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1.
Six isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: fish meal (FM) 700 g kg–1 (control, C), FM 300 g kg–1 + soy protein concentrate 300 g kg–1 (SPC), FM 300 g kg–1 + enzyme‐treated SPC 300 g kg–1 (ESC), FM 170 g kg–1 + soy protein isolate 300 g kg–1 (SPI), FM 160 g kg–1 + enzyme‐treated SPI 300 g kg–1 (ESI) and FM 150 g kg–1 + conglycinin 300 g kg–1(CG). Forty fish (3.9 g) were randomly distributed into each of eighteen 300‐L tanks, fed twice daily until satiation for 8 weeks. The final body weight, specific growth rate and condition factor did not show significant differences among the fish fed with diets C, SPC, ESC and ESI (p > .05). The survival was significantly lower in fish fed with diets SPI and CG. Feed efficiency was significantly higher in fish fed with diets SPC and C than in fish fed with other diets (p < .05). There were no significant differences in nutrients retention efficiencies in fish fed with diets C, SPC, ESC and ESI. A significantly higher phosphorus retention efficiency in fish fed with soymilk protein diets resulted in lower phosphorus discharge to the environment (p < .05). These results suggest that the soymilk proteins can comfortably replace 570–770 g FM kg–1 diet of red sea bream juvenile, which will ensure significant ecological benefits through reducing phosphorus load to the environment.  相似文献   

2.
Nucleotide (NT) could enhance growth, feeding and immunity in higher vertebrate and fish. Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) refuse artificial diet in natural water, whereas the NT might promote its feeding of domestication diet. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary NT on growth, feed intake, feed utilization, body composition, serum biochemistry and nitrogen metabolism in juvenile Siniperca chuatsi. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 g NT kg?1 diet were supplemented in each diet, respectively. Triplicate groups of Chinese perch (36.21 ± 0.98 g) were fed twice a day to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed with 1.5 g NT kg?1 diet had the highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed efficiency, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention efficiency. The crude protein content in whole body was highest in fish fed the diet containing 1.5 g NT kg?1 diet. Dietary NT supplementation significantly increased the neuropeptide Y gene expression and significantly decreased the agouti‐related protein and pro‐opiomelanocortin gene expressions in brain. NT supplementation decreased urea nitrogen content, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum. The hepatic AST activity was increased first and then decreased, and the highest activity was observed in fish fed with 1 g NT kg?1 diet. Inversely, the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in liver and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate deaminase in muscle decreased first and then increased, and the lowest activity was observed in fish fed with 1.5 g NT kg?1 diet. Similarly, the gene expression levels of GDH and arginase in liver were lowest in fish fed with 1.5 g NT kg?1 diet. Based on the broken‐line regression analysis of WG in the present experimental condition, 1.44 g NT kg?1 diet was the optimum supplementation level in juvenile Siniperca chuatsi.  相似文献   

3.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary sodium diformate (NaDF) on growth performance, gut microflora, digestive enzyme activities and immune response parameters of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles. Fish with initial weight of 12.5 ± 0.4 g were fed with five experimental diets contained 0.0 (control), 5, 10.0, 15.0 and 20 g NaDF kg?1 in triplicate for 6 weeks. Fish fed diet containing 5 g NaDF kg?1 had significantly the highest final body weight and feed intake among different treatments. The gut total viable bacterial counts gradually decreased with increasing dietary NaDF level. Specific activity of chymotrypsin improved in fish fed diets administered with NaDF compared to the control group. Fish fed 5 g NaDF kg?1 diet showed the highest serum lysozyme level among different treatments. The serum classical pathway activity of complement showed higher level in fish fed diets contained 5 and 10 g NaDF kg?1 than other groups. According to break‐point regression method analysis, the optimum inclusion of dietary NaDF in L. calcarifer juveniles was estimated between 4.6 and 5.1 g/kg, when specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were plotted against dietary NaDF levels.  相似文献   

4.
Six isonitrogenous (320 g kg?1) and isolipidic (60 g kg?1) diets were formulated with graded levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 g kg?1) of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and fungal phytase (750 and 1500 FTU kg?1 diet). Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), 9.6 g, were fed the diets for 12 weeks. Each experimental diet was fed to eight replicates of fish to apparent satiation. At the end of the trial, fish fed the diets containing 15 g kg?1 DCP, 750 and 1500 FTU kg?1 phytase had higher growth performances, protein efficiency ratio and phosphorus retention than those fed the control diet, 5 g kg?1 DCP and 10 g kg?1 DCP diets (P < 0.05). Whole body ash and phosphorus concentration of fish fed the 10 g kg?1 DCP and 15 g kg?1 DCP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. Higher apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus was observed in fish fed the phytase supplemented diets. The present results indicate that supplementation of phytase at 750 FTU kg?1 and 1500 FTU kg?1 improves growth performances, feed and phosphorus utilization. The supplementation can completely replace dicalcium phosphate or other phosphorus sources in tra catfish feed and reduce the phosphorus discharge into environment.  相似文献   

5.
Six iso‐nitrogenous (410 g kg?1) diets with three levels of total phosphorus (P4, P10 and P18 g kg?1) and two levels of starch (S200 and S350 g kg?1) were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish to evaluate whether the high level of dietary phosphorus could improve the utilization of starch. Over 8‐week‐growth trial, best weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) (P < 0.05) were observed in fish fed the P10/S200 and P18/S200 diets. WG and SGR significantly decreased as starch levels increased whereas for P4, while lipid contents of liver and whole body, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) significantly increased. These results suggested that high dietary starch will depress the growth performance and cause lipid accumulation. Within both starch levels, fish fed diet with P4 tended to produce lower (P < 0.05) WG and SGR, and had higher (P < 0.05) values of IPF. The whole body lipid, ash, calcium, phosphorus and iron contents were significantly affected by dietary phosphorus levels. Supplied phosphorus could improve the growth and decrease the whole body lipid, but there is no more effect after the phosphorus requirement was met at 10 g kg?1.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, we examined the effects of the following eight experimental diets, which varied in fructo oligosaccharides (FOS), mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and Bacillus clausii concentrations, on the Japanese flounder: control diet (no FOS, MOS and B. clausii), diet F (5 g kg−1 FOS), diet M (5 g kg−1 MOS), diet FM (2.5 g kg−1 FOS + 2.5 g kg−1 MOS), diet B (107 cells g−1B. clausii), diet FB (5 g kg−1 FOS + 107 cells g−1B. clausii), diet MB (5 g kg−1 MOS + 107 cells g−1B. clausii) and diet FMB (2.5 g kg−1 FOS + 2.5 g kg−1 MOS + 107 cells g−1B. clausii). Japanese flounder, initially weighing an average of 21 g, were distributed into 24 net cages at a stocking density of 20 fish per cage. Each diet was hand‐fed to three groups of fish twice daily for 56 days. The weight gain rate (WGR) in fish fed diets B, MB and FMB were significantly higher than in fish fed the control diet, where the fish fed diet FMB had the highest WGR. Fish fed any of the diets, except diets F and B, exhibited better feed conversion ratio than those fed the control diet. Diets MB and FMB significantly elevated intestinal protease activity compared with the control diet, but only the diet FMB promoted amylase activity. Feeding diets FB and FMB increased body protein deposition; additionally, feeding diets B, MB and FMB significantly reduced body lipid deposition. Lysozyme (LSZ) activity was significantly higher in fish fed diets B, FB, MB and FMB than in fish fed the control diet. All diets, except diet M, decreased triglyceride (TG) levels compared to the control diet. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in fish fed diets F, FB and FMB were significantly lower than in fish fed the control diet. Without exception, no diets affected feeding rate, condition factor, body moisture, ash contents, phagocytic activity of leucocytes or cholesterol or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Our results suggest that diets supplemented with FOS, MOS and B. clausii improved growth performance and health benefits of the Japanese flounder more than other diets or the control diet.  相似文献   

7.
《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(4):1759-1766
A shrimp protein hydrolysate (SPH) containing 894.2 g kg−1 crude protein (CP) and 54.3 g kg−1 total lipids was tested as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in diets of juvenile cobia. The effects of increasing dietary levels of SPH on the survival, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) and daily feed intake (DFI) of cobia with initial body weight of 11.9 g were evaluated. Four isoproteic (from 431.1 to 439.7 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (20 825–21 347 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated to contain 0 (Control), 120, 240 or 360 g kg−1 of dietary CP derived from SPH. Survival, WG, SGR, FCR, NRE and DFI ranged from 90 to 100%, 40.2–56.5 g, 4.7–6.1% day−1, 1.04–1.54, 26.3–44.0% and 4.7–6.0% fish−1 day−1 respectively. Survival and DFI were not affected by the dietary treatments. On the other hand, fish fed the control diet and the one containing 120 g kg−1 SPH had higher WG, SGR and FCR. Nitrogen retention efficiency was significantly higher for fish fed diets 0 and 120. It is concluded that up to 120 g kg−1 of SPH in cobia diets can be used with no significant effects on feed utilization and fish performance.  相似文献   

8.
This study aimed to evaluate the protein-sparing effect of dietary lipid on digestive and metabolic responses of fingerling Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish were fed nine practical diets with three protein levels (270, 310 and 350 g kg−1) and three lipid levels (40, 70 and 100 g kg−1) for 8 weeks. Weight gain was significantly affected only by dietary lipid levels with the highest found in fish fed 70 g kg−1 lipid. Relative feed intake and whole-body protein content showed little difference among all the treatments. Activities of intestine lipase and amylase increased significantly as dietary lipid levels increased, whereas little difference was observed in protease activities. Liver lipid content was significantly affected only by protein levels with the lowest found in fish fed 310 g kg−1 protein. Liver aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) activities increased significantly with decreasing lipid levels, whereas the highest GOT activity was obtained in fish fed 310 g kg−1 protein in terms of dietary protein levels. Activities of liver lipoprotein lipase, total lipase and plasma cholesterol concentration of fish fed 350 g kg−1 protein were significantly lower than that of the other groups, whereas the same was true for plasma 3, 5, 3′-triiodothyronine level of fish fed 270 g kg−1 protein. The results indicated that an increase of dietary lipid content from 40 to 70 g kg−1 can enhance the growth and digestive enzyme activities of this species and reduce the proportion of dietary protein catabolized for energy without inducing hepatic steatosis; meanwhile, decreasing protein level from 350 to 310 g kg−1 leads to the increase of lipase activities both in intestine and liver coupled with the reduced liver lipid content.  相似文献   

9.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feed colour on the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae and fingerlings. In the first experiment, triplicate groups of newly hatched larvae (0.01 g fish−1) were stocked in 40 L glass aquaria at a density of 2 fish L−1. The fish were fed a test diet (400 g kg−1 crude protein) with six different colours (dark blue, dark green, red, dark brown, yellow and light brown) for 60 days. The best performance and survival were achieved in fish fed on dark‐coloured diets, while light‐coloured diets (yellow and light brown) resulted in inferior performance. Dark diets also produced higher body protein than light diets. Body water, lipids and ash showed irregular trends. In the second experiment, triplicate groups of Nile tilapia fingerlings (5.30 g fish−1) were stocked in 140‐L aquaria, in a recirculating indoor system. The fish were fed a test diet (350 g kg−1 crude protein) with the same colours used in the larval trial, for 60 days. Growth rates, feed efficiency, survival and body composition were not significantly affected by feed colours. These results suggest that Nile tilapia larvae are visual feeders, and they prefer dark‐coloured diets to light‐coloured diets, while fingerling fish showed no preference to diet colours.  相似文献   

10.
A study was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus for GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Six purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels (0 (control diet), 2.9, 4.8, 7.6, 9.1 and 10.9 g kg?1 diet) of available phosphorus. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 fish with initial average weight (46.03 ± 2.14) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed the three lowest phosphorus diets (0, 2.9 and 4.8 g kg?1) had significantly lower weight gain rate, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). The survival rate of fish fed the control diet was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Whole body viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content decreased significantly with increasing dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05), while the contents of crude ash, calcium, phosphorus in the whole body and vertebrae showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available phosphorus had significant effects on serum phosphorus concentration, enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone level. Quadratic curve analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary requirement of available phosphorus for maintaining optimal growth of tilapia was 8.6 g kg?1.  相似文献   

11.
Dicentrarchus labrax were fed from 10 to 40 days posthatching with six microdiets differing in the inclusion level (60 g kg‐1 and 120 g kg‐1) and type of protein hydrolysate (PH; yeast, YPH; pig blood, PBPH; pig red blood cells, PRBCPH). A microdiet containing 120 g kg‐1 fish PH (FPH) was used as a control. PH differed in their amino acid (AA) profile and molecular weight distribution and therefore the tested microdiets too. The estimated content in FAA and di‐ and tripeptides in the FPH microdiet was 2 g kg‐1 and 44 g kg‐1, respectively. FAA estimated levels in YPH and PBPH microdiets were 26 g kg‐1 and 53 g kg‐1, whereas levels of di‐ and tripeptides were 30 g kg‐1 and 60 g kg‐1, respectively. The estimated levels of FAA in PRBCPH microdiets were 8 g kg‐1 and 17 g kg‐1, whereas estimated levels of di‐ and tripeptides were 11 g kg‐1 and 22 g kg‐1, respectively. Results revealed that FPH may be replaced by alternative PH from yeast and pig blood products, as fish fed those diets performed, in terms of growth, survival, digestive function and incidence of skeletal deformities, as well as those fed the FPH microdiet. Using YPH, PBPH and PRBCPH, the inclusion level of PH in microdiets might be reduced to a half with respect to current practices using FPH.  相似文献   

12.
Rapidly expanding global aquaculture requires sustainable, local protein sources to supplement the use of fishmeal. Lupin seed meal (Lupinus angustifolius) was tested as sustainable diet component for Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Controlled feeding experiments were conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system for eight weeks. Juvenile shrimps were provided formulated diets containing various levels of lupin meal inclusion (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg?1) supplementing the fishmeal component, and a commercial feed as general reference. Shrimp survival, growth, metabolic and immune parameters were analysed. Survival did not differ significantly between groups. Growth performance was significantly impaired in shrimp fed diets containing more than 100 g kg?1 lupin meal. Lupin meal supplementation did not affect haemolymph protein content, whereas glucose and acylglyceride concentrations varied between treatments and were highest in animals fed the 100 g kg?1 lupin meal diet. Phenoloxidase activity was highest in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 lupin meal diet indicating improved immune status. The present study indicates that low inclusion levels of lupin meal do not cause adverse effects and seem to stimulate the immune system of juvenile L. vannamei.  相似文献   

13.
A 6‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with maggot meal (MGM) and soybean meal (SBM) on the growth performance and antioxidant responses of gibel carp (GC) and darkbarbel catfish (DC). The basal diet was formulated to contain 114 g kg−1 fish meal (FM) and 200 g kg−1 SBM. The basal diet was supplemented with either 280 g kg−1 FM (Control), 390 g kg−1 MGM or 450 g kg−1 SBM to obtain three isonitrogenous (crude protein: 380 g kg−1) and isocaloric (gross energy: 16 kJ g−1) diets. For GC, a significant decrease in specific growth rate (SGR) was only observed in fish fed the SBM diet compared with the control (P < 0.05). Principal components analysis (PCA) of GC showed a higher similarity in antioxidant response to dietary supplementation with MGM and SBM proteins between liver and intestine, but the DC did not. The present results suggest that supplementing 390 g kg−1 MGM protein to basal diet cause an enhancement of the antioxidant capacity in GC, but supplementing 390 g kg−1 MGM and 450 g kg−1 SBM proteins to basal diets resulted in a significant attenuation of the antioxidant capacity in DC.  相似文献   

14.
An 8‐week growth trial was conducted using a 2 × 3 factorial design to evaluate the effect of substitution of fishmeal (FM) by rendered animal protein blend [APB, comprised of 400 g kg?1 poultry by‐product meal, 350 g kg?1 meat and bone meal, 200 g kg?1 hydrolysed feather meal (HFM) and 50 g kg?1 spray‐dried blood meal] in diets of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt. Two isoenergetic control diets were formulated to contain two different protein levels [high‐protein control (400 g kg?1), with 483 g kg?1 of FM] and [low‐protein control (360 g kg?1), with 400 g kg?1 of FM]. At each protein level, dietary FM protein was replaced by APB at 75% and 100% levels and supplemented with crystallized essential amino acid under ideal protein concept. The six diets were named as HC, HAPB75, HAPB100, LC, LAPB75 and LAPB100, respectively. No significant differences were found in weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR), but fish fed with the low‐protein diets showed higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Plasma growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factors I of each group were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The whole‐body composition and liver composition were not affected by dietary protein levels, replacement or their interaction. Muscle protein and lipid contents of fish fed with diet LAPB100 were significantly lower than those of HC group. Digestibility of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were reduced with higher APB inclusion levels, but productive N and P values of all groups were not different. Lower N and P intake induced lower nutrients losses (P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary protein level could be reduced to 360 g kg?1 from 400 g kg?1 without affecting WGR or SGR and significantly reduced nutrients lose. Furthermore, dietary FM protein can be totally replaced by APB in feed formulation either at 400 g kg?1 or at 360 g kg?1 protein level.  相似文献   

15.
Seawater transferred under-yearling Atlantic salmon (120 g) were fed a practical fishmeal formulated diet containing 57.4% blue whiting fishmeal and providing 15 g kg− 1 total phosphorous (P) in the diet. The basal diet was supplemented with graded dietary levels of inorganic P (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g kg− 1) to total P levels of 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 g kg− 1. Within a feeding period of 12 weeks, classical signs of P deficiency developed in Atlantic salmon fed the P un-supplemented diet containing 15 g kg− 1 total P of natural origin. Deficiency signs included reduced growth and feed efficiency, reduced tissue mineral concentration (P, Ca, Mg, Zn), increased P:Ca ratio in the body, increased condition factor, metabolic disorder as indicated by lipid accumulation and impaired protein utilization, as well as reduced lipid, energy and Zn digestibility. Supplementation of inorganic P-salts in the diet at 3 g kg− 1 (18 g kg− 1 total P) significantly improved the production results with respect to growth and feed efficiency, and restored all other signs of P deficiency in fish. A higher supplementation level of 6 g kg− 1 inorganic P (21 g kg− 1 total P) was required for optimal mineralization in whole body and vertebrae. The highest supplementation levels of 15 g kg− 1 added inorganic P (30 g kg− 1 total P) seemed to increase P excretion and to have slightly negative impacts on growth and bone mineralization. Results suggest that P availability from blue whiting fishmeal is very low (3.2 g kg− 1) and inadequate to meet dietary P requirement in rapidly growing under-yearling salmon immediately following seawater transfer, despite high natural P content in the blue whiting fishmeal.  相似文献   

16.
A 50‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body composition and swimming performance of giant croaker, Nibea japonica. Fish (initial body weight 44.6 g ind−1) were fed ten test diets which were formulated at 5 crude protein levels (360, 400, 440, 480 and 520 g kg−1) and 2 crude lipid levels (90 and 150 g kg−1). In addition, a raw fish diet (fillet of small yellow croaker) served as the reference. The weight gain (WG) increased, whereas the feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased, with increasing dietary protein level from 360 to 520 g kg−1. At the same dietary protein level, no significant difference was found in the WG between fish fed the diets containing 90 or 150 g kg−1 crude lipid. Fish fed the diet containing 480 g kg−1 crude protein and 90 g kg−1 crude lipid exhibited higher WG, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) and energy retention efficiency (ERE) but lower nitrogen wastes output (TNW). At the end of the feeding trial, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) decreased, whereas the body protein content increased, with increase in dietary protein level. The body lipid content was higher in fish fed at the 150 g kg−1 lipid level than in fish fed at the 90 g kg−1 lipid level. No significant difference was found in the maximum sustained swimming speed (MSS) between fish fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels. The WG, NRE, ERE and condition factor (CF) were higher, whereas the FI, FCR, HSI, VSI and TNW were lower, in fish fed the raw fish diet than in fish fed the diet containing 480 g kg−1 crude protein and 90 g kg−1 crude lipid. No significant difference was detected in the MSS between fish fed the raw fish diet and diet containing 480 g kg−1 crude protein and 90 g kg−1 crude lipid. The results of this study suggest that the suitable dietary crude protein and crude lipid levels are 480 g kg−1 and 90 g kg−1 for giant croaker reared in net pens.  相似文献   

17.
The effect conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) accumulation in fish fillet on sensory and texture attributes has been evaluated. Fish were fed diets with graded levels of CLA, which were administered for different durations prior to harvest. Fish were sampled for fillet proximate composition and fatty acid profile for sensory and texture parameters at the end of the trial. Growth performance, feed conversion ratio and muscle proximate composition were not affected by dietary treatments. Muscle fatty acid profile was not affected by dietary treatments despite the increase in saturated fatty acids in fish fed diet with 10 g kg−1 of CLA for 16 weeks before harvest. Besides, the deposition levels of CLA isomers increased gradually depending on the CLA treatment, reaching its maximum level in fish fed 10 g kg−1 CLA diet for 20 weeks before harvest. Fish fed 10 g kg−1 were juicier (P < 0.05) compared with control group, whereas fish fed 5 g kg−1 CLA diet were less (P < 0.05) chewy than fish fed control diet regarding sensory attributes. Texture parameters were not significantly affected by dietary CLA. These results suggest that market size European sea bass could successfully incorporate CLA isomers with some minor positive effects on sensory analyses.  相似文献   

18.
This study evaluated the potential of using poultry by‐product meal (PBM) to replace fish meal in diets for Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Fish (initial body weight 8.5 g fish?1) were fed six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets in which fish meal level was reduced from 400 g kg?1 (diet C) to 320 (diet PM1), 240 (diet PM2), 160 (diet PM3), 80 (diet PM4) or 0 g kg?1 (diet PM5), using PBM as the fish meal substitute. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, nitrogen retention efficiency, energy retention efficiency and retention efficiency of indispensable amino acids were higher in fish fed PM1, PM2, PM3 and PM4 diets than in fish fed diets C or PM5. The phosphorus retention efficiency was lower in fish fed PM3, PM4 and PM5 diets than in fish fed C, PM1 or PM2 diets. Fish fed diet PM5 had the highest feed conversion ratio, total nitrogen waste output (TNW) and total phosphorus waste output (TPW) among the treatments. No significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index or body contents of moisture, lipid and ash among the treatments. Fish fed diet C had lower condition factor and viscerosomatic index than those of fish fed PM1, PM3, PM4 and PM5 diets. The results of this study indicate that using fish meal and PBM in combination as the dietary protein source produced more benefits in the growth and feed utilization of Japanese sea bass than did using fish meal or PBM alone as the dietary protein source. The dietary fish meal level for Japanese sea bass can be reduced to 80 g kg?1 if PBM is used as a fish meal substitute.  相似文献   

19.
A 3 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine proper levels of dietary protein, lipid and dextrin for juvenile flounder. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (410, 460 and 510 g kg?1) and three lipid levels (60, 130 and 190 g kg?1) with corresponding dextrin levels (250, 150 and 50 g kg?1). Triplicate groups of fish (8.9 ± 0.4 g) were hand‐fed the diets to apparent satiation for 7 weeks in flow‐through system. Specific growth rate was the highest in fish fed the 510 g kg?1 protein diet with 60 g kg?1 lipid, and was not significantly different from that of fish fed 460 g kg?1 protein diet with 60 g kg?1 lipid. Feed efficiency ratio tended to increase as dietary protein level increased. The feed efficiency ratio of fish fed the 510 g kg?1 protein diets with 60–190 g kg?1 lipid levels was not significantly different from that of fish fed 460 g kg?1 protein diet with 60 g kg?1 lipid. Daily feed intake tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level at each protein level. Daily protein intake increased with increasing dietary protein level at 60 g kg?1 lipid level. Hepatosomatic index and visceralsomatic index increased with increasing dietary lipid level at each protein level. The lipid contents of liver, viscera and whole body, and concentrations of plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride increased with increasing dietary lipid levels; however, no significant difference was observed in the contents of dorsal muscle lipid. The results of this study suggest that the diet containing 460–510 g kg?1 protein with low lipid level (60 g kg?1) is optimal for growth and efficient feed utilization of juvenile flounder.  相似文献   

20.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus (AP) for juvenile walking catfish, Clarias leather. Six practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels (2.2, 3.9, 5.5, 7.1, 8.8 and 10.4 g kg?1) of AP from dietary ingredients and monocalcium phosphate. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of fish with initial mean weight of 7.94 ± 0.08 g in floating cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m) suspended in an earthen pond, and each cage was stocked initially with 60 fish. Fish were fed thrice daily (07:30, 13:00 and 17:30) to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Both specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio significantly increased with increasing AP from 2.2 to 5.5 g kg?1 (P < 0.05) and then levelled off. Dietary AP levels significantly influenced whole‐body protein, lipid and ash contents as well as condition factor and hepatosomatic index (P < 0.05). Whole‐body and vertebrae phosphorus contents showed similar patterns as SGR in response to dietary AP content. Broken‐line analyses based on SGR, phosphorus contents in the vertebrae and whole‐body indicated the AP requirements were 5.8, 7.2 and 7.5 g kg?1, respectively.  相似文献   

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