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1.
As the potential of scallop aquaculture becomes increasinglyrealised, transfers (movement within a species' range) andintroductions (movement outside a species' range) of scallops arebecoming more common. To predict the genetic consequences oftransfers, information on genetic differences between source andrecipient populations is vital. Morphological, allozyme and DNAbased data on genetic differentiation of scallop populations andscallop sub-species are presented and discussed. Otherconsiderations are the numbers of individuals transferred andwhether they are wild stock or hatchery product. Loss of geneticdiversity is difficult to avoid in hatchery conditions althoughthere are ecological advantages to using disease-free hatcheryseed. Mitochondrial DNA data indicating significant geneticconsequences of the introduction of Argopecten irradians fromthe USA to China are discussed and compared with data onPatinopecten yessoensis introduced from Japan to Canada.Potential risks and consequences of hybridisation should beexperimentally assessed before introductions of scallops arecarried out. Hybridisation is unpredictable and can lead to lossof genetic diversity or breakdown of co-adapted gene complexes.The use of sterile triploid scallops for introductions to avoid hybridisation and reduce ecological impact has merit butreversion to diploidy may occur.  相似文献   

2.

Optimizing the release density and size of juvenile commercial species for local ecosystems is a critical issue that should be considered when countering predation impacts. To ascertain whether mariculture production of the Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) could be enhanced by modifying releasing practices, we experimentally investigated the effects of density and size of scallop seeds on their survival in the presence of two sea star species, Asterias amurensis and Distolasterias nipon, with different predation capacities. Under current mariculture practices, the juveniles are briefly exposed to air just before release; therefore, we also examined how air exposure stress increased the predation risk. Scallop survival in the presence of both sea stars increased by?>?20% by increasing scallop size from 30 to 50 mm. Increasing scallop density (range: 5 to 30 scallops m?2) increased each individual’s survival in the presence of A. amurensis but had no significant effect on predation by D. nipon. Therefore, the release of smaller quantities of large-sized scallops rather than larger quantities of small scallops is recommended to reduce D. nipon predation. In the presence of sea stars, especially by D. nipon, the predation impact on small scallops increased after just a few hours of air exposure, indicating that air exposure of juvenile scallops should be minimized. Our results will mitigate the economic cost of mariculture by facilitating the determination of optimal release conditions for juvenile scallops.

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3.
Modifications of great scallop (Pecten moximus) shells have been noticed in many sites of scallop fisheries in Brittany, especially in shallow waters. These calcification abnormalities are linked to the appearance of a brown colouration of the internal calcified shell layer, due to the presence of a eumelanin associated with the insoluble organic matrix of the biocrystals. The appearance of this pigment generates many disturbances of the calcified foliated microstructure of the scallop internal shell layer. The mantle structure is not modified in brown shells as compared with white ones. No pathogenic signs such as hyperplasia or haemocytic infiltration have been observed. According to this observation, we hypothesize that the brown colour phenomenon is more a result of environmental disturbance rather than a symptom of a pathogenic disease.The colour abnormalities of the internal shell layer can be detected by a spectral analysis of its reflectance before it can be detected with the naked eye. This method, correlated to microstructural observations, gives a rapid and precise analysis of the appearance of the pigmentation on adult or juvenile scallops. It may be a useful method for the evaluation of the influence of environmental parameters, for example, on calcification and its abnormalities.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract. Diseases of bivalve molluscs characterized by the presence of prokaryotic intra-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in epithelial cells are reviewed. The paper reports the history, clinical and pathological findings during hatchery epizootics of chlamydiosis in larval and postmetamorphic bay scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck), and enzootic infection in wild, captive and cultured adult and juvenile bay scallops during a 15-year period (1972–1987) of surveillance for scallop diseases in the northeastern Atlantic coastal region of the United States. The disease was found in 44·4% of adult bay scallop laboratory accessions as an endemic disease without overt clinical signs or mortalities, and as a highly fatal epizootic disease with a rapid course in 20% of hatchery-reared larval and postmetamorphic bay scallop accessions. The pathogenesis and development of the chlamydial agent during hatchery epizootics are described. The importance of the congenital 'childhood' diseases of larval bay scallops and other species of bivalve molluscs is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Scallop dredges typically use teeth or a cutting bar to dig though the sediment and are associated with detrimental impacts on marine benthos. A low-impact ‘Hydrodredge’ was tested that uses ‘cups’ to deflect water downward in a turbulent wave sufficient to lift scallops from the seabed. Trials took place in the Isle of Man fishery for great scallop (Pecten maximus) with the hydrodredge and a gang of local ‘Newhaven’ dredges towed simultaneously either side of a commercial scallop dredge vessel. When fished over three different ground types (smooth, medium and hard) and two tow-speeds (2.5 kt, 4.0 kt), the proportion of dead scallops and bycatch in the Hydrodredge was significantly less than in the Newhaven dredges. This result highlighted the role of the teeth on the tooth-bar in exerting severe (fatal) damage to the catch and bycatch. Rates of non-fatal damage to scallops and bycatch did not differ between gears, suggesting that such damage occurs as a result of contact with other parts of the gears such as the chain bag. The hydrodredge was less efficient at catching great scallops compared with the Newhaven dredges (10–40%). For great scallops, the cups did not significantly increase catch relative to the hydrodredge fished without cups, which contrasts with results for other surface-dwelling scallop species, e.g., Placopecten magellanicus and Aequipecten opercularis. Importantly, the Hydrodredge was designed in the New England fishery for giant scallop (P. magellanicus), a species typically lighter and less embedded than P. maximus and thus potentially more vulnerable to the flow patterns of the Hydrodredge.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. A rickettsia-like organism from the gills and plicate membrane of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus , was prevalent in near-shore Rhode Island scallop populations such as Block Island Sound and Narragansett Bay, but relatively scarce in Georges Bank samples. Fifty-three per cent of scallops transplanted in cages to Narragansett Bay became infected with the rickettsiae in 2.5-3.5 months. Scallops that were transferred to aquaria with Narragansett Bay water were 100% infected with rickettsiae in 5 months or less. There is some evidence that heavy infection of P. magellanicus inhibits swimming response and that rickettsial infection may contribute indirectly to mortalities by reducing scallop mobility and avoidance of predators. The organism was successfully cultured in gill organ culture and by direct injection of infected tissue homogenate, but could not be grown on artificial media or in yolk sac of embryonated hens' eggs. Other bivalve species could not be infected with the rickettsia of P. magellanicus through the water column or by direct injection.  相似文献   

7.
Two different methods of establishing high-density spawner sanctuaries for bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians) restoration were evaluated over 2 years at a site in Northwest Harbor, East Hampton, New York, USA. Hatchery-reared scallops, which had been overwintered at nearby sites, were free-planted directly to the bottom in late March/early April at an initial target density of 94?C128 scallops/m2. In addition, scallops were stocked in off-bottom culture units consisting of three vertically stacked 15-mm mesh ADPI® bags at densities of 50, 100, or 200 scallops/bag (=117, 234, or 468 scallops/m2), respectively. Survival of scallops differed significantly by year, planting method, and scallop source. Survival of free-planted scallops was generally lower than caged scallops. Better survival of free-planted scallops in 2005 versus 2006 likely reflected the presence of luxuriant eelgrass beds in 2005, which were absent in 2006. Survival of scallops in ADPI bags was not appreciably related to stocking density. Shell growth was highest for free-planted scallops; in cages, growth was somewhat better at 50 versus 200 scallops/bag. Wet weights of epibionts were significantly higher in caged versus free-planted scallops. Reproductive condition of scallops stocked at 50/bag was usually higher than at 200/bag. Both free-planting and off-bottom systems yielded high densities of adult bay scallops at the time of spawning, which ensures a higher probability of successful fertilization of spawned eggs and thus a greater potential for success of restoration efforts.  相似文献   

8.
The functional response describes how consumption rate of individual predators changes as prey density changes, and can have important implications for the bottom culture of scallops. We examined (i) the functional response of rock crabs (Cancer irroratus) preying on juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus); (ii) the effect of substrate type and scallop size on the functional response; and (iii) the underlying behavioural mechanisms of observed functional responses. Specifically, we quantified predation rate and behaviours, such as the proportion of time spent searching for prey, encounter rate between predators and prey and the outcomes of encounters, when individual rock crabs were offered a range of scallop density (2–50 or 11–111 scallops m−2) and two size classes of scallops (∼ ∼25 and ∼ ∼35 mm shell height) on two different substrate types (“glass-bottom” and “granule”). We found that crab predation rate on small juvenile scallops increased at a decelerating rate with prey density to a plateau at high prey density on both substrates, indicating a hyperbolic (type II) functional response. Crab predation rate on large juvenile scallops was independent of prey density (i.e., no functional response evident), suggesting that crabs were at their satiation level. Prey density did not influence any behaviour except encounter rate on small juvenile scallops, which increased as prey density increased. Substrate type influenced crab predation: maximum predation rate of crabs on small juvenile scallops and encounter rate with either size of juvenile scallops was lower on granule than on glass-bottom. Our results in the laboratory suggest that crabs could potentially be swamped if scallops are seeded at a high density in the field. However, many factors in the field may influence the functional response. For example, the presence of multiple prey types may lead to sigmoid functional responses, while the presence of many crab individuals may lead to aggregation of crabs in areas of high prey density.  相似文献   

9.
Feeding experiments using commonly-cultured algae were conducted with purple-hinge rock scallops, Hinnites multirugosus Gale, to suggest the application of these algae to hatchery culture of scallops. The uptake of finely divided particulate matter was also studied to ascertain the possible importance of detritus as a supplemental food for the rock scallop. A 1:1:1 mixture by culture volume of Tahitian Isochrysis, Tetraselmis suecica, and Dunaliella salina appeared to be superior as a diet for juvenile rock scallops. Significant growth also occurred in juvenile rock scallops fed T-Isochrysis, T. suecica, Isochrysis galbana, and Rhodomonas sp. Gymnodinium splendens, Monochrysis lutheri, and Dunaliella salina fed alone were poor foods for juvenile rock scallops. Finely divided particulate matter as radiolabeled abalone fecal matter was utilized as food. Significant radioactivity appeared in DNA, RNA, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and free-reducing substances after one week providing evidence that particulate matter was incorporated into juvenile rock scallop metabolic pathways.  相似文献   

10.
饲料蛋白对翘嘴红鲌蛋白质周转代谢的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
王桂芹 《水产学报》2006,30(3):397-403
在养殖虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）的生产过程中需要多次将其按大小分级。传统方法采用筛子和分级机筛分，会使扇贝受到振动、碰撞。振动影响扇贝生长发育，碰撞使扇贝边缘受到损伤，贝壳碎裂外套膜裸露在壳外，造成病贝、死贝，且机械筛分分级精度低，人工筛分劳动强度大、效率低。本文研究一种新的方法，利用机器视觉检测扇贝大小。通过摄像头获取扇贝图像、计算机对输入的图像进行预处理、图像分割、膨胀腐蚀，提取扇贝的面积等特征值，建立扇贝的几何模型、数学模型，确定面积与壳长的关系，进一步识别扇贝的大小。试验表明，该方法检测速度快，正确率高，能够满足虾夷扇贝分级要求。摄像头与扇贝不接触，可以避免机械振动、碰撞对扇贝的损伤。  相似文献   

11.
山东沿海栉孔扇贝大量死亡原因初探   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
为弄清１９９７年山东沿海栉孔扇贝大量死亡原因,通过现场调查,取样,众海水及扇 贝体内分离出２０析菌,选取５株进行感染实验。结果：病原菌可造成扇贝感染死亡,不同菌株致病性不同,水温越高,致病性越强。造成扇贝大量裂纹民系综合因素所致其中持续高温是主要因子,在高温季节下沉筏架,控制养殖规模,稀疏密度,及时清笼,在底质污染严重的海区养扇贝,都是预防扇贝死亡的好方法。  相似文献   

12.
The effect of chronic (2 weeks) temperature (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C) on certain non‐specific immune parameters of two species of scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck 1819) and Chlamys farreri (Jones & Preston 1904) were studied. The survival ratio of the two species of scallops at 31°C was the lowest. Haemocyte concentration of C. farreri in the 19 and 22°C treatment groups was significantly lower than that of the 25 and 28°C treatment groups but significantly higher than that of the 31°C treatment group. With elevation of seawater temperature, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in sera of two scallop species increased and reached the peak at 25°C and then decreased. However, the specific activity of ALP and ACP of the 31°C treatment group was the highest. The results demonstrated that temperature of seawater significantly affected immunity of scallops. The concept that the stress of high environmental temperature on C. farreri may be partially responsible for the mass mortality of the organism is also introduced.  相似文献   

13.
Low salinity is one of important environmental factors which often led to mass mortality of the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis cultivated in the South coast of China. It is well known that enzymic system and non‐enzymic system both play crucial roles in all living organisms against severe environments. To investigate how change about enzymic system and non‐enzymic system in the stenohaline marine bivalve under low salinity stress, an acute challenge lasting 48 hr was conducted using golden and brown noble scallops in the present study. The serine proteinase inhibitor from the noble scallop (CnSPI) was first cloned and expressed in different tissues. After low salinity stress, the gene expression levels were determined in haemocytes and compared between golden and brown scallops. Meanwhile, total carotenoids content (TCC) in adductor, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) content in gill and haemocytes were also determined and compared between the two colours scallops. Results showed that the CnSPI gene expression levels were significantly decreased after low salinity stress, and the golden scallops had higher gene expression levels than brown scallops (p < .05) at most times. Moreover, after low salinity stress, TCC, SOD enzymatic activity and MDA content also fluctuated, and the golden scallops contained higher TCC and SOD, but lower MDA than the brown ones. The present results indicated that enzymic system and non‐enzymic system were both changed under low salinity stress in the noble scallop and significantly different responses to the stress existed between golden and brown individuals. The SPI gene and carotenoids (CAR) both play a resistant role to low salinity stress in the noble scallop.  相似文献   

14.
The growth and survival of the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri suspended in deep water of Haizhou Bay were studied from July 2007 to June 2008, and the biodeposition method was used to estimate the clearance rate of C. farreri under field conditions. Results showed that the scallop grew fast during all the culture time, with the exception of summer. The condition index of the scallop increased with time and reached the highest value in spring of the second year. The survival of scallops was 60.8 ± 3.9% at the end of this study, mortality occurring mainly during the summer and autumn of the first year. The clearance rate fluctuated obviously with season,with the highest value in September 2007, and the lowest value in March 2008. Factors accounting for variations in growth and clearance rate of scallops are also discussed.  相似文献   

15.
The mortality of juvenile scallops (Pecten maximus L.) cultured at two densities at 8‐ and 15‐m depth was investigated at 17 trial locations along the western Norwegian coast between latitudes 58 and 65°N. During the winter of 1995/1996, scallops suffered high mortality at many sites. The results show a clear relationship between minimum temperature recorded on the sites and scallop mortality. All the scallops died at sites where minimum temperatures were lower than 2°C, while a mortality rate below 30% was only obtained at locations where the minimum temperature was 4–5°C. At temperatures between 2 and 4°C, mortality was intermediate, ranging from 52% to 100%. There were no mortality differences between culture densities, while a significantly higher mortality at 8‐ than at 15‐m depth was shown for two of the four sites with a total mean mortality lower than 30%. The results are discussed in relation to low‐temperature conditions along the Norwegian coast to suggest risk assessments for site selection in scallop culture.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract. The morphology of a chlamydia-like organism from the digestive diverticula of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lmk), is described. This organism was found in about 40% of bay scallops introduced to the quarantine unit at Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island, Canada and also in about 40% of the F1 and F2 generations. Procaryote infections were also found in the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), the soft-shelled clam, Mya arenaria L., and the Atlantic deepsea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin).  相似文献   

17.
Here, we report results from a project where the aim was to study stress and mortality in the supply chain from harvest to market for live scallops Pecten maximus L., hand‐picked by scuba divers. With experiments conducted both during the warm (September) and cold (April) seasons, emphasis was put on how mechanical influence, stacking height, post‐harvest water storage and dry transport affected scallop fitness. When scallops were exposed to mild‐ or hard mechanical shocks (dropped three times from 50 or 150 cm), it was found that hard mechanical shock caused up to 90% mortality during subsequent water storage. Results from the experiments where scallops were stored at different stacking heights (15, 30 and 50 cm) in water showed that both the duration of storage and the stacking height had a significant effect on mortality. Higher stacking heights also affected survival in subsequent transport. For long‐term storage (>7 days), it is recommended to limit the stacking height of scallops stored in tanks to reduce risk of mortality. Respiration experiments showed an average oxygen consumption of 0.10 and 0.24 mg O2 min?1 kg?1 f.w. in the cold and warm season respectively. Water supply during storage of scallops should be adjusted to water temperature and biomass. Registration of mortality and analysis of the Adenylic Energy Charge of scallops followed through the production cycle from harvest to market indicate that it is the sum of stressors that are determinable for final survival.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
急性病毒性坏死病毒已被证实为是一种对养殖栉孔扇贝危害极大的病原体,探讨其传播途径是防控扇贝“大规模死亡症”的前提之一。将亲贝各放在一独立育苗水体内产卵、孵化,并进行幼虫培育。通过春季和秋季室内人工育苗,从40个独立育苗水体中,采获亲贝、卵各23个家系样品,受精卵、D形幼虫、壳顶幼虫各12个家系样品,眼点幼虫2个家系样品。采用间接ELISA法、间接免疫荧光技术和电子显微镜技术对亲贝、卵和发育各期的幼虫进行定性和定位的检测。结果发现,栉孔扇贝的性腺组织中存在病毒粒子,而卵、受精卵及各期发育幼虫体内均未检测到病毒。由此可以判断：AVNV可以感染栉孔扇贝的性腺,但并不存在卵内垂直传播的可能性。  相似文献   

20.
Specimens taken from natural populations of the scallop, Euvola ziczac (L.), were mass spawned in order to produce an initial stock of parents for a selection experiment. The purpose of the present study was to improve scallop shell growth and to calculate the degree of heritability of this characteristic. At one year of age, the top 10‰ of the stock (i.e. the larger scallops) were segregated to create the selected line. An equal number of mean-sized scallops was used to create the control line. In the second generation, after 294 days in culture, the heritability values of the scallops were calculated. Heritability estimates fluctuated between 0.47 and 0.54 depending on the character investigated, i.e. shell length or shell height. The selected line was 5.5‰ longer and 4.5‰ higher than the control line, and 7.3‰ longer and 9.4‰ higher than the parental line.  相似文献   

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