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1.
A proteinaceous pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) was isolated from kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensiscv. Hayward) and purified by affinity chromatography on a cyanogen bromide (CNBr) Sepharose 4B-orange PME column. The optimal pH of banana PME activity was 7.0, whereas that for carrot and strawberry PME activity was 9.0. The optimal pH for the binding between kiwi fruit PMEI and these PMEs was 7.0. The kiwi fruit PMEI has a different affinity for PME depending on the plant source. The inhibition kinetics of kiwi fruit PMEI to banana and strawberry PME followed a noncompetitive type, whereas that to carrot PME followed a competitive type. The kiwi fruit PMEI was mixed with banana, carrot, and strawberry PME to obtain PMEI-PME complexes, which were then subjected to thermal (40-80 degrees C, atmospheric pressure) or high-pressure (10 degrees C, 100-600 MPa) treatment. Experimental data showed that the PMEI-PME complexes were easily dissociated by both thermal and high-pressure treatments.  相似文献   

2.
Pectin methylesterase was purified from kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) and kaki fruit (Diospyros kaki). The pH values of the fruit homogenates were 3.5 and 6.2, respectively. The kiwi enzyme is localized in the cell wall and has a neutral-alkaline pI, whereas the kaki enzyme is localized in the soluble fraction and has a neutral-acidic pI. The molecular weights of the kiwi and kaki enzymes were 50 and 37 kDa, respectively. The two enzymes showed a similar salt and pH dependence of activity, and a different pH dependence of the inhibition by the kiwi proteinaceous inhibitor.  相似文献   

3.
The inhibitory effect of nine fruit and vegetable ethanolic extracts against the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) was evaluated by means of the Ames test. Licorice ethanolic extract was the only one that showed an inhibitory effect (ranging from moderate to strong) against mutagenicity of all N-nitrosamines tested. This ethanolic extract showed the greatest inhibition effect against NPIP (72%), NDMA (45%), and NPYR (39%). The greatest inhibition effect (51%) of the mutagenicity of NDBA was shown by kiwi ethanolic extract. Vegetable and fruit ethanolic extracts that exhibited an antimutagenic effect (at the range 50-2000 microg/plate), in decreasing order, against NDMA and NPYR were as follows: licorice > kiwi > carrot and licorice > broccoli > pineapple > kiwi, respectively. Decreasing orders against NDBA and NPIP were, respectively, kiwi > onion > licorice = garlic > green pepper > carrot and licorice > garlic > pineapple > carrot.  相似文献   

4.
This study contributes fundamental knowledge that will help to develop a distillate of kiwi wine, made from kiwis of the Hayward variety grown in the southwest of Galicia (Spain). Two yeast strains, L1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALB-6 from the EVEGA yeast collection) and L2 (S. cerevisiae Uvaferm BDX from Lallemand) were assessed to obtain a highly aromatic distillate. The kiwi spirits obtained were compared with other fruit spirits, in terms of higher alcohols, minor alcohols, monoterpenols, and other minor compounds, which are relevant in determining the quality and taste of the kiwi spirits. It was found that the kiwi juice fermented with yeast L1 produced a more aromatic distillate. In addition, kiwi distillates produced with both yeasts had the same ratio of trans-3-hexen-1-ol and cis-3-hexen-1-ol, which is lower than that found in other fruit distillates.  相似文献   

5.
基于Adaboost算法的田间猕猴桃识别方法   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  
实现猕猴桃自动化采摘的关键是自然环境下果实的准确识别。为提高田间猕猴桃果实的识别效果,基于Adaboost算法,利用RGB、HSI、La*b*3个颜色空间中的1个或多个通道构建6个不同的弱分类器,用采集的猕猴桃果实和背景共300个样本点进行训练生成1个强分类器。然后选择655个测试样本点进行验证,强分类器分类精度为94.20%,高于任意弱分类器。对80幅图像中215个猕猴桃进行试验,结果表明：Adaboost算法可有效抑制天空、地表等复杂背景的影响,适合于自然场景下的猕猴桃图像识别,识别率高达96.7%。该技术大大提高了猕猴桃采摘机器人的作业效率。  相似文献   

6.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and multidimensional gas chromatography olfactometry (GC/GC-O) were utilized to study the aroma profile and the aroma active components of commercial kiwi essence and the initial fresh fruit puree. Totals of 29 and 33 components were identified and quantified in the essence and the puree, respectively. Ten components were quantified for the first time as constituents of the kiwi fruit including 3-penten-2-ol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-butenal, 2-hexanol, nonanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl 3-buten-2-one, and octane. Analysis of these samples by multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) allowed for the identification of >80% of the aroma active components present at level traces in this fruit. A total of 35 components appear to contribute to the aroma of kiwi fresh puree and its aqueous essence. Components described for the first time as constituents of the aroma profile in this fruit were 2-ethylfuran, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, (E,E)-2,6-nonadienal, diethyl succinate, and hexyl hexanoate.  相似文献   

7.
猕猴桃汁维生素C降解动力学的研究   总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3  
以猕猴桃原汁为试材，采用控制温度、调节pH值以促使维生素C氧化降解的方法，探讨猕猴桃汁中维生素C的降解动力学，为控制猕猴桃汁加工中维生素C损失提供理论依据。结果表明：猕猴桃汁中的维生素C降解十分复杂，存在多种降解途径，但主要是有氧降解；其还原型维生素C不经氧化型维生素C生成其他产物的不可逆途径可能存在，但不占主导地位。猕猴桃汁中维生素C无氧降解速度比有氧降解速度慢，温度升高，维生素C有氧降解速度加快，无氧降解速度变化不明显。  相似文献   

8.
Compositional information for lignins in food is rare and concentrated on cereal grains and brans. As lignins are suspected to have important health roles in the dietary fiber complex, the confusing current information derived from nonspecific lignin determination methods needs to be augmented by diagnostic structural studies. For this study, lignin fractions were isolated from kiwi, pear, rhubarb, and, for comparison, wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber. Clean pear and kiwi lignin isolates allowed for substantive structural profiling, but it is suggested that the significance of lignin in wheat has been overestimated by reliance on nonspecific analytical methods. Volume integration of NMR contours in two-dimensional (13)C-(1)H correlation spectra shows that pear and wheat lignins have comparable guaiacyl and syringyl contributions and that kiwi lignins are particularly guaiacyl-rich (approximately 94% guaiacyl) and suggest that rhubarb lignins, which could not be isolated from contaminating materials, are as syringyl-rich (approximately 96% syringyl) as lignins from any known natural or transgenic fiber source. Typical lignin structures, including those newly NMR-validated (glycerols, spirodienones, and dibenzodioxocins), and resinols implicated as possible mammalian lignan precursors in the gut are demonstrated via their NMR correlation spectra in the fruit and vegetable samples. A novel putative benzodioxane structure appears to be associated with the kiwi lignin. It is concluded that the fruits and vegetables examined contain authentic lignins and that the detailed structural analysis exposes limitations of currently accepted analytical methods.  相似文献   

9.
Kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa) generally have fruit with yellow or green flesh when ripe. A small number of genotypes also have red pigments, usually restricted to the inner pericarp but varying in intensity and in distribution within the fruit. Carotenoids, chorophylls, and anthocyanins were extracted from the fruit pericarp of such red-fleshed kiwifruit selections. Pigments were analyzed by HPLC and identified by comparison with authentic standards and by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy to obtain a tentative identification of the major anthocyanins in red-fleshed kiwifruit. The yellow and green colors of the outer fruit pericarp are due to different concentrations and proportions of carotenoids and chlorophylls. The red color found mainly in the inner pericarp is due to anthocyanins. In the A. chinensis genotypes tested the major anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-O-xylo(1-2)-galactoside, with smaller amounts of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside. In the A. deliciosa genotypes analyzed, cyanidin 3-O-xylo(1-2)-galactoside was not detected; instead, the major anthocyanins identified were cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. However, the two species did not differ consistently in anthocyanin composition.  相似文献   

10.
为探讨未浸果和浸果处理(氯吡脲10 mg·L-1)对贵长猕猴桃果实产量品质、氨基酸和香气成分的影响,本试验测定了采收期果实产量参数和可食期营养品质,并采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和固相微萃取-色谱-质谱联用法(SPME-GC-MS)分别分析了可食期果实氨基酸和香气成分。结果表明,10 mg·L-1氯吡脲浸果处理可有效促进贵长猕猴桃果实产量形成及干物质和可溶性固形物含量增加,显著降低果实果形指数和硬度以及维生素C、可滴定酸和可溶性蛋白含量(P<0.05),影响果实的外观和耐贮性。此外,10 mg·L-1氯吡脲浸果极显著增加果实脯氨酸和甜味氨基酸含量(P<0.01),而果实总氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。 贵长猕猴桃果实香气成分主要为酯类、醇类、醛类、烯烃和烷烃,共70种成分。其中,未浸果果实香气成分主要为丁酸乙酯、丁酸甲酯、苯甲酸甲酯和苯甲酸乙酯等,浸果果实主要为丁酸乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯、丁酸甲酯和(E)-2-己烯醛等。10 mg·L-1氯吡脲浸果增加了醛类、醇类、烯烃和烷烃在果实香气成分中的占比,提高了香气的多样性。本研究为贵长猕猴桃的深加工提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

11.
对湘西主要猕猴桃种植基地的土壤和猕猴桃植株中As、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr等重金属的累积状况进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:6个猕猴桃种植地区的土壤中重金属积累均不明显,湘西有1地区土壤中镉(4.900 mg·kg~(-1))、汞(0.634 mg·kg~(-1))含量有所超标外,其余各地区各重金属含量均在国家标准范围以下;同时各地区重金属的综合污染指数P综均远小于0.7,有5处基地无重金属污染现象发生,符合绿色猕猴桃种植基地土壤所需标准,可以安全生产。各地区猕猴桃枝干、叶片中各种重金属(镉、汞除外)的含量都很小;猕猴桃对土壤中重金属镉具有较强的吸收能力,其枝干中镉含量达到12.73%。6个地区猕猴桃果实中各重金属的含量都低于或远低于国家标准值,属于无污染的绿色水果。通过综合分析可得,湘西猕猴桃主要种植地土壤状况良好,果实无重金属残留现象。  相似文献   

12.
Genetic engineering can enhance abiotic stress tolerance of plants, thereby increasing productivity. The present study investigates allergenicity of osmotin protein used for developing transgenic crops. Bioinformatic analysis of osmotin was performed using SDAP and Farrp allergen databases. Osmotin was cloned in pET22b+ vector, purified to homogeneity, and analyzed for digestibility, heat stability, and IgE binding using atopic patients' sera. Osmotin showed 40-92% and 48-75% homology with allergens in SDAP and Farrp databases, respectively. These cross-reactive allergens were from apple, tomato, peach, capsicum, kiwi fruit, and cypress. Osmotin was resistant to pepsin digestion and heat treatment at 90 °C for 1 h. Osmotin protein showed dose-dependent inhibition with pooled patients' sera. It showed significant IgE binding with 22 of 117 patients' sera who were sensitized to tomato and apple, thus indicating cross-reactivity among tomato, apple, and osmotin allergens. In conclusion, osmotin was identified as a potential allergen and showed cross-reactivity with tomato and apple allergens.  相似文献   

13.
Persimmon culture has become an alternative for fruit growers in Italy, Israel and Spain. However, there is some confusion concerning cultivar identification in non-Asian countries were the species was introduced. Authenticating the identity of germplasm resources of persimmon would be a great value for breeding. Due to the floral biology of the persimmon species the expected genetic variability is high. RAPD markers were chosen for this study of persimmon germplasm resources in Spain. Nineteen markers were obtained from 8 primers. The average of 2.4 markers/primer was higher than that obtained in other woody fruit species. The availability of data referenced from isozymes and pomological traits revealed complete agreement among groups identified by RAPDs, isozymes and pomological traits. Results suggest that RAPD technology is adequate for fingerprinting persimmon and the data is consistent with persimmon's hypothetical origins, adaptation history and previous classification by isozymes or pomological traits. Many synonyms have been identified, mostly in cultivars from local surveys, suggesting that a few new genotypes arose in Spain since the species was introduced to Europe. By means of RAPD markers, a better identification of the European persimmon germplasm is available.  相似文献   

14.
Despite significant evidence that green manures from agroforestry species can improve soil fertility, green biomasses from many agroforestry species have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we determined the suitability of green manures of Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium, and Senna spectabilis for smallholder agriculture in Africa. Field trials were established to compare them with mineral fertilizer. The results showed that green manures of the three species were of high quality based on their macronutrient compositions. The effect of the green manures (particularly Tithonia) on both the biomass and fruit yield of okro were comparable and in some cases greater than fertilizer treatments. Total yield response in Tithonia treatment was 61% and 20% greater than the control and fertilizer treatments, respectively. In addition, the okro plants recovered a greater percentage of the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) added as green manure compared to fertilizer-treated plots, which received the greatest N, P, and K inputs.  相似文献   

15.
The glycosidically bound volatile fraction of baby kiwi ( Actinidia arguta ) was studied. Glycosidic precursors were isolated from juice by adsorption onto an Amberlite XAD-2 column. After enzymatic hydrolysis with Rapidase AR2000, the released aglycones were analyzed by GC-MS. Alcohols, terpenoids, and benzenoids were the most abundant compound classes. Aromatic compounds and norisoprenoids showed the highest concentrations. Major compounds were 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (Furaneol), benzyl alcohol, 3-hydroxy-β-damascone, hexanal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. Precursors of aroma compounds including benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and coniferyl alcohol were also found. Eugenol, raspberry ketone, and 4-vinylguaiacol were identified for the first time in the fruit of an Actinidia species. The high concentration of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone in bound form (95.36 μg/kg) is particularly interesting and justifies further investigation.  相似文献   

16.
Volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSCs) are high impact aroma chemicals characteristic of tropical fruits which are active as both free thiols and the respective thioesters. Using a simple and sensitive colorimetric enzyme assay, a thioesterase activity toward VOSCs has been identified in ripening purple passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis Sims). The assay was based on determining the release of free thiols from 2-methyl-3-furanthiol acetate using Ellman's reagent. The major thioesterase in the fruit was found to be a wall-bound protein in the mesocarp. The extracted enzyme activity was purified 150-fold and shown to be associated with a 43 kDa monomeric serine hydrolase which was selectively labeled with a fluorophosphonate suicide probe. MS-MS sequencing identified the thioesterase as a class 13 glycoside hydrolase, most similar to pectin acetylesterase, an enzyme involved in cell wall modifications in the peel of a number of fruit. Our results suggest that cell wall hydrolases in tropical fruit may have additional useful roles in biotransforming VOSCs.  相似文献   

17.
The carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in the fruit of four species of Actinidia were measured to determine the chemical basis of color in kiwifruit and related Actinidia species. The species studied were the two commercial fruits Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward and a yellow-fleshed genotype Actinidia chinensis cv. Hort16A (known commercially as ZESPRI Gold kiwifruit), the yellow fruit of Actinida polygama, and the orange fruit of Actinida macrosperma. As reported previously, ripe fruit of A. deliciosa contain chlorophylls a and b and the carotenoids normally associated with photosynthesis, beta-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and 9'-cis-neoxanthin. The carotenoids in A. chinensis were similar to those in A. deliciosa but also contained esterified xanthophylls. Only trace amounts of chlorophyll were present in A. chinensis. The major carotenoid in both A. macrosperma and A. polygama was beta-carotene, with no chlorophyll detected. The yellow color of A. chinensis was mostly due to the reduction of chlorophyll rather than an increase in carotenoid concentration. In contrast to the three yellow/orange species, the green fruit of A. deliciosa retains chlorophyll during maturation and ripening, and esterified xanthophylls are not produced. This suggests that in fruit of A. deliciosa chloroplasts are not converted to chromoplasts as is typical for ripening fruit.  相似文献   

18.
Although the composition of strawberry fruit has been extensively studied, especially for the most abundant phenolic compounds, agrimoniin has never been univocally identified as one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in the fruit. In this study agrimoniin was isolated in the fruit of Fragaria vesca and its structure characterized. Furthermore, its presence was definitively established to be the main ellagitannin in both F. vesca and Fragaria ananassa D. fruit. The presence of sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C as minor compounds was confirmed in both F. vesca and F. ananassa D. samples. For the first time here is reported the full NMR assignments for agrimoniin. These data should represent a point of reference for NMR analysis of this and other structurally related ellagitannins. Finally, the establishment of an HPLC protocol for separation provided information making it possible to avoid confusion with sanguiin H-6, the main ellagitannin in Rubus species, which is also present in strawberries but at a much lower concentration.  相似文献   

19.
Pigments are important contributors to the appearance and healthful properties of both avocado fruits and the oils extracted from these fruits. This study determined carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment concentrations in the skin and three sections of the flesh (outer dark green, middle pale green, and inner yellow flesh-nearest the seed) and anthocyanin concentrations in the skin of Hass avocado during ripening at 20 degrees C. Pigments were extracted from frozen tissue with acetone and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pigments were also measured in the oil extracted from freeze-dried tissue sections by an accelerated solvent extraction system using hexane. Carotenoids and chlorophylls identified in the skin, flesh, and oil were lutein, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, chlorophylls a and b, and pheophytins a and b with the highest concentrations of all pigments in the skin. Chlorophyllides a and b were identified in the skin and flesh tissues only. As the fruit ripened and softened, the skin changed from green to purple/black, corresponding to changes in skin hue angle, and a concomitant increase in cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and the loss of chlorophyllide a. In flesh tissue, chroma and lightness values decreased with ripening, with no changes in hue angle. The levels of carotenoids and chlorophylls did not change significantly during ripening. As fruit ripened, the total chlorophyll level in the oil from the flesh sections remained constant but declined in the oil extracted from the skin.  相似文献   

20.
Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines are biologically active alkaloids that occur and accumulate in mammalian tissues, fluids, and brain, but their ultimate origin or biological role is still uncertain. Four tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, are found as naturally occurring substances in some fruit and fruit juices. These compounds occur in the microg/g level in those products, and a characteristic and distinct profile appears to exist depending on the type of fruit and juice involved. Thus, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline may appear in tomato, tomato juice, and kiwi; 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in bananas, pineapple, tomato, and their corresponding juices; and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in oranges and grapefruits, although it also occurred in most juices. Fruit-occurring tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids acted as antioxidants and free radical scavengers in the ABTS assay when compared with ascorbic acid and Trolox. This suggests that tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids might act as antioxidants when absorbed and accumulated in the body, contributing to the antioxidant effect of fruit products containing these compounds.  相似文献   

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