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1.
提出了一种新颖的合成2,3,4,4’-四羟基二苯甲酮的方法。以焦性没食子酸和对羟基苯甲腈为原料,于无水乙醚中在氯化氢和Lewis酸ZnCl2存在下发生Hoesch反应,经后处理得到2,3,4,4’-四羟基二苯甲酮。通过正交试验对影响反应的因素进行了考察,确定了最优工艺条件:焦性没食子酸与对羟基苯甲腈的物质的量比为1∶0.96,催化剂54.4 g(相对于1 mol焦性没食子酸),反应温度20℃,反应时间24 h。在此条件下产品得率达90%以上,产品纯度在98%以上。 相似文献
2.
提出了一种新颖的合成2,3,4,4-四羟基二苯甲酮的方法.以焦性没食子酸和对羟基苯甲腈为原料,于无水乙醚中在氯化氢和Lewis酸ZnCl2存在下发生Hoesch反应,经后处理得到2,3,4.4-四羟基二苯甲酮.通过正交试验对影响反应的因素进行了考察,确定了最优工艺条件:焦性没食子酸与对羟基苯甲腈的物质的量比为1∶0.96,催化剂54.4 g(相对于1 mol焦性没食子酸),反应温度20℃,反应时间24h.在此条件下产品得率达90％以上,产品纯度在98％以上. 相似文献
3.
为解决2,3,4,4′-四羟基二苯甲酮(4HBP)的传统合成方法中原料易氧化的问题,采用羟基保护方法,以1,2,3-三甲氧基苯(TMB)和对甲氧基苯甲酸(p-AA)为原料、伊顿试剂为催化剂,1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂,首次合成重要的中间体化合物2,3,4,4′-四甲氧基二苯甲酮(4TMP),然后在BBr3/CH2Cl2体系、无水无氧、低温的条件下,将4TMP进行脱甲基反应高效合成了目标产物4HBP,目标产物收率约为86.4%,纯度≥97.59%,各金属离子均小于18.60mg/kg。通过红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱等方法确证了中间产物和目标产物的结构。 相似文献
4.
微波辐射下没食子酸正辛酯的合成 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用微波辐射技术,以对甲苯磺酸(PTSA)为催化剂,没食子酸和正辛醇为原料,直接酯化合成没食子酸正辛酯。研究了酯化反应的影响因素,并对产品进行了分析和鉴定。通过正交试验探讨出最佳的反应条件为:没食子酸与正辛醇用量的物质的量比1∶12,催化剂用量0.009 mol,微波辐射功率510 W(没食子酸用量10.5 g),辐射时间60 m in。在此条件下,平均酯化产率为92.7%。 相似文献
5.
微波辐射下没食子酸异丁酯的合成 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用微波辐射技术,以对甲苯磺酸(PTSA)为催化剂,没食子酸和异丁醇为原料,直接酯化合成没食子酸异丁酯.研究了微波功率、辐射时间、催化剂的用量、酸醇摩尔比等因素对于酯化反应产率的影响,并对产品进行了分析和鉴定.通过正交试验探讨出最佳的反应条件为没食子酸与异丁醇摩尔比117,没食子酸与催化剂摩尔比10.05,微波功率510 W(没食子酸用量10.94g),辐射时间60min,平均酯化产率为86.3%. 相似文献
6.
《林业工程学报》2017,(5)
为研究双吲哚甲烷类化合物的高效合成方法及生物活性,以吲哚和苯甲醛为原料,以Ni Cl2为催化剂,合成了化合物3,3'-(苯亚甲基)双吲哚,分析了溶剂种类、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等对产物收率的影响,并确定了适宜的合成条件。结果表明,3,3'-(苯亚甲基)双吲哚合成的适宜条件为以乙醇为溶剂,n(吲哚)∶n(苯甲醛)=2∶1.1,催化剂用量是苯甲醛物质的量的5%,40℃下反应5!h,产物收率达到82.6%。采用红外、高分辨率质谱和NMR等分析手段对产物结构进行了表征,分析了化合物对两种植物病原菌的抗真菌活性,发现3,3'-(苯亚甲基)双吲哚(10μg/m L)对油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary)和黄瓜灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr.)具有明显抑制作用,其抑制率分别为61.1%和60.8%。研究的双吲哚甲烷类化合物合成方法反应条件温和,后处理环保,对新型抗植物病原真菌药研究和开发具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
7.
研究采用无带水剂,以非氧化性酸替代浓硫酸作催化剂合成没食子酸辛酯。并研究了不同反应条件对没食子酸辛酯制备的影响,利用正交设计原理优化制备工艺条件。实验结果表明:优化后的合成条件为酸醇比1∶6,催化剂用量12%,反应温度120℃,反应时间为4 h。在此条件下平均酯化产率为93.68%。 相似文献
8.
以对苯醌与月桂烯为起始原料,合成了萘二酚衍生物,经芳构化制备了产物萘二醌衍生物。采用GC-MS、红外光谱和1H NMR等手段对产物进行了表征,确证产物为6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)-1,4-萘二醌。利用单因素试验系统考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和溶剂种类对产物得率的影响,得到适宜的工艺条件是:萘二酚用量0.02 mol,催化剂为活性二氧化锰,用量0.05 mol,溶剂为乙酸乙酯,反应温度80℃,反应时间22 h,此条件下目标产物得率达到88.6%。活性二氧化锰催化剂可重复使用4次,得率下降不明显。 相似文献
9.
采用微波辐射技术，以对甲苯磺酸（PTSA）为催化剂，没食子酸和异丁醇为原料，直接酯化合成没食子酸异丁酯。研究了微波功率、辐射时间、催化剂的用量、酸醇摩尔比等因素对于酯化反应产率的影响，并对产品进行了分析和鉴定。通过正交试验探讨出最佳的反应条件为：没食子酸与异丁醇摩尔比1：17，没食子酸与催化剂摩尔比1：0．05，微波功率510W（没食子酸用量10．94g），辐射时间60min，平均酯化产率为86．3％。 相似文献
10.
《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2017,(6)
以低温陈化方法制备改性SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2型固体超强酸为催化剂合成没食子酸甲酯,考察了不同反应条件对没食子酸甲酯纯度与收率的影响,利用正交设计原理优化合成条件,实验结果表明:催化剂的制备条件为陈化温度:-10℃、浸渍H~+浓度:1.0 mol/L;合成条件为催化剂用量:7.5 g;反应时间:5 h,酸醇摩尔比约为1∶20,不采用带水剂;产品经液相色谱、红外和熔点检测分析,没食子酸甲酯的平均收率达88.80%,纯度达≥99%,符合没食子酸甲酯的质量标准。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
17.
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献