant growth and leaf structural and physiological parameters were investigated. Ectomycorrhizal development resulted in a significant increase in leaf area, dry weight, nitrogen content, and photosynthetic pigments, and mycorrhizal plants showed a higher photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency. Nursery-inoculated plants established in the field showed increased survival and growth during the first year after transplant. These results indicate a potential for further enhancing the use of mycorrhizal inoculation as a cultivation practice in forest nurseries. Considering the difficulty of soil restoration under limiting environmental conditions, nursery inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi can be an important advantage for improving the quality of seedling stock and its performance after out-planting in the field, benefiting the regeneration of arid regions and the reintroduction of inocula of ectomycorrhizal fungi into these areas. 相似文献