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1.
采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。 相似文献
2.
通过对天津市辖区6种不同土地利用类型和2种灌溉类型的188个点位进行野外实地采样及定量分析,分析了天津市土壤环境中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留的空间分布特征及来源,系统研究了天津市六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)各异构体单体在土壤中的残留水平、空间和剖面的分布特征,以及残留量今昔情况比较。结果表明:天津市土壤环境中HCHs和DDTs含量均可以达到国家一级标准。天津市HCHs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、滨海地区相对较重,市区次之,远郊区较轻;DDTs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、市区相对较重,远郊区次之,滨海地区较轻;不同的土壤利用类型中,城市绿地的OCPs残留量最高,清灌区和污灌区的OCPs残留量差异不大。剖面分析结果显示,有机氯农药的残留总量主要集中在0~30 cm的耕作层中。通过比较HCHs和DDTs的残留情况发现,DDTs的降解率高于HCHs,天津个别地区出现残留水平异常情况。 相似文献
3.
采用气相色谱(ECD)对滇池周边不同年限大棚土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)残留量进行了测定, 探讨其残留分布特征。结果表明: (1)大棚种植年限对土壤中残留量影响显著, 种植年限长于10 年的大棚土壤中HCHs 和DDTs 的残留量显著高于年限短于10 年的大棚, DDTs 是有机氯农药(OCPs)的主要组成成分;短于10 年的大棚间, 土壤中HCHs 和DDTs 残留量差异不显著。(2)不同土层中, HCHs 残留量在土壤剖面上的变化趋势不明显, 而DDTs 在表层土壤(0~20 cm)中残留量显著高于下层。(3)从HCHs 和DDTs 的同系物组成来看, HCHs 以β-HCH 残留量最高, 部分样点中p,p′-DDT/(DDD+DDE)比值大于1。可判断HCHs 残留主要是过去施用的残留物, 而DDTs 仍有新的污染输入, 有待进一步调查研究。 相似文献
4.
采集福州地区106个表层土壤样品,运用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）,分析了不同土地类型土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）残留水平、组成特征及来源。结果表明,福州土壤HCHs总浓度为0.581～66.9μg·kg-1,DDTs总浓度为0.782～110μg·kg-1。不同土地利用类型土壤中HCHs残留量为未利用地〉水田〉旱田〉草地〉林地。4种HCHs异构体中,草地、旱田和林地土壤中分别以α-HCH、β-HCH和γ-HCH相对含量最高,水田和未利用地土壤中δ-HCH含量最高。不同土地利用类型土壤中DDTs残留量为未利用地〉旱田〉水田〉林地〉草地,除未利用地土壤中相对含量最高的同系物是p,p′-DDD外,其余4种类型土壤中均是p,p′-DDE相对含量最高。来源分析表明,福州可能有林丹（主要成分为γ-HCH）输入,草地可能还有工业HCHs的输入;未利用地、旱田、林地土壤还存在新的DDTs输入,水田和草地土壤近期无工业DDTs输入;旱田、水田、未利用地可能还有少量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。 相似文献
5.
通过测定崇明岛不同功能区（农场、普通农业区、城镇和自然保护区）表层土壤样品中的有机氯农药（OCPs）,对其残留现状、来源和潜在生态风险状况进行研究。结果表明,不同功能区土壤中OCPs残留水平为农场（39.2 ng.g^-1）〉普通农业区（8.0 ng.g^-1）〉城镇区（6.7 ng.g^-1）〉自然保护区（4.7 ng.g^-1）。与HCHs相比,DDTs残留污染要较高一些。不同功能地区土壤中HCHs没有新的污染源,而DDTs则仍有少量新污染源输入。农场（前进农场、富民农场）和城镇（堡镇长江边湿地）表层土壤中DDTs对鸟类和生物具有一定的生态风险,而普通农业区和自然保护区土壤中DDTs对该地区鸟类生态风险则较低。 相似文献
6.
上海农田土壤中六六六和滴滴涕污染分布状况研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤环境中的污染物积累及其在食物链中的迁移、富集、转化是影响食品安全的重大科学问题。有机氯农药,主要包括六六六和滴滴涕,因不易分解且具有一定挥发性和强脂溶性,能通过食物链传递污染整个生态环境,进而危害人类身体健康,其污染和治理的研究受到国内外广泛关注[1~6]。前人分别从不同的角度对土壤六六六和滴滴涕进行了研究,包括其迁移转化[2]、生物有效性[3]、残留特征与空间分布[4,5]及其对人类健康影响[6]等。国内外研究表明,无论是发达的工业国家还是农业国家均频繁地从土壤中检出六六六和滴滴涕的残留物[7];我国局部地区的土壤六六六和滴滴涕的残留量亦仍然较高[5,8]。因此六六六和滴滴涕残留仍是土壤 相似文献
7.
作为典型的持久性有机污染物,DDTS尽管已被禁止使用,但由于其稳定的结构,土壤中仍然残留大量的DDTs,亟需开发快速高效的DDTs降解技术。基于此,本文研究了微米尺寸具有纳米单元的铁粉(微纳铁,micro/nano-Fe~Ⅱ)活化过硫酸钠(sodium persulfate,PS)降解场地污染土壤中DDTs的效果,并考察了微纳铁负载量、过硫酸钠浓度、反应时间及氧化-洗脱耦合对DDTs去除效率的影响。研究结果表明:微纳铁能有效活化Ps降解土壤中的DDTs,在Ps浓度为100mmol/L时,DDTs的降解率随着微纳铁负载量增加而增加,当微纳铁升高到44.8g/L时,p,p'-DDT和o,p'-DDT的降解率高达92.2%和95.1%。洗脱-氧化耦合实验中,3种表面活性剂Tween80、Brij35和SDBS,其中Brij35土壤洗脱液中DDTs的降解效率最高,微纳铁和Ps的摩尔比为4:1时,对DDTs有最佳的降解效果。以上研究结果为DDTs的去除提供了一种新的途径,也为其他有机污染场地的修复提供了一类新技术。 相似文献
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应用Agilent7890-5975CGC-MSD对甘肃省河西走廊及兰州地区17个表层土壤样品中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的残留水平进行分析,并对其来源进行初步解析。研究结果表明：研究区土壤中DDTs残留范围为0.22~53.69ng·g-1,平均值为8.58ng·g-1;HCHs残留范围为0.07~9.16ng·g-1,平均值为1.32ng·g-1;DDTs的残留较HCHs占优势,约占二者总残留量的87%。（DDE＋DDD）/DDT比值介于0.12~0.48之间,平均值为0.27,o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT比值在0.11~0.79之间,平均值为0.34,表明研究区土壤中的DDTs主要来源于工业源DDTs残留。α-HCH/γ-HCH介于0.64~15.5间,平均值为3.19,可推断研究区近期内不存在HCHs的使用,土壤中的HCHs残留主要来源于历史上工业HCHs和林丹的共同输入。与国内外其他地区土壤相比,该地区HCHs和DDTs的残留量处于较低水平;依照土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）的要求,研究区各采样点土壤环境处于相对安全的状态。 相似文献
9.
天津市不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染特征及评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]查明天津市土壤重金属污染的现状及污染源,为防治土壤重金属污染提供理论依据。[方法]选择天津市工业用地、一般农田、水源地、养殖场及蔬菜基地土壤为研究对象,共采集146个样品。通过分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价重金属污染程度,并对重金属的来源进行解析。[结果]天津市土壤整体污染水平相对较轻,但土壤中均存在不同程度的重金属积累。Pb,Ag和Cd重金属污染面积较大,超标率分别为84.25%,76.71%和68.49%。不同土地利用类型影响到重金属的积累程度和积累类型。在研究区的5种土地利用方式中,蔬菜基地土壤中总重金属的累积程度最高,主要重金属包括Cd,Hg,As,Cr,Cu,Ni,V,Mn,Co和Ag等。工业用地土壤中的Zn污染显著高于其他土地利用方式,而农田土壤和畜禽养殖场土壤中的Pb污染较显著。[结论]天津市土壤污染水平相对较轻。但从土地利用方式来看,工业用地、农田和畜禽养殖场土壤Pb及Zn等污染较重,在土地利用和管理中应该予以关注。 相似文献
10.
通过对崇明岛东北部表层土壤和大气中HCHs和DDTs两类有机氯农药的测定,对其残留现状和环境行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中HCHs浓度为0.40～20.0ng·g^-1,DDTs浓度为0.78～163.2ng·g^-1,绝大部分地区未超过国家土壤环境质量标准规定,近期没有新的HCHs和DDTs污染源输入;近地面大气中气相HCHs和DDTs的浓度范围分别为0.38～2.26ng·m^-3和0.17～0.98ng·m^-3。研究表明大气长距离传输对该区域的有机氯农药污染有较为明显的影响。初步运用逸度概念模型对该区域进行分析,发现HCHs和DDTs的逸出方向绝大部分地区为从土壤向大气挥发。 相似文献
11.
Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xiaobo Li Yongqiu Xia Yuefei Li Todd M. Kana Sonoko D. Kimura Masanori Saito Xiaoyuan Yan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):783-792
Purpose
Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha–1?year–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.Materials and methods
The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N2 fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N2/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.Results and discussion
Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO3 ?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO3 ?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.Conclusions
High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification. 相似文献12.
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful
environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides
of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications
have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing
track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in
order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required
to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere
level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully
implement this new green technology. 相似文献
13.
Howard B. Ross 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,36(3-4):349-363
Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO4 +, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances. 相似文献
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation... 相似文献
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中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：17
根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。 相似文献
16.
天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
17.
天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
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Shu Wang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(7):583-589
Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?108 to 8.02?×?108?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis 相似文献