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1.
A technique for collection of blood samples from the cut claw of the cat was developed. Forty-six blood samples were collected simultaneously from the cut claw and the femoral artery of 7 healthy cats. Blood gas and pH values were measured and compared. There was no difference between sample pairs for blood PO2 and PCO2, but the pH values were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in the capillary samples (7.432 +/- 0.033) than in the samples from the femoral artery (7.419 +/- 0.031).  相似文献   

2.
Blood samples were taken from the brachial and coccygeal arteries of young calves and blood gas and acid-base values determined. There was no significant difference in pH, PO2, PCO2 or HCO3- between sites as demonstrated by a paired t-test (P greater than 0.05). Significant correlations between sites existed for individual values of PO2 (P less than 0.001), HCO3- (P less than 0.05) and pH (P less than 0.02), but not for PCO2.  相似文献   

3.
Correction factors have been determined to obtain the best estimates of PO2, PCO2 and pH in equine blood with standard blood gas and pH electrodes. There was a significant difference between the PO2 readings for tonometred blood of most horses and the equilibrating gas. Thus, if the PO2 electrode is calibrated with a gas, an electrode correction factor should be obtained by tonometring a blood sample from each horse. This factor was not dependent on packed cell volume. No such correction is required for the PCO2 electrode. If the animal's temperature differs from that of the analyser, the PO2, PCO2 and pH values must be corrected to the animal's body temperature. Temperature correction factors determined for equine blood were similar to those for human blood. Failure to make temperature corrections can result in errors for PO2 and PCO2 of 6 to 7 per cent per degree of temperature difference.  相似文献   

4.
An apparatus was designed to collect four consecutive blood samples from exercising horses. The collection of each sample was controlled by valves activated by radiotelemetry signals transmitted by an observer. Using the device, venous blood samples were collected from ten thoroughbred racehorses before, during and after a 400 m training gallop. Blood glucose increased markedly post-exercise. Both phosphorus and potassium concentrations increased during exercise, decreased post-exercise and recovered to pre-exercise levels within 120 minutes. The system was modified to collect anaerobic samples of arterial and venous blood, and the efficiency of the modified system was investigated in a standing conscious horse. Blood gas values of samples collected by means of the apparatus were compared with those collected manually and simultaneously, directly from the neck of the intravascular catheter. For eight pairs of arterial and venous samples, the coefficients "r" were 0.998 and 0.997 for PO2 and PCO2 respectively. It was concluded that the system worked efficiently and that the anaerobic sealing of the modified version was adequate.  相似文献   

5.
The accuracy of a portable blood gas analyzer (OPTI 1) was evaluated using canine blood and aqueous control solutions. Sixty-four arterial blood samples were collected from 11 anesthetized dogs and were analyzed for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), and bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]) values by the OPTI 1 and a conventional blood gas analyzer (GASTAT 3). The conventional analyzer was considered as a standard against which the OPTI 1 was evaluated. Comparison of OPTI 1 results with those of GASTAT 3 by linear regression analysis revealed a high degree of correlation with the GASTAT 3 (r = .90-.91). The mean +/- SD of the differences between OPTI 1 and GASTAT 3 values was -0.008 +/- 0.017 for pH, -0.88 +/- 3.33 mm Hg for PCO2, 3.71 +/- 6.98 mm Hg for PO2, and -0.34 +/- 1.45 mEq/L for [HCO3-]. No statistically significant difference was found between the OPTI 1 and the GASTAT 3. Agreement between these 2 methods is within clinically acceptable ranges for pH, PCO2, PO2, and [HCO3-]. The coefficients of variation for measured pH, PCO2, and PO2 values of 3 aqueous control solutions (acidic, normal, and alkalotic) analyzed by the OPTI 1 ranged from 0.047 to 0.072% for pH, 0.78 to 1.81% for PCO2, and 0.73 to 2.77% for PO2. The OPTI 1 is concluded to provide canine blood gas analysis with an accuracy that is comparable with that of conventional benchtop blood gas analyzers.  相似文献   

6.
The dogs in groups I, II and III in equal numbers received diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxilan at a dose of 700 mgI/kg intravenously (i.v.) as a bolus, respectively. Blood samples were collected prior to contrast media (CM) administration and thereafter at 3, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 min to evaluate acid-base, venous blood gas status (pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO, BE, O2) and electrolytes (Na+, Ca++, K+). Values of pH, PCO2, BE, HCO, Na+ and K+ remained unchanged or within non-significant fluctuations compared with the baseline values. PO2 was significantly different from the baseline values in group 1 up to 90 min after administration, significant alterations were found for O2 saturation in group 1 up to 90 min, and in group II at 3, 60 and 180 min; and for Ca++ in group 1 at all time points except at 90 min, and groups II and II at 3 and 15 min post administration. It was concluded that none of the CM are considered to cause long-lasting and major effects on acid-base, blood gas and electrolyte status.  相似文献   

7.
Blood oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation were studied in 28 calves from the Belgian White and Blue breed (20 healthy and 8 hypoxaemic ones). Hypoxaemic calves were selected according to their high respiratory frequency and to their low partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) in the arterial blood. Venous and arterial blood samples were collected, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate, chloride, inorganic phosphate and hemoglobin concentrations, and pH, PCO, and PO2 were determined. An oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) was measured in standard conditions, for each animal. The arterial and venous OEC were calculated, taking body temperature, pH and PCO2 values in arterial and venous blood into account. The oxygen exchange fraction (OEF%), corresponding to the degree of blood desaturation between the arterial and the venous compartments, and the amount of oxygen released at the tissue level by 100 mL of blood (OEF Vol%) were calculated from the arterial and venous OEC combined with the PO2 and hemoglobin concentration. In hypoxaemic calves investigated in this study, the hemoglobin oxygen affinity, measured under standard conditions, was not modified. On the contrary, in vivo acidosis and hypercapnia induced a decrease in the hemoglobin oxygen affinity in arterial blood, which combined to the decrease in PaO2 led to a reduced hemoglobin saturation degree in the arterial compartment. However, this did not impair the oxygen exchange fraction (OEF%), since the hemoglobin saturation degree in venous blood was also diminished.  相似文献   

8.
Techniques used in sampling and storage of a blood sample for pH and gas measurements can have an important effect on the measured values. Observation of these techniques and principles will minimize in vitro alteration of the pH and blood gas values. To consider that a significant change has occurred in a pH or blood gas measurement from previous values, the change must exceed 0.015 for pH, 3 mm Hg for PCO2, 5 mm Hg for PO2, and 2 mEq/L for [HCO-3] or base excess/deficit. In vitro dilution of the blood sample with anticoagulant should be avoided because it will alter the measured PCO2 and base excess/deficit values. Arterial samples should be collected for meaningful pH and blood gas values. Central venous and free-flowing capillary blood can be used for screening procedures in normal patients but are subject to considerable error. A blood sample can be stored for up to 30 minutes at room temperature without significant change in acid-base values but only up to 12 minutes before significant changes occur in PO2. A blood sample can be stored for up to 3.5 hours in an ice-water bath without significant change in pH and for 6 hours without significant change in PCO2 or PO2. Variations of body temperatures from normal will cause a measurable change in pH and blood gas values when the blood is exposed to the normal water bath temperatures of the analyzer.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dilution of blood samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements in dogs. Sample Population-Venous blood samples collected from 6 adult dogs of various breeds. PROCEDURE: Syringes were prepared with anticoagulant via 1 of 4 techniques, and the residual volume of liquid heparin in each type of prepared syringe was determined. Blood gas values and other selected clinicopathologic variables were measured in whole blood samples after collection (baseline) and after aliquots of the samples were diluted with heparin via 1 of the 4 manual syringe techniques. By use of a tonometer, whole blood samples were adjusted to 1 of 3 oxygen concentrations (40, 100, or 600 mm Hg) and the PO2 values were measured at baseline and subsequent to the 4 heparin dilutions. RESULTS: The 4 syringe techniques resulted in 3.9%, 9.4%, 18.8%, and 34.1% dilutions of a 1-mL blood sample. Compared with baseline values, dilution of blood samples with liquid heparin significantly changed the measured values of PCO2, PO2, and base deficit and concentrations of electrolytes and lactate. Of the variables assessed, measurement of ionized calcium concentration in blood was most affected by heparin dilution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings in dogs indicate that dilution of blood samples with heparin can be a source of preanalytical error in blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements. Limiting dilution of blood samples with heparin to < 4% by volume via an evacuation technique of syringe heparinization is recommended.  相似文献   

10.
Blood acid-base curve nomogram for immature domestic pigs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The purpose in this study was to characterize the acid-base status of arterial blood from healthy young domestic swine and to construct an acid-base curve nomogram appropriate to such animals. Accordingly, 40 immature, 20- to 31-kg domestic pigs were used to establish acid-base characteristics for arterial blood. Samples were collected from chronically implanted catheters while the animals were maintained under steady-state, near-basal conditions. At a measurement temperature of 38 C, pH averaged 7.496; PCO2, 40.6 mm Hg; [HCO3-], 31.6 mEq/L; PO2, 79.1 mm Hg; hemoglobin, 9.65 g/dl; hematocrit, 0.29; plasma albumin, 25.3 g/L; plasma globulin, 32.3 g/L; and plasma buffer base, 45.4 mEq/L. Hourly measurements over a 6-hour period in 6 of these pigs showed a small, but significant decrease in PO2 with time, but no significant change in acid-base status. The data showed that nomograms or other procedures based on blood characteristics of men were invalid when used to estimate base excess concentration of blood from young pigs. The normal pH of arterial blood was higher in immature pigs than in men; thus, reference values defining zero base excess were not equivalent in men and pigs. Constant PCO2 titrations were performed on arterial samples taken from 10 additional pigs, and the data were used to construct an acid-base curve nomogram in which zero base excess was defined for blood with a pH of 7.50 and a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the pulmonary artery, jugular vein, cephalic vein, and carotid artery in awake dogs. Blood-gas and acid-base values were measured from these blood samples in normal dogs and in dogs after production of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. The values obtained from each of the venous sites were compared with those obtained from arterial blood to determine if venous blood from various sites accurately reflected acid-base balance and could therefore be used in the clinical patient. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences between the blood from various venous sites and the arterial site for PCO2 and pH in all acid-base states. Significant differences for standard bicarbonate (SHCO3) were found only when jugular and cephalic venous blood were compared with arterial blood in dogs with a metabolic acidosis. No significant differences were found for BE when blood from the venous sites was compared with arterial blood. The values for pH, HCO3, TCO2, BE, and SHCO3 measured on blood collected at the various venous sites were found to correlate well with those obtained from arterial blood, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for HCO3, TCO2, BE, and SHCO3. These correlation coefficients, together with similar values in BE at all collection sites, indicate that, in the dog with normal circulatory status, blood from any venous site will accurately reflect the acid-base status of the patient.  相似文献   

12.
The stability of blood gas and acid-base values in bovine venous blood samples (n = 22) stored on ice for 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours was studied. Values studied include pH, PO2 and PCO2 tensions, base excess, standard base excess, bicarbonate concentration, standard bicarbonate concentration, total carbon dioxide content, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin. The results indicate that, except for PCO2, changes in blood gas and acid-base values during 24 hours of storage and differences between cattle of differing ages, rectal temperatures, and acid-base status were too small to be of clinical significance. Therefore, bovine venous blood samples stored up to 24 hours on ice are of diagnostic utility.  相似文献   

13.
Samples of pleural fluid from 20 horses with effusive pleural diseases of various causes were evaluated; samples from 19 horses were used for the study. There were differences for pH (P = 0.001) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) between arterial blood and nonseptic pleural fluid (P = 0.0491), but there were no differences for pH, PO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), and concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO3-), lactate, and glucose between venous blood and nonseptic pleural fluid. Paired comparisons of venous blood and nonseptic pleural fluid from the same horse indicated no differences. There were differences (P = 0.0001, each) for pH, PO2, PCO2, and concentrations of HCO3- between arterial blood and septic pleural fluid. Differences also existed for pH (P = 0.0001), PCO2 (P = 0.0003), and concentrations of HCO3- (P = 0.0001), lactate (P = 0.0051), and glucose (P = 0.0001) between venous blood and septic pleural fluid. Difference was not found for values of PO2 between venous blood and septic pleural fluid, although 4 samples of septic pleural fluid contained virtually no oxygen. Paired comparisons of venous blood and septic pleural fluid from the same horse revealed differences (P less than 0.05) for all values, except those for PO2. These alterations suggested functional and physical compartmentalization that separated septic and healthy tissue. Compartmentalization and microenvironmental factors at the site of infection should be considered when developing therapeutic strategies for horses with septic pleural disease.  相似文献   

14.
Capillary sampling in swine can be performed as an accurate assay of arterial blood gases. Studies with swine provided results similar to, or slightly more favorable than, those reported for human beings, depending upon which cutaneous technique was used on human beings. On the basis of free flow or arterilization of the cutaneous sample and of the correlation between capillary and arterial pH, CO2 partial pressure (PCO2), and O2 partial pressure (PO2) values, the capillary sampling technique of complete incisement of a 2-mm section from the tip of the warmed porcine ear could be a substitution technique for arterial blood sampling. Free flow with this technique was maximized and high correlation coefficients (r) for pH (r = 0.96), PCO2 (r = 0.82), and PO2 (r = 0.90) capillary-arterial values (n = 37) were obtained.  相似文献   

15.
Evaluation of a portable blood gas analyzer, (StatPal II, Unifet, Inc, La Jolla, CA) was performed using tonometered solutions and equine blood. Samples were analyzed by the StatPal II and either an Instrument Laboratory IL1306 (Lexington, MA) or a Radiometer ABL50 blood gas analyzer (Radiometer America Inc., Westlake, OH). Comparison of the StatPal II and the IL1306 was done by analysis of 3 tonometered solutions (acidic, normal, and alkalotic) and 27 equine venous blood samples. Blood pH, Pco2, Po2, and [HCO3-] values were altered by IV infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate or exercising the horses on a treadmill. Comparison of the StatPal II and the Radiometer was performed by analysis of 78 blood samples collected from Standard-bred horses before a race. Data were analyzed for the venous blood samples using a paired two-tailed Student's t test and Bland-Altman plots, with significance set at P < .05. The coefficients of variation for pH, Pco2, Po2, and [HCO3-] values of the tonometered solutions analyzed by the StatPal II ranged from 0.067% to 0.087%, 2% to 3.21 %, 1.21 % to 2.67%, and 0.267% to 0.828%, respectively. Comparison of the equine blood samples analyzed by the StatPal II and the IL1306 demonstrated statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant differences in pH, Pco2, and Po2, but not [HCO3-]. There were statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant differences between the StatPal II and the Radiometer for pH, Pco2, and [HCO3-], but not for Po2-It is concluded that the StatPal II provides reproducible and acceptable analysis of equine venous blood gas samples.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To assess in vivo blood oxygen binding in double-muscled calves and dairy calves with conventional muscle conformation. ANIMALS: 58 dairy and 48 double-muscled calves. PROCEDURE: Calves were classified as neonatal (24 hours old) or older calves (2 to 26 days old). Venous and arterial blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin concentration, pH, PCO2, and PO2 were determined. Blood oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) under standard conditions were constructed, and the oxygen exchange fraction (OEF) and the amount of oxygen released at the tissue level by 100 ml of blood (OEF Vol%) were calculated. RESULTS: In each breed, partial pressure of oxygen at 50% saturation of hemoglobin (P50) under standard conditions was significantly higher in older than in neonatal calves, indicating a right shift in OEC with age. Venous P50 was significantly lower in neonatal double-muscled calves than in neonatal dairy calves, but arterial and venous P50 were significantly higher in older double-muscled calves than in older dairy calves. In double-muscled, but not in dairy, calves, OEF was significantly higher in older than in neonatal calves. In neonatal calves, OEF Vol% was not significantly different between breeds, but OEF Vol% was significantly higher in older double-muscled calves than in older dairy calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The lower OEF in neonatal double-muscled calves, compared with dairy calves, could contribute to the higher sensitivity of double-muscled calves to hypoxia. Blood oxygen affinity decreased with age, but OEF and OEF Vol% were unchanged with age in dairy calves, whereas they increased with age in double-muscled calves.  相似文献   

17.
Effects of blood sample collection and measurement techniques were assessed for blood gas tensions, acid-base status, and hematologic and plasma biochemical values of rainbow trout. Blood samples were collected via intraaortic cannulae from immersed, unrestrained fish and from emersed, restrained fish. The samples were analyzed at either fish body temperature (10 to 14 C) or clinical blood analyzer temperature (37 C); results obtained at 37 C were back-adjusted to fish body temperature, using standard mammalian temperature-correction factors. Fish emersion and handling for 30 seconds significantly (P less than 0.05) altered blood PCO2, acid-base status, and hematologic and plasma biochemical values. The results were consistent with respiratory acidosis and hemoconcentration. The use of mammalian temperature-correction factors for determination of fish blood gas tensions and acid-base status yielded values that were significantly (P less than 0.05) different from those measured directly at fish body temperature.  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND: The effect of storage temperature and time on blood gas and acid-base values has been investigated intensively in cattle and dogs; however, data are lacking in other species. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate changes in gas composition and acid-base values in venous blood stored at different temperatures and for different times in 4 domestic species in Italy. METHODS: Blood samples from Comisana sheep (n = 10), Maltese goats (n = 10), Ragusana donkeys (n = 10), and Thoroughbred horses (n = 10) were analyzed after storage at 23 degrees C (room temperature) for 15 minutes (group I), 23 degrees C for 1 hour (group II), 37 degrees C for 8 hours (group III), and 4 degrees C for 24 hours (group IV). Results were analyzed using a 1-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: In all species no statistically significant differences in pH values were present in samples stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. This also was true for PCO2 in all species except the horse. Except for HCO3- concentration in the horse, significant changes in PO2, HCO3- concentration, base excess, and the standard bicarbonate concentration were observed for all species in samples stored at 4 degrees C. In samples stored for only 1 hour at room temperature, significant changes in most analytes were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study underline the need for rapid assessment of acid-base samples, because any delay, even for 1 hour, may affect the results.  相似文献   

19.
Large mongrel dogs were anesthetized, instrumented, and subjected to electrically induced ventricular fibrillation after breathing either 100% oxygen (O2) or 10% O2 and 90% nitrogen for 10 minutes before arrest. Four minutes after arrest, open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or intermittent abdominal compression closed chest CPR was initiated and continued for 20 minutes, at which time defibrillation was attempted. Central arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected serially for the measurement of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), and O2 partial pressure (PO2), and calculation of bicarbonate concentration and base excess. Mixed venous blood was collected serially for the measurement of lactate concentration. Hemodynamically variable resuscitation techniques and pre-arrest hypoxia or hyperoxia did not significantly influence blood-gas values during CPR. Mixed venous lactate concentrations after 20 minutes of CPR were significantly higher when hypoxia preceded the arrest and when intermittent abdominal compression closed chest CPR was used for resuscitation. Mixed venous PCO2 was significantly higher than arterial PCO2 in all dogs during CPR but was not significantly different before arrest.  相似文献   

20.
Blood oxygen transport and oxygen extraction were assessed in horses with colic. A gravity score (GS) ranging from 1 to 3 was attributed to each colic case with healthy horses used as controls. Jugular venous and carotid arterial blood samples were collected and concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate, inorganic phosphate and chloride were determined. pH and partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PCO(2)), and oxygen (PO(2)) were also measured. Oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) were constructed under standard conditions and oxygen extraction ratios calculated. Haemoglobin oxygen affinity measured under standard conditions (P50(std)) was unchanged in colic horses compared with healthy controls. Horses with the highest GS, i.e. 3 had lower blood pH values than healthy animals. Arterial and venous partial pressures of oxygen at 50% haemoglobin saturation (P50(a) and P50(v)) were significantly higher in horses suffering from colic (GS=3) than in healthy horses. The oxygen extraction ratio was also significantly increased in colic horses with a GS of 3. A rise in the oxygen extraction ratio detected in the most severely affected animals seemed to reflect the compensatory properties of the oxygen transport system where extraction of oxygen from the blood increases when systemic oxygen delivery decreases, as might be anticipated in horses with colic.  相似文献   

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