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Abstract – Similarities in the diets of larval, juvenile and adult black-stripe minnow ( Galaxiella nigrostriata ) and salamanderfish ( Lepidogalaxias salamandroides ), collected from ephemeral pools in south-western Australia during the mid-wet, late-wet and dry seasons, were assessed. During the mid-wet season, both intra- and interspecific competition for a diminishing food supply was minimised through differences in prey utilisation by the various developmental stages of both species. During the late-wet season, the pools contained only juvenile G. nigrostriata and juvenile and adult L. salamandroides , the diets of which were vastly different. A shift towards terrestrial fauna by G. nigrostriata and the ingestion of greater proportions of larger benthic prey taxa by L. salamandroides minimised interspecific competition for food at a time when densities of zooplanktors were rapidly declining. Timing differences in the onset of aestivation ensures that no interspecific competition for food occurs during the dry season. 相似文献
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Comment on Butterworth, Cubitt, and McKinley (2008) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
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Results are reported of the growth and yield of the Malawi chambo, Oreochromis karongae (Trewavas, 1941) association, and Oreochromis shiranus (Boulenger. 1896) in polyculture with Clarias gariepinus (Burchell. 1822). Six ponds of 150 m2 were assigned to two replicates of three treatments: C. gariepinus and O. shiranus; C. gariepinus and chambo spawned on station; C. gariepinus and chambo collected from the lake. Total fish stocking density was 3 m?2, and stocking ratio 1:2 (C. gariepinus: titapias). Initial mean body weights were 10.9 g for O. shiranus. 13.2 g for C. gariepinus and 13.3 g for chambo. The ponds were fertilized with chicken manure at the rate of 13.5 kg dry matter ha?1 day?1, representing the daily NPK loading of 0.618.0.186 and 0.191 kg ha?1, respectively. Maize bran was applied at 3% body weight day?1 for 168 days. Fish growth rate for C. gariepinus was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the tilapias. Weight gains were 0.48-0.57 g day?1 for C. gariepinus, 0.30-0.31 g day?1 for chambo and 0.24 g day?1 for O shiranus. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the growth of chambo despite the source of fingerlings. More fish biomass came from C. gariepinus stocked at 1 m?2 than from the tilapias stocked at 2 m?2. Extrapolated fish yields in the range of 4.37-4.75 t ha?1 year?1 were obtained from the polyculture of chambo and C. gariepinus. Oreochromis shiranus and C. gariepinus gave 3.95 t ha?1 year?1. Low water temperatures for 112 days slowed the growth of tilapias but did not seem to inhibit the growth of C. gariepinus. Chicken manure and maize bran, applied at smallholder farmer's level, has produced higher yields than by using O. shiranus in monoculture at optimal temperatures. The yields obtained show that the polyculture system is feasible during the cold season and may justify investment in aquaculture at semi-intensive level in Malawi. 相似文献
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Alfredo Salas‐Garza Griselda Parés‐Sierra Rodrigo Gómez‐Rigalt Eugenio Carpizo‐Ituarte 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(4):460-471
This work presents the embryonic, larval, and postlarval development of Lithopoma undosa (L. undosa) (20 ± 2 C and the effect of natural inducers on the larval metamorphosis. Embryonic development until hatching of the trochophore larva took 15 h. Early veliger larvae with well‐developed shell were after 24 h. At 48 h, the operculum was completely formed. Cephalic tentacles were visible after 72 h. Larvae reached competence 6 to 7 d after fertilization, and was characterized by the presence of branched cephalic tentacles. The effect of natural inducers was evaluated. The percentage of metamorphosis with diatoms and adult mucus was 94% and 58% respectively, differing from the 25% without inducer. When was repeated, the metamorphosis was 100%, and 16% with benthic diatoms. The initial mean size of the postlarvae was 0.316 ± 0.02 mm. After 264 d the juveniles had attained a mean size of 5.98 ± 0.16 mm. These results will not only be of use in the evaluation of the culture of L. undosa, but also in studies on the characterization of inducers. 相似文献
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在１５．０℃、１７．５℃和１９．０℃３个温度梯度下，各试验组纪体的生长速度和成活率６．３μｍ／ｄ，８．６μｍ／ｄ、９．３μｍ／ｄ；６１．０％、７０．５％、２３．０％。投附着基经２２ｄ培养各试验组稚贝规格（壳长×壳高）分别平均为６２０μｍ×５９５μｍ、７０５μｍ×６８０μｍ、７４５μｍ×７１０μｍ；各组生长速度和附着后成活率分别为１７．７μｍ／ｄ、２１．６μｍ／ｄ、２３．４μｍ／ｄ；３５．４％、３４ 相似文献
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Indoor, intensive, nursery-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can provide high-quality juvenile shrimp for indoor or pond-based production systems in a biosecure manner. However, it is unclear what type of RAS is most appropriate for indoor shrimp nurseries. This study compared three types of RAS nurseries: biofloc (BF), clear-water (CW), and hybrid (HY). Each treatment included four, randomly assigned 160 L (0.35-m2) tanks that were stocked with 3000 post-larvae shrimp m−3. The post-larvae (PL10) shrimp had an initial average weight of 7 ± 0.0 mg and were grown for 48 days. The BF tanks included external settling chambers as the only filtration mechanism. The CW tanks had settling chambers, foam fractionators, and external biofilters to fully clarify the water and process nitrogenous waste. Hybrid tanks included settling chambers, and external biofilters to maintain some suspended solids along with external biofiltration. Overall, the CW treatment had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels than the BF and HY systems. The HY treatment had significantly higher DO than the BF treatment. Nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the HY treatment than the CW treatment. Turbidity in the BF treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. On the final sample date, the BF treatment had significantly higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations than the other treatments. Differences between treatments in terms of shrimp survival, mean harvest weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were not significant. The final weight of the shrimp at 48 days for the BF, CW, and HY were 670 mg, 640 mg, and 590 mg respectively. A stable isotope mixing model indicated that, in the BF treatment, 13% of the C and 34% of the N in harvested shrimp tissue may have originated from biofloc material, signifying some nutrient recycling. The nitrification process was more effective with the inclusion of an external biofilter. All three system types appear suitable for RAS shrimp nursery production although consideration should be given to water quality consistency and filtration costs. 相似文献
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Abstract. Loma salmonae (Putz, Hoffman and Dunbar, 1965), Morrison & Sprague, 1981, in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, was studied with the electron microscope. It is morphologically very similar to L. morhua Morrison and Sprague, 1981, in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., having only minor differences. Loma sp. Morrison and Sprague, 1981, in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), is more like L. salmonae than the other species of Loma , but was deemed to be distinct. It was named L. fontinalis sp. nov. 相似文献
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Mrigal-common carp hybrids were produced and examined. Only few hybrids could be reared up to the age of 14 months. These did not show signs of maturity. The parents species mature in ponds in 6 months (common carp) or 12 months (mrigal). 相似文献
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The pathological changes induced by an infection of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) plerocercoids in powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), from Loch Lomond, Scotland, were assessed using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. In a sample of 26 powan, the occurrence of encysted plerocercoids of D. dendriticum on the outer surface of the stomach was 38.5% (n = 10) with the number of cysts ranging from 4 to 15 and measuring 4.2 +/- 1.0 mm x 3.4 +/- 0.9 mm (mean +/- SD). Histological examination of intestinal samples also revealed plerocercoids (2-21) encapsulated within a proliferation of mesenteric fibrous tissues of the gastric wall and, occasionally, by the gut lamina propria-submucosa and lamina muscularis. In section, cysts were tri-layered and were formed from a series of concentric whorls of fibroblast and collagen fibre-based connective elements. The extent of necrosis within each muscle layer and the serosa of the stomach differed, notably within the latter that was marked by a chronic inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. Within the cyst and around it, a large number of degranulating mast cell/eosinophilic granule cells were seen, in addition to melano-macrophage centres. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of infected stomach revealed a high density of elements, in close proximity to plerocercoids, staining positive for serotonin, bombesin, substance P and galanin. Uninfected material did not present the same levels of activity. Sections through both infected and uninfected tissue were also tested for elements containing vasoactive intestinal peptide, met-enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase, but these were absent. 相似文献
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Tetraploid induction in tropical oysters,Crassostrea belcheri (Sowerby) and Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Shau Hwai Aileen Tan Chiew Peng Teh Geraldine Olive Chang Zulfigar Yasin 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(4):1406-1412
Tetraploid induction has been conducted on temperate oysters but not on tropical oysters. In this study, different heat shocks (32, 35 and 38°C) and cold shocks (1, 4 and 7°C) were used to induce tetraploidy in two tropical oyster species, Crassostrea belcheri and Crassostrea iredalei, through meiosis I inhibition. Temperature shocks were applied on the newly fertilized eggs at 8–10 min post fertilization and terminated when second polar bodies began to form in the control eggs. The ploidy of the larvae and spat was determined via direct chromosome count. The percentage of larval survival until Day 20 was low (between 0.4% and 42.9%) for both temperature shocks and oyster species. No surviving larva was recorded for induction at 1, 4 and 38°C. Tetraploid spat was only recorded in C. iredalei but the percentage is low through heat shock induction of 32 and 35°C. This study shows that the tetraploid induction success rate was slightly higher in C. iredalei compared to C. belcheri. No surviving tetraploid spat were recorded for both oyster species through the cold shock method. This study shows that heat shock can be used to inhibit meiosis for the production of tetraploids but more experiments need to be conducted to determine the optimum temperature when dealing with tropical oysters. 相似文献
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Elagba H A Mohammed 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(9):829-833
Protein polymorphism and allelic variation were investigated in the blood of the catfish, Synodontis schall (Bloch‐Schneider, 1801) and S. serratus (Ruppel, 1829) from three localities along the White Nile. The first sampling locality at khartoum, the second at Jebel Aulia Dam, 45 km south of khartoum and the third locality was 45 km southward along the White Nile. Seventeen gene loci were identified in separating 13 enzymes and proteins. Nine loci were polymorphic and eight were monomorphic in the two species. Two alleles were observed for each polymorphic locus. Except for serum albumin (ALB*) and erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI‐1*), all corresponding allozymes in the two species revealed similar mobilities and separation patterns. Serum albumin (ALB*) was monomorphic with a molecular weight of 67 kd in S. schall and 60–62 kd in S. serratus. Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI‐1*) was polymorphic in S. schall, but monomorphic in S. serratus. A contingency (χ2) test shows significant interspecies heterogeneity in allele frequency at (haemoglobin (HB*)), (6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD*)) and (superoxide dismutase (SOD*)) but none of the other polymorphic loci. Average heterozygosity was (0.26) for both species and the genetic distance between the two species was (0.22). 相似文献
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在鱼类适应环境盐度变化的过程中,鳃、肾、肠是主要的渗透调节器官,而水通道蛋白(Aquaporins, AQPs)、囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(CFTR)、钠氢交换体(NHE)又是这些器官中重要的渗透调节基因。为研究AQP1、AQP3、CFTR、NHE1在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)低盐胁迫过程中的渗透调节功能,本研究采用荧光定量PCR技术,对4种基因在盐度5和盐度10下大菱鲆鳃、肾、肠中表达量随时间的变化进行检测。结果显示,AQP1表达量在鳃中极少(P<0.05),在肾和肠中较高,低盐胁迫下,盐度5组和盐度10组在鳃中的表达量无显著变化,在肾和肠中均显著上升(P<0.05)。AQP3表达量在肾中极少(P<0.05),在鳃中较高,在肠中较少,低盐胁迫下,盐度5组和盐度10组在肾中的表达量无显著变化,在鳃和肠中均显著上升(P<0.05)。CFTR表达量在肾中极少,在鳃中较高,在肠中较少,低盐胁迫下,盐度5组和盐度10组在肾中的表达量无显著变化,在鳃和肠中均显著下降(P<0.05)。NHE1在鳃和肠中表达量较少,在肾中较高,低盐胁迫下,盐度5组和盐度10组在鳃中的表达量无显著变化,在肾和肠中均显著上升(P<0.05)。这些结果表明,4种基因表达水平因组织、盐度和时间的不同而不同,反映了这4种基因的功能特异性;在低盐胁迫下,4种基因积极响应,表达量均发生不同程度的变化,表明AQP1、AQP3、CFTR和NHE1在大菱鲆低盐环境适应中可能具有潜在的重要作用。另外,本研究结果可为大菱鲆半咸水养殖和淡化养殖提供理论依据,同时为培育适应低盐环境大菱鲆良种提供理论和技术支撑。 相似文献
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Fernando Díaz Ana Denisse Re Zarina Medina Gerardo Re Gustavo Valdez & Francisco Valenzuela 《Aquaculture Research》2006,37(9):877-884
The thermoregulatory behaviour of green abalone Haliotis fulgens and pink abalone H. corrugata was investigated. Haliotis fulgens juveniles ranging in wet weight from 3.0 to 3.3 g and from 28.7 to 30.5 mm shell length and of H. corrugata 2.0 g and 25.7 mm in shell length were exposed to 19°C for 30 days in a flow‐through water system. Temperature preference was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient and was found to be 25.4°C for green abalone and 25.0°C for pink abalone. Displacement velocity was 4.3 cm h−1 for H. fulgens and 12.8 cm h−1 for H. corrugata. The optimum temperature for growth calculated for both abalone species was 24.6 and 24.5°C respectively. The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of H. fulgens and H. corrugata were determined as a measure of thermal tolerance. Abalones were subjected to increasing water temperatures at a rate of 1°C on 30 min until they detached from the substrate. The CTMax at 50% were 33.6 and 32.0°C for green and pink abalone respectively. The results are discussed in relation to site selection and commercial rearing. 相似文献
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Sympatric populations of the hermaphroditic scallop, Pecten fumatus Reeve, and of the dioecious scallop, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima (Lamarck), from Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia, were sampled between October 1991 and December 1994. Over the first 2 years, 5.1% of adult P. fumatus and 4.5% of adult C. asperrima were infected with a trematode, Bucephalus sp., that causes parasitic castration. A significant increase in the numbers of infected scallops occurred in spring 1993, teaching 63% in P. fumatus and 24% in C asperrima in May and March 1994, respectively. The prevalence of infection increased with scallop size, reaching 66% in P. fumatus greater than 80 mm in shell height and 40% in C. asperrima greater than 75 mm in 1994. Seasonal and interannual variations in parasitism for the P. fumatus recorded over a continuous period of 5 years in Jervis Bay are discussed, as are interspecies differences and the potential impact of the parasitic castration on reproductive potential and marketability of P. fumatus and C. asperrima. 相似文献