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Seyed Ali Asghar Fathi Maryam Bozorg-Amirkalaee Rana Muhammad Sarfaraz 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(1):41-47
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important insect pest of canola, Brassica napus L., in Ardabil, Iran. Host plant resistance is an essential component of integrated management of P. xylostella. We investigated the preferences and performance of P. xylostella on nine commercial cultivars of canola, namely Zarfam, RGS003, Adder, Okapi, Opera, Hyola401, Ebonite Option500 and Elite
under greenhouse conditions at 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH and 14L:10D. In free-choice situation, oviposition was lowest on Opera
(23.5) and highest on Zarfam (44.7). In the life table study, fecundity of new generation female moths was lowest on Opera
(95.4) and highest on Adder (145.7). Survival from egg to adult was significantly lower on Opera, Option500 and Hyola401 than
on other tested cultivars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m) and population growth rate (λ) were lowest on Opera and highest on Zarfam. The generation time (T) was shortest on Zarfam (17.2 days) and longest on Hyola401 (19.9 days) whereas doubling time (DT) was longest on Opera (3.9 days)
and shortest on Zarfam (3.0 days). Our results clearly suggest that Opera was the most resistant host among the tested cultivars
and has the potential to be used in the integrated management of P. xylostella. 相似文献
3.
The development, survivorship and reproduction of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, reared on five ornamental palm slices, were studied in the laboratory at constant temperature of 26°C. The developmental
time of R. ferrugineus was 68.8 days on Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera), 74.1 days on Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), 82.1 days on Chusan palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), 85.4 days on pindo palm (Butia capitata) and 90.6 days on silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), respectively, and the developmental time on silver date palm was significantly longer than that on the other plants. The
survival of immature R. ferrugineus ranged from 25.0 to 38.3%. Most mature larvae began to pupate at eighth-instar on Canary Island date palm and Washington
palm, while on Chusan palm, Pindo palm and silver date palm, most of them began to pupate at ninth-instar. The mean lifetime
fecundity of R. ferrugineus on Canary Island date palm, Chusan palm, Pindo palm, Washington palm and silver date palm was 267.8, 134.0, 109.8, 216.0,
and 131.4 eggs, respectively, and lifetime fecundity on Canary Island date palm and Washington palm was significantly greater
than that on the other plants. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m
), net reproductive rate (R
0) and mean generation time (T) were 0.038, 78.3 and 115.0 days on Canary Island date palm, 0.028, 33.1 and 125.5 days on Chusan palm, 0.029, 40.9 and 128.2 days
on Pindo palm, 0.041, 64.0, 101.4 days on Washington palm, and 0.025, 30.6, 135.6 days on silver date palm, respectively.
Based on population growth parameters, it is concluded that Canary Island date palm and Washington palm were the more suitable
host plants and silver date palm was the least suitable host plant for R. ferrugineus. 相似文献
4.
The effect of 14 soybean genotypes (Sahar, Sari, Williams, Tellar, Hill, Clark, Tms, Dpx, Zane, 032, 033, L17, Ks3494 and I27) on life history and fecundity of two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, was investigated. All experiments were conducted at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and a photoperiod of L16:D8 h. The highest
development time was 8.41 and 8.78 days for male and female on I27, and the lowest value of this period was obtained on Sahar
and Ks3494 for male and female, respectively (7.11 and 7.60 days, respectively). The TSSM fecundity varied from 33.62 to 153.82
eggs per female, which was minimum on 032 and maximum on L17. The comparison of TSSM biological parameters on different soybean genotypes and cluster analysis of these parameters demonstrated
that Ks3494, 032, Dpx and Sahar were the most resistant genotypes to this pest. An antibiosis process could be, at least in
part, the cause of this variation. Knowledge of the extent of susceptibility or resistance of genotypes and biology of a pest
on a crop are fundamental components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for any crop. Implication of these observations
in the control of TSSM on soybean is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of Trioxys angelicae Haliday (Hym.: Braconidae) age and host density (Aphis fabae Scopoli) (Hem.: Aphididae) on selected attributes of parasitoid reproductive biology. The number of hosts parasitized per
day was used as an estimate of wasp fecundity. Parasitoid longevity was not affected by host density and at host densities
of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 or 60 aphids per day; the parasitoids lived an average of 8.96 ± 0.82 days at 21°C. At host
densities of ≤20 aphids per day, lifetime fecundity of a single Trioxys angelicae female was limited by the number of hosts available. Lifetime fecundity was highest with an average of 158.14 ± 20.33 at
a density of 30 aphids per day; the maximum number of aphids parasitized by any female was 235. Daily fecundity and sex ratio
were affected by parasitoid age and host density. Age-specific fecundity at different host densities fitted well to a nonlinear
model. In conclusion, the fecundity and female progeny production of Trioxys angelicae as an important biological control agent of A. fabae is influenced by host availability. 相似文献
6.
The clover root weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyll. is a pest of clovers (Trifolium spp.), particularly white clover (T. repens). Larva feeding severely impairs the capacity of white clover to fix atmospheric nitrogen, by attacking the nitrogen-fixing
root nodules. Development of the egg stage was studied at six different constant temperatures ranging from 9 to 30°C to improve
the basis for phenological forecasts. Development occurred over the entire range of temperatures, although hatching percentage
at 30°C was only 24.4% compared to 90.1% at 28.5°C. Developmental time decreased with increase in temperature from 9 to 28.5°C
but increased markedly at 30°C. At 28.5°C, the embryo development period was the shortest (10.35 days); whereas at 9°C, this
parameter was the longest (55.08 days). Using linear regression, the lower threshold temperature was calculated 4.38°C and
the thermal constant was 236.45 degree-days. The relationship between constant temperature and developmental rate was evaluated
using nine models. The suitability of the models was evaluated based on eight indicators (R
2, RSS, R
adj2, AIC, BIC, AICC, W
j
, and Z
i
). Of the nonlinear models, the Logan-6, Sharpe and DeMichele, and Lactin models were the most accurate at calculating t
opt of 27, 27.50, and 28°C, respectively. The results suggest that of the three models (Lactin, Briere, and Hilbert and Logan),
that estimated critical temperatures, (t
min, t
opt, and t
max), Lactin gave the most suitable fit of data. This response of S. lepidus to temperature can be used for developing phonological models to predict the timing of egg hatch which are important for
management programs targeting the weevil. 相似文献
7.
Wang Jingjun Tian Xiuhua Gao Zhaohong Dong Fenggou Huang Shouhua Xu Meirong Zhang Xinru Wei Shuqing Song Jinbao Ning Yongqiang Xu Qing 《林业研究》1998,9(2):81-86
A trial of artificial incubation to great bustard (Otis tarda) egg was conducted from 1995 to 1997. Among the 45 collected eggs, 28 eggs were fertilized and 26 hatched, with fertilizing
rate 62.2% and incubation rate 92.85%. The mean incubation-days for great bustard egg was confirmed as 24.4 (21–28 days) with
the formula for caculating fresh egg weight (W=KwLB
2) and that for counting the incubated days by parents birds in field (Id=24(w−y)/0.144y). The proper incubation temperature
and relative humidity were 36–37.8°C and 50–65%, respectively. The egg weights and egg size average 130.45 g and 77.4±1.42×55.5±0.65
mm respectively. The total weight loss of egg was 18.38±0.646 g, daily weight loss 0.748±0.071 g in the incubation time, with
a weight loss rate of 13.6±1.02%. A linear regression equation to discribe the relationship between the egg weight and incubation
days, was built,y=130.73−0.619x (x-incubation day,y-egg weight) r=−0.978. Twenty-eight hours were nassassary for great bustard embryo to complete the fledging when the were
put in gas room. The mean weight of fledglings was 86.3±3.29 g(n=26).
(Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai) 相似文献
8.
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a very polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. In order to appraise population growth parameters of this
pest, samples of two-spotted spider mites were taken from soybean (Glycine max) fields of Moghan region, Iran in June 2007 and are reared on bean plants var. Derakhshan (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a growth chamber. The life table parameters of this pest were calculated on three commercial soybean cultivars (Zane,
Hach, and L17) and one hybrid (Hob × Will) at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10%RH, and 16 h photophase. The developmental times of immature
stages varied from 9.69 on Hach to 9.82 days on L17, whereas the immature survival was 57–79% on Hach and Hob × Will, respectively.
On average, there were 65.5, 40.8, 38.8 and 34 eggs produced per female on L17, Hach, Hob × Will and Zane, respectively. The
intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m
) for T. urticae on Hob × Will was the highest, whereas the values for r
m
ranged from 0.211 (females/female/day) on Zane to 0.292 on Hob × Will. Also, jackknife values of other life table parameters
such as net reproductive rate (R
0), generation times (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) on these cultivars were estimated. Overall, the two-spotted spider mite indicated a better performance on Hob × Will than
on the other soybean cultivars. 相似文献
9.
AbbasAli Zamani AliAsghar Talebi Yaghoub Fathipour Valiollah Baniameri 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(4):183-188
The functional response of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemani Viereck and Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), was examined. Five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and six host densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64) were used during a 24-h period. At each temperature, 2–64 third-instar nymphs of A.
gossypii were exposed to individual wasp mating pairs. A type II functional response model for both parasitoid wasps was fit separately for each temperature. The results showed that instantaneous attack rate (a) in A.
colemani increased linearly as the temperature increases from 10 to 30°C, but in A.
matricariae, (a) increased almost linearly with temperature to reach a maximum at 25°C, and then decreased at 30°C, displaying an asymmetrical dome-shaped pattern. The highest instantaneous attack rate for A.
colemani and A.
matricariae were calculated 0.940 ± 0.144 day−1 at 30°C and 0.687 ± 0.157 day−1 at 25°C, respectively. Handling time (T
h) for A.
colemani was inversely proportional to temperature and ranged from 0.093 ± 0.026 day at 10°C to 0.032 ± 0.004 day at 30°C, but in A.
matricariae, (T
h) was between 0.078 ± 0.015 day at 10°C and 0.036 ± 0.014 day at 20°C. A.
colemani achieved higher parasitism rate than A. matricariae at higher temperatures. This observation suggests that A.
colemani maybe more effective for biological control of the cotton aphid during warmer periods. 相似文献
10.
Balbir Singh Rawat Vinod Prasad Khanduri Chandra Mohan Sharma 《林业研究》2008,19(2):125-130
研究赤霉素(GA3),冷湿和温度 对五个种源的印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana)种子萌发的影响.种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,然后在3(5(C温度的条件下冷藏15天.设计4个温度(10(C, 15(C, 20(C 和 25(C)条件来促进种子的萌发.结果表明,浸泡和冷湿处理明显增加种子的萌发率.在10 (C时种子的萌发率最高.总体结果表明,种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,冷湿藏15天,可以有效地促进印度冷杉和长叶云杉的种子萌发.统计数据表明,浸泡处理、温度和种源以及与温度的相互作用都对种子的萌发有明显的影响. 相似文献
11.
The effect of different host plants including cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, radish, and broccoli on biological parameters
of Pieris brassicae (L.) was studied in the laboratory at 28°C, 65 ± 5% RH and 12L:12D photoperiod. Duration of each life stage, longevity, the
intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m), net reproductive rate (R
0), mean generation time (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the cabbage white butterfly on the different cole crops were estimated.
Differences in fertility life table parameters of the P. brassicae among host plants were analyzed using pseudo-values, which were produced by Jackknife re-sampling. The results indicating
that cabbage might be the most suitable food for P. brassicae due to the shorter development time (16 days), longer adult longevity (12 and 9 days for female and male, respectively),
higher fecundity (281 eggs/female), higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.1156 females/female/day), lower doubling
time (6.00), lower larval mortality (70.33%), and higher yield of adult (30%). Therefore, it can be concluded from the present
study that P. brassicae prefers cabbage for fast and healthy development with low larval mortality and highest number of adult yield than other cole
crops. 相似文献
12.
Fumigant activity of essential oil vapors distilled from Carum copticum C. B. Clarke and Vitex pseudo-negundo Hand I. MZT. was tested against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Fumigant toxicity was assessed at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH, in dark condition. The influence of different concentrations of
the essential oil vapors on egg hatchability, larval and adult mortality was significant. Data probit analysis showed that
lethal concentration of the essential oil to kill 50% of the population (LC50) for egg, larvae and adult were found to be 1.01, 2.50 and 0.90 μl/l air of C.
copticum oil, followed by 2.20, 8.42 and 9.39 μl/l air essential oil of V. pseudo-negundo, respectively. Between these essential oils, C. copticum was almost more toxic than V. pseudo-negundo on all growth stages of C. maculatus. The present study suggests that essential oils from these medicinal plants may be potential grain protectants as botanical
alternative fumigants and could be used in the management of various life stages of C. maculatus. 相似文献
13.
The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug,
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental
time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males,
development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68
in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o.
and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days,
respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs.
The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore,
effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r
m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population
generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs. 相似文献
14.
The development time, survival and fecundity of the generalist predatory mite, Neoseiulus umbraticus Chant, were determined at 20, 25, and 30?°C and 65?±?10?% RH. N. umbraticus females completed development in 9.7, 8.0 and 5.9 days, respectively, using a diet of all life stages of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Total developmental times of males were relatively shorter at 25 and 30?°C than at 20?°C. In general, preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition periods of N. umbraticus shortened as temperature increased. The longest survival rate of N. umbraticus of 80.5 days occurred at 20?°C, followed by 67.0 and 57.6 days at 25 and 30?°C, respectively. Mated females laid an average 0.9, 1.3 and 1.4 eggs per female per day and 33.1, 44.0 and 43.6 eggs over their entire lives at 20, 25 and 30?°C, respectively. The sex ratios of this species were 0.57, 0.57 and 0.54 female (female+male) at 20, 25 and 30?°C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) became greater with rising temperatures from 0.123 at 20?°C to 0.180 at 30?°C. The net reproduction rate (Ro) was highest at 25?°C (25.0 females/female) and lowest at 20?°C (18.8 females/female), while To decreased with increasing temperatures, from 23.8 days at 20?°C to 17.5 days at 30?°C. 相似文献
15.
Temperature effects on developmental period, survival rate, and reproductive capacity of Aphis rumicis L. were studied on Broadleaf dock and Swiss chard at four constant temperatures (17.5°C, 20°C, 22.5°C, and 25°C). The developmental
time of immature stages ranged from 10.9 days at 17.5°C to 6.5 days at 25°C on Broadleaf dock, and 11.8 days at 17.5°C to
6.5 days at 25°C on Swiss chard. The total percentage of survivorship of immature stages varied from 54.2% and 67.6% 17.5°C–25°C
on Broadleaf dock, and 49.7% and 62.4% at 17.5°C–25°C on Swiss chard. The largest r
m value occurred with 0.2845 at 25°C on Broadleaf dock and with 0.2785 at 25°C on Swiss chard. The results obtained on this
study indicated that Swiss chard was a less favorable host of the A. rumicis than Broadleaf dock. The optimal temperature for A. rumicis growth, developmental time, and reproduction was 22.5°C–25°C. 相似文献
16.
To investigate the reproductive traits and diel activity ofMonochamus saltuarius, 14 pairs of the adults were reared and observed at each of 20°C and 25°C. Both sexes were more active at 25°C than at 20°C
irrespective of the presence or absence of light. A diel change in behavior during 24 h was found on 33% of a total of 48
observations of three age classes of both sexes. No significant difference was found in the mean longevity between sexes or
between the two temperature conditions. The time required for reproductive maturation showed no significant difference within
the same sex when reared at 20°C and 25°C. The mean oviposition period was significantly longer at 25°C (28.8 days) than at
20°C (12.2 days). The mean lifetime fecundity was significantly greater at 25°C than at 20°C. There was no significant difference
in the oviposition ratio (number of eggs deposited/number of oviposition wounds excavated), oviposition rate or hatchability
for females between the two temperature conditions. 相似文献
17.
Jeannine Pizzol Bernard Pintureau Othman Khoualdia Nicolas Desneux 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(4):447-452
Parasitoids’ efficiency in controlling pests depends not only on their ability to parasitize their hosts but also on how much
they are adapted to climatic conditions (notably temperature) of the area where they are planned to be released. In addition,
the optimal conditions for production of parasitoids used for inundative releases like Trichogramma spp. may also vary largely as a function of strains. Using the parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal as biological model, we studied how temperature affects important parasitoid efficiency-related biological traits
under laboratory conditions. Emergence, mortality rates and fecundity of two strains of T. cacoeciae, one originating from France (Alsace) and the other one from Tunisia (Degache), were compared at constant temperatures of
15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The parasitoids of the French strain showed highest fecundity at 25°C with wasps that had been reared
at 20 or 25°C. The Tunisian strain showed the highest fecundity at 25°C, but only when wasps were previously reared at 25
or 30°C. For both strains, the highest mortality occurred among wasps that had laid eggs at 30°C. Emergence rates were relatively
high at all temperatures, although the French strain did better at 15–25°C and the Tunisian one at 20–30°C. Because of the
differences in biological traits of these two T.
cacoeciae strains in relation to the temperature, a judicious choice must be made among the various strains when using this species
in biological control programs. 相似文献
18.
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin.) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is a pest on olives (Olea europea) in the Mediterranean basin. An olive fruit fly colony was maintained on olives at 24 ± 1°C, 60% RH, and 16:8 h (light:dark)
photoperiod with fluorescent lighting. We investigated oviposition behavior, developmental duration and weights of the biological
stages, and adult longevity. A single female laid an average of 19 eggs/day and 200–350 eggs in her lifetime. The maximum
number of oviposition stings in a single olive was 156.0 ± 5.77, and 28.00 ± 3.62 larvae out of it completed their development,
all pupated, and all emergence successfully. Although the development period was similar for larvae and pupae, adult longevity
varied. Male and female emergence percentages ranged as 38.7–52.8, and 32–39.9%, respectively. The results are presented in
relation to published studies on olive fruit fly rearing. 相似文献
19.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of osmopriming and different hydropriming treatments on the vigour and germination of China aster (Callistephus chinensis) seeds. Seed vigour and germination tests were conducted at 10, 20 and 30°C in darkness for untreated, osmoprimed and hydroprimed seeds. The following parameters and categories of seeds and seedlings were evaluated: the mean germination time (MGT), T10, T50, U75–25, U90–10, the percentage of germinating seeds (Gmax), germination capacity, percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. The results showed that osmopriming accelerated seed germination to the largest extent and improved the uniformity of germination at 10 and 30°C. Among the hydropriming treatments the highest speed of germination was observed for seeds hydrated in 500 μL of water per 1 g of seeds for 48 h at 15°C. This treatment accelerated seed germination at 10°C compared with the control. Osmopriming increased seed germination capacity at 30°C. None of the applied hydropriming treatments improved this parameter. 相似文献
20.
The lower developmental threshold and thermal requirements for egg hatch of the maple aphid (Periphyllus californiensis) were estimated to be 4.58°C and 94.48 degree-days. Eggs of the maple aphid appear to have obligatory diapause and chilling
seems essential for diapause development. No matter whether eggs in diapause were treated with 2°C chilling or placed in the
field, at least 35 to 41 days were required for the first egg to terminate diapause. The time of egg hatch lasted for about
a month or even longer. This long period of time in egg hatch may be related to the restricted period that food is available
in early spring and the long period of budburst of host plants. 相似文献