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长江上游滑坡、泥石流预警系统减灾效益与经验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国水土保持》1999,(9):24-25
长江上游有大小滑坡１５ 万处,泥石流沟１ 万余条。自１９９０ 年建立滑坡、泥石流预警系统以来,预警站（ 点） 与群测群防结合,成功预报滑坡、泥石流灾害险情７６ 处,处理灾害险情３４ 处,避免直接经济损失７ ０００ 余万元,走出了一条动态普查—宣传培训—重点监测—定点定人—预警预报—防灾减灾的群测群防成功之路,积累和总结了一系列成功经验和监测预报方法。 相似文献
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“十五”期间，长江上游滑坡、泥石流预警系统共预报处理滑坡、泥石流灾害86处，其中站点成功预报灾害险情6处，群测群防预报灾害险情和防治处理灾害险情80处，共撤离、转移保护群众5200人。避免直接经济损失1．32亿元，取得了巨大的防灾减灾效益。 相似文献
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长江上游是我国滑坡、泥石流灾害分布最为集中、危害最为严重的地区之一 ,约有大小滑坡 15万处、泥石流沟万余条。 1991年长江上游滑坡、泥石流预警系统建成并投入运行 ,10年多来坚持预防为主、分区分级管理、重点监测、专业监测与群测群防相结合 ,已成功预报 10 0多起滑坡、泥石流灾害险情 ,使 3 3万多人免遭灾难 ,避免直接经济损失达亿元 ,成效十分显著。介绍了长江上游滑坡、泥石流灾害及其特点、预警系统防灾减灾的主要经验等 相似文献
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长江上游滑坡泥石流群测群防减灾策略与成效 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1991年建成投入运行的长江上游滑坡、泥石流预警系统 ,以监测预警站点为依托 ,大力开展群测群防工作 ,12年来群测群防预报灾害险情和防治处理灾害险情 2 0 2处 ,共撤离和转移群众 3 5 6万人 ,避免直接经济损失 2 2 8亿元 ,取得了令人瞩目的成绩。其主要减灾策略是 :建立健全防灾减灾体系 ;制订有关规章制度 ;做好规划 ,确定工作重点 ;依法开展群测群防 ;广泛宣传 ,提高群众防灾意识 ;提高监测预报水平等 相似文献
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文县被列为"长治"工程重点县后,针对全县频发的滑坡、泥石流等山地灾害,在泥石流监测预警点和滑坡、泥石流群测群防点的建立和运行过程中,对滑坡和泥石流的监测机制、预警网络建设、科学监测等方面进行了探索,以准确预警预报为出发点,以"防大汛、避大灾、减少灾害损失,服务于发展山区经济"为目的,成功地预报了多处滑坡、泥石流灾害,并进行了险情处理,极大地增强了人民群众在生产生活中的安全保障,取得了明显的防灾减灾效益。 相似文献
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1982年7月27—28日,川东南地区普降暴雨,江河水位陡涨,出现了历史上罕见的洪涝灾害。与此同时,沿江河溪流两岸,多处发生地裂、山崩、滑坡、泥石流等,给当地人民的生命财产带来巨大损失。有些地段迄今留下隐患,有可能进一步恶化,酿成重大灾害。当前急需查清,提出切实可行的措施,防患于未然。本文以观音岩滑坡险情为例,重点论述滑坡形成的自然地质环境;滑坡基本特征及成因;探讨滑坡险情及危害;并对滑坡防治途径进行对比取舍,供决策参考。 相似文献
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攀西地区位于四川省的西南部,境内分布着50万立方米以上的自然滑坡220个、l万立方米以上的人为滑坡51个、活动的泥石流沟637条。分布在断陷槽谷或盆地周围的松散层中小型滑坡最容易转化成大规模的泥石流。分布在隆升构造单元内部高山峡谷区的大型基岩滑坡一般不容易转化成泥石流,但少数严重破碎的也可能转化成特大型泥石流。断块差异活动区大量分布着中深层大型破碎的基岩滑坡,受其影响多出现中小型的泥石流。不同岩性的滑坡对泥石流形成的影响有所不同。残坡积松散堆积层滑坡和人为滑坡对泥石流形成的影响最大,其次是昔格达组粘土岩滑坡和砂页岩及煤系地层的基岩滑坡。碳酸盐地层的崩塌型滑坡也可能引起稀性泥石流。 相似文献
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长江上游100万km2的范围内即有大小滑坡15万多处、泥石流沟道1万余条,近十几年来区内每年都要发生重大崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害数十起,每年造成数百乃至数千人员伤亡,直接经济损失约1亿元,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害已成为影响这一地区经济发展和社会稳定的因素之一。长江上游水土流失重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统组建以来,坚持预防为主,实行分区分级管理和专业监测与群测群防相结合,共预报处理滑坡、泥石流灾害244处,取得了显著的防灾减灾成效。介绍了预警工作的思路、技术路线和预警系统的减灾成效及主要做法与经验。 相似文献
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武隆县滑坡、泥石流防灾减灾成效与经验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
据 1997年和 2 0 0 1年调查统计 ,武隆县具有潜在危害的大小滑坡、泥石流、崩塌体 2 6 0处 ,其中 10 0万m3 以上的有 2 8处。自建立滑坡预警监测点以来 ,在全县开展了群测群防工作 ,成功预报了大小滑坡 137处 ,其中 10万m3 以上的滑坡有 2 5处 ,保护了滑坡区内 6 30 0余人的安全 相似文献
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采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。 相似文献
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Mariola Staniak Jolanta Bojarszczuk Jerzy Księżak 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2018,68(3):255-263
Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO2 and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study. 相似文献
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Helena Azevedo Clara Gomes Glória Pinto Conceição Santos 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2233-2241
Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time. 相似文献
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当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。 相似文献
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Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut. 相似文献
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云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。 相似文献
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Agerbirk N Petersen BL Olsen CE Halkier BA Nielsen JK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(3):1502-1507
A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P. 相似文献
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Gorinstein S Leontowicz H Leontowicz M Najman K Bielecki W Ham KS Kang SG Paredes-Lopez O Martinez-Ayala AL Trakhtenberg S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(13):7441-7451
The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats. 相似文献