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1.
《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2014,23(2):129-141
Blood pressure monitoring of patients has become increasingly common in companion animal veterinary hospitals, especially during anesthesia, surgical procedures, critical care, and general health assessments. Determining an animal’s blood pressure has become a standard part of the routine diagnostic evaluation for monitoring hypertension in geriatric patients or patients affected with renal insufficiency, cardiac disease, vision loss, or endocrine disorders. To increase the standard of care in exotic and zoological medicine, new diagnostic techniques must be identified and implemented. Blood pressure measurements in avian species are more challenging because only direct blood pressure techniques have been reported to be accurate. Arterial catheterization and interpretation can be daunting without the knowledge of avian physiology and anatomy; however, techniques for placing arterial catheters are not difficult once clinicians have gained sufficient experience. This article describes the techniques, anatomy, and appropriate interpretation of blood pressure results obtained through arterial catheterization in birds. 相似文献
2.
Janis Ott Joslin 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2009,18(2):117-139
Blood collection from small exotic pocket pets can be difficult to achieve. The individual collecting the blood must know both the anatomy and behavior of the species to obtain suitable amounts of blood for diagnostic testing. Given the animals' small size, it is often difficult to collect large volumes of blood. A clinician serious in developing an exotic small mammal practice should understand the limitations of blood sample collection and the risks involved with the procedure. Unlike domestic animals, these pets are often not comfortable with being handled and are often prone to induced complications when presented to a veterinary clinic and restrained for examination. For some cases, the clinician will have to determine if the risk of getting the sample is better achieved by anesthetizing the patient, and if doing so will have a detrimental effect on the animal. One will also need to consider the effect of the anesthetic versus the stress the restraint may have on the blood results. 相似文献
3.
《Seminars in avian and exotic pet medicine》2004,13(4):184-190
As avian health professionals, when there is an increased morbidity or mortality in a waterfowl flock, we are often concerned with disease diagnostic and treatment regimens. However, one area that should not be overlooked is waterfowl husbandry, especially if we want to develop preventive medicine strategies for the flock. Husbandry aspects need to be considered because certain management factors may predispose the waterfowl flock to certain diseases. Avian health professionals should also be aware of the common duck and geese breeds that are commonly kept in backyard flock. This type of information can provide information on flock personality and unique anatomical characteristics. In addition, understanding the different breeds will allow avian health professionals to assist in recommending the appropriate waterfowl to our clients. Waterfowl have unique husbandry requirements when compared to other poultry species, and having a better understanding of husbandry aspects like housing and feeding can help to prevent diseases from reoccurring in the flock. By having a better understanding of waterfowl husbandry, we can ensure that our waterfowl patients receive the best medical care and continue to remain healthy. 相似文献
4.
Cytology as a diagnostic tool has played a major role in the management of diseases affecting domestic mammals for over 20 years. It has also become a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of nondomestic or the so-called "exotic" animal patients, such as small mammals and the lower vertebrates. Common cytologic specimens used to evaluate the exotic animal patient include aspirates of masses and organs, imprints of biopsy material, tracheal wash samples, aspiration of abdominal or coelomic fluid, and fecal smears. In general, the same cytologic sample collection and preparation techniques used for domestic mammals also apply to exotic animal patients. The interpretation of the cytology specimen is generally the same as that of domestic mammals. 相似文献
5.
Angela M Lennox 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2006,9(2):303-19, vi
Although psittacine species represent the majority of avian patients seen in most exotic animal practices, nonpsittacine species such as passerines and galliformes may be presented as pets, as members of zoo collections, or as injured or ill wildlife. Many features of handling, restraint, sample collection, medicine, and surgery are similar in psittacine and nonpsittacine species. In many cases, the equipment required will be similar as well, with a few modifications. 相似文献
6.
J. Mayer 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2009,18(3):213-219
Evidence-based medicine in small exotic mammals is often considered challenging because of a lack of information related to reference data, validated diagnostic tests, treatment outcome, side effects, long-term prognosis, and financial constraints of the owner. However, despite this lack of information, it is still possible to provide good medical care to small exotic mammals and confirm a disease diagnosis that can be properly treated. With many small exotic mammal cases, the condition of the animal and, ultimately, the disease diagnosis, may not be familiar to the attending veterinarian, and in some cases the disease itself may not have ever been described in that species in the scientific literature. This article describes the process of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in a guinea pig using a recommended patient assessment, diagnostic, and treatment protocol. 相似文献
7.
J G Massey 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》1999,2(2):357-381
A physical examination of a passerine incorporates the same basic techniques used for other avian species. Although frequently a concern for practitioners, the small size of many of these patients can be overcome with a few technical and equipment modifications. When evaluating clinical findings and collecting diagnostic samples, veterinarians must remain cognizant of important anatomical differences between passerines and psittacines so that they can interpret the results of these tests properly. Because of the many species contained within this order, practitioners should gather as much useful information as possible when examining a novel species. In this way, we will continue to expand the medical knowledge base for this large and diverse group of birds. 相似文献
8.
Kevin T Fitzgerald Kristin L Newquist 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2008,11(2):327-57, vii
Reptiles are increasingly being kept as pets in American households. The basic principles of emergency medicine are the same for all species, but reptilian species present special diagnostic challenges to veterinary clinicians when they become ill. Reptiles in captivity can become accidentally poisoned in a variety of ways. Veterinarians treating small animal emergencies must make an effort to familiarize themselves with the large body of literature and resources that are developing regarding both nontraditional exotic companion species and advances in toxicology. 相似文献
9.
Hugues Beaufrère 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2013,22(4):320-335
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall where the accumulation of foam cells, lipids, calcium, and cellular debris leads to large fibrofatty atheromatous plaques narrowing the arterial lumen. As the principal cause of human deaths in the world, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been extensively studied, as well as lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, across species. Important aspects of the disease were first investigated experimentally in a wide array of animal models, including laboratory avian and mammalian species also kept as companion pets. Although the disease is primarily a significant clinical entity in avian patients, the wealth of information obtained from companion exotic mammals is of interest to understand the complex comparative pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions. This review presents the current concepts of atherogenesis and lipoprotein metabolism followed by a brief overview of species peculiarities as it relates to the experimental reproduction of the disease. This overview should provide interesting insight on atherosclerosis, which spontaneously or experimentally affects many zoological companion species commonly seen by veterinarians. 相似文献
10.
Susan E Orosz 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2002,5(1):31-48, v-vi
The avian skeleton is significantly different from the mammalian skeleton, and these differences are important when providing fracture repair and postoperative care for the avian patient. Successful repair depends on an understanding of fracture management and healing and of the anatomical, physiologic, and behavioral concerns of avian patients. Having knowledge of fracture repair without an understanding of the unique needs of avian patients' results in a disappointing treatment response. 相似文献
11.
Many tools used in small animal practice can be adapted for use with exotic mammals. For those veterinarians with a strong interest in exotic mammals, specific equipment and supply needs need to be taken under consideration. Initial investment need not be great to get started with special species, and as the practice develops more specialized equipment can be added. Starting with equipment that aids in patient husbandry, diagnostic sampling, and routine hospital medical and surgical care is very helpful in creating confidence and expertise with these species. As the practice case load grows more sophisticated, equipment can be added, allowing for better diagnostic workups, medical treatment, and surgical care. The right equipment for the right job makes for a more rewarding and efficient exotic mammal practice. The author describes equipment and products (Table 1) he routinely uses in his private practice, and has provided a list of available sources. Readers should keep in mind that this list is not all-inclusive, and that in many instances products discussed can be found from multiple veterinary distributors or vendors. The author does not promote or recommend one supplier or manufacturer over another. 相似文献
12.
Bonnie J. Smith DVM PhD Stephen A. Smith DVM PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1991,32(2):87-95
The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic anatomy of the mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) as a representative of the avian Order Anseriformes. The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of three adult birds were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Nine xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate normal anatomy. Selected views of other anseriform species were included to illustrate certain anatomical features unique to those species. 相似文献
13.
《Seminars in avian and exotic pet medicine》2004,13(1):16-24
The lack of Federal Drug Administration-approved drug products in the United States for avian and exotic animals creates daily challenges for the practitioner. The day-to-day practice of avian and exotic animal medicine requires us to meet these challenges in many ways, including by: extralabel use of domestic human and animal products; simple compounding or other manipulations in the clinical setting; using a pharmacy compounding service; using medicated feeds; and using imported pharmaceutical products. These may present legal and ethical issues to the practitioner that he or she may not be aware of. This paper will discuss some of practical and legal implications of these methods (based on U.S. laws), with an emphasis on compounding and extralabel use. 相似文献
14.
Careful postoperative management is crucial for the success of any orthopedic surgical repair. The special needs of the exotic animal must be met during the immediate postoperative period and during hospitalization. Many exotic animals require a quiet, stress-free environment and careful attention to housing parameters, such as perching, temperature, and visual security. To provide adequate pain relief in these patients, analgesia should be given before, during, and after surgery. The drugs most often used for pain relief are NSAIDs and opioid analgesics. After surgery, monitor the healing process carefully with regular examinations and radiographs while remaining vigilant for potential problems such as osteomyelitis or nonunion. Physical therapy prevents the development of fracture disease, which includes joint or ligament contracture and bone or muscle mass loss. Because physical therapy affords the patient full use of the affected limb, it is considered a helpful practice in all patients. Physical therapy, however, is critical for free-ranging exotic animals that will be released back into the wild, such as birds of prey. 相似文献
15.
Cray C Villar D 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2008,37(3):328-331
Background: A major challenge in the serologic diagnosis of infectious diseases in exotic birds is the limited availability of species-specific antibodies. Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to determine if there is cross reactivity between commercially available anti-chicken IgY antibodies and immunoglobulins of several avian species, with particular emphasis on psittacines. Methods: To quantitate the reactivity with anti-chicken IgY, Western blot analysis was performed using plasma samples from many different avian species. Results were compared with gamma globulin fraction quantitation obtained by protein electrophoresis. Results: By Western blot, 2 protein bands corresponding to the heavy and light chains of chicken IgY were identified in species from 21 avian orders using 1 of 2 rabbit anti-chicken IgY antibodies. Densitometric analysis showed that the amount of immunoglobulin estimated from Western blots correlated strongly with data from protein electrophoresis assays. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that some commercially available anti-chicken IgY antibodies exhibit good cross-reactivity with most avian species. 相似文献
16.
R H Poppenga W E Braselton 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1990,20(2):293-306
The increasing sophistication of toxicologic analyses offered by veterinary diagnostic laboratories provides the practitioner with a valuable resource for the diagnosis of companion and exotic animal toxicoses. The availability of such testing is a valuable service that can be offered to veterinary clientele. Appropriate and timely toxicologic testing may permit more successful treatment of affected patients and protect animals and humans from hazardous exposure that might occur if a responsible toxicant goes unrecognized. Perhaps the most critical point to keep in mind, however, is that no matter how sophisticated the toxicologic laboratory is, a correct diagnosis is dependent upon the submission of appropriate biologic and environmental samples. 相似文献
17.
Exotic animals, including small herbivores, are increasing in popularity as companion animals. Commonly owned exotic herbivores include guinea pigs, chinchillas, and rabbits. These animals fall into the category of prey species with an inherent instinct to hide their illness until severely affected by the disease process. Therefore, any of these animals presented as an emergency case must be carefully evaluated for chronic underlying illness. Cardiovascular emergency and critical care principles are similar across all mammalian species. However, specialized techniques and adaptations are occasionally required because of the unique physiology and natural behaviors of these animals. It is essential to evaluate and stabilize these patients before attempting definitive diagnostic plans. Emergency cardiovascular presentations, as in other mammals, consist of congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and toxicities that can result in cardiac and pulmonary arrest. Cardiac disease is a relatively common finding in small exotic mammals, but there are few peer-reviewed reports regarding diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in these species. Diagnostic testing and treatment options are generally based on knowledge of small animal medicine. 相似文献
18.
A review is presented of current knowledge with regard to blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds. Straightforward conclusions are difficult, because research on this subject has been limited. Jaundice caused by hyperbilirubinaemia occurs infrequently in birds, because the main bile pigment is biliverdin and not bilirubin. A yellow discolouration of avian plasma is often caused by the presence of carotenoids. The diagnostic value of plasma ALAT concentrations is controversial. Although ASAT and LD are not specific for the liver they appear to be sensitive enzymes to detect liver cell damage. GLDH is liver specific in a number of animal species (including birds) and might prove to be a useful enzyme for diagnostic purposes. AP and GGT seem less useful. Little information is available on the diagnostic value of plasma bile acids and plasma dye clearance tests. 相似文献
19.
20.
The anatomy of the avian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is unique and significantly different from that of other animals. The characteristics of the avian GI tract allow the different species to adapt and thrive in their habitats. Infectious diseases of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic origin commonly affect avian species. The significance and the nature of these pathologies vary with species and if they live in the wild or a captive environment. This review compiles information available in the literature on specific infectious processes that were considered relevant and clinically significant by the authors. Clinicians should be knowledgeable and aware of the infectious agents, clinical signs associated with disease, diagnostic techniques, and treatment methodologies currently available regarding diseases that affect the avian GI tract. Recent information that provides new insight to these infectious processes is the focus of this article. 相似文献