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1.
In a group of 65 dogs, radiographic liver length, the length of the axis from the most cranial part of the diaphragm to the apex of the liver tip, was correlated significantly (P less than 0.000001) with real liver volume. Within this group, radiographic liver length, compared with the length of the eleventh thoracic vertebra, was correlated with liver volume per kilogram of body weight. In a group of 30 dogs, with histologically normal liver, this measurement was not affected by thoracic conformation. These findings suggest that radiographic liver length is a reliable measurement for estimating liver volume in dogs and that it is not influenced by thoracic conformation. For 60 of the 65 dogs, a method of assessment of liver volume was formulated that required 2 measurements to be made on the lateral abdominal radiograph and 1 to be made on the dog itself.  相似文献   

2.
Selected structures seen on right and left lateral thoracic radiographs of 12 dogs were evaluated for differences in position, size, and shape. The size and position of the cardiac silhouette were different when thoracic radiographs made in left and right lateral recumbency were compared. These changes were, however, considered insignificant. The position of the right cranial lobe bronchus relative to the left varied in right lateral recumbency and left lateral recumbency. The right cranial lung lobe was better aerated when dogs were positioned in left lateral recumbency.
Lesions seen in the caudal portion of the left cranial lung lobe or the right middle lobe were masked when the affected lobe was dependent, and enhanced when the affected lung lobe was non-dependent. It is believed that this difference occurred due to compression of the dependent lung with greater aeration of the non-dependent lung.  相似文献   

3.
Differential diagnoses for canine liver disease are commonly based on radiographic estimates of liver size, however little has been published on breed variations. Aims of this study were to describe normal radiographic liver size in Pekingese dogs and to compare normal measurements for this breed with other dog breeds and Pekingese dogs with liver disease. Liver measurements were compared for clinically normal Pekingese (n = 61), normal non‐Pekingese brachycephalic (n = 45), normal nonbrachycephalic (n = 71), and Pekingese breed dogs with liver disease (n = 22). For each dog, body weight, liver length, T11 vertebral length, thoracic depth, and thoracic width were measured on right lateral and ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs. Liver volume was calculated using a formula and ratios of liver length/T11 vertebral length and liver volume/body weight ratio were determined. Normal Pekingese dogs had a significantly smaller liver volume/body weight ratio (16.73 ± 5.67, P < 0.05) than normal non‐Pekingese brachycephalic breed dogs (19.54 ± 5.03) and normal nonbrachycephalic breed dogs (18.72 ± 6.52). The liver length/T11 vertebral length ratio in normal Pekingese (4.64 ± 0.65) was significantly smaller than normal non‐Pekingese brachycephalic breed dogs (5.16 ± 0.74) and normal nonbrachycephalic breed dogs (5.40 ± 0.74). Ratios of liver volume/body weight and liver length/T11 vertebral length in normal Pekingese were significantly different from Pekingese with liver diseases (P < 0.05). Findings supported our hypothesis that Pekingese dogs have a smaller normal radiographic liver size than other breeds. We recommend using 4.64× the length of the T11 vertebra as a radiographic criterion for normal liver length in Pekingese dogs.  相似文献   

4.
In this prospective study, the effect of thoracic positioning on the visibility and size of caudal esophageal masses caused by spirocercosis was investigated. Dorsoventral (DV), ventrodorsal (VD) as well as left lateral recumbent (LLR) and right lateral recumbent (RLR) thoracic radiographs of 28 dogs, diagnosed endoscopically with spirocercosis, were evaluated. The radiographic findings were compared with those of esophageal endoscopy. Masses were seen equally well in left vs. right recumbency as well as in DV vs. VD positions but in DV/VD views 86% of masses were detected whereas in lateral views only 50% of masses were identified. In spirocercosis-endemic areas DV and RLR views are advised as they also allow for better visualization of descending aorta aneurysms and to avoid interpreting the potentially normally visible esophagus in LLR in large dogs as a mass.  相似文献   

5.
Abdominal radiography is a standard diagnostic test for cats with suspected liver disease, however, absolute measurements of radiographic liver size can be affected by other factors such as positioning, radiographic technique, and obesity. This prospective and retrospective, analytical, cross‐sectional study evaluated the liver length/11th thoracic vertebral length (LL/T11) ratio as a method for minimizing these outside effects. In a prospectively recruited sample of 25 clinically healthy cats, measurements of radiographic LL/T11 ratio were compared with CT measurements of liver volume. Effects of radiographic technical factors (body posture, recumbency state, and beam center to LL/T11 ratio) and observer were also tested. In a retrospectively recruited sample of 324 cats with no evidence of liver disease, radiographic measurements of the LL/T11 ratio were performed using right lateral radiographs and compared among signalment groups (age, sex, body weight, and body condition score). There was a strong significant correlation between the LL/T11 ratio and CT liver volume (P < .001), and this ratio was not affected by radiographic technical factors. The reference value of the LL/T11 ratio was 4.22 ± 0.54 and the LL/T11 ratio did not differ among signalment groups. Findings supported the use of the LL/T11 ratio as a novel quantitative index of radiographic liver size in cats. Future studies in clinically affected cats are needed to further validate this method.  相似文献   

6.
The thorax of nine dogs was radiographed with a vertical beam in both dorsal (VD) and ventral (DV) recumbency. The radiographs were evaluated subjectively and objectively for differences in appearance. To help explain appearance differences, lateral thoracic radiographs were made with the dogs in dorsal and ventral recumbency using a horizontally (laterally) directed x-ray beam. The appearance of thoracic viscera in VD and DV vertical beam radiographs differed. In VD vertical beam radiographs the craniocaudal axis of the heart appeared longer, the heart had a more consistent positional relationship to the thoracic spine, a larger area of the accessory lung lobe was visible, and a greater length of the caudal vena cava was visible. In DV radiographs the caudal lobar pulmonary arteries were more easily identified. The selection of dorsal versus ventral recumbency for thoracic radiography should be based on the clinical status of the patient and the reason(s) for which the radiograph is being made.  相似文献   

7.
This study documents the degree of positional atelectasis in sedated dogs receiving 100% oxygen (O2) versus room air. Initial lateral recumbency was determined by an orthopedic study and initial treatment (O2 or room air) was randomized. Each dog was maintained in lateral recumbency for 15 min, at which time ventrodorsal (VD) and opposite lateral thoracic radiographs were obtained. Each dog was then maintained in the opposite lateral recumbency and received the other treatment for 15 min, followed by a VD and opposite lateral radiograph. Radiographs were scored for severity of pulmonary pattern and mediastinal shift by 3 radiologists. Dogs breathing O2 had significantly higher scores than dogs breathing room air. If radiographically detectable dependent atelectasis is present, repeat thoracic images following manual positive ventilation and/or position change to the opposite lateral recumbency should be made to rule out the effect of O2 positional atelectasis and avoid misdiagnosis.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of lung inflation on thoracic radiographic anatomy was determined in seven anesthetized calves less than one week of age. Radiographs were taken with the calves in dorsoventral (DV), ventrodorsal (VD), left and right lateral recumbency at functional residual capacity (FRC), at half inflation of the lung and at total lung capacity (TLC). Lung volumes were maintained by positive pressure ventilation. Increases in areas and linear dimensions during lung inflation were not uniform, being greatest in the caudal and especially the caudal ventral regions of the thorax. With inflation, heart size decreased and the heart shadow moved cauded as the diaphragm flattened. When the calf was shifted from the DV to the VD position, the heart displaced toward the left thoracic wall. Lung areas were larger on VD than on DV projections with the right lung being larger than the left. On lateral radiographs the most reliable, easily observed indication of the stage of lung inflation was the area bounded by the vena cava, the caudal heart border and the diaphragm. On the DV or VD radiographs the transthoracic width at the diaphragm was the best indicator of the degree of lung inflation.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of different radiographic projections on thoracic width, as well as position and visibility of the trachea, principal bronchi, cardiac silhouette, aorta, caudal vena cava (CVC) and oesophagus. METHODS: Right lateral recumbency (RLR), left lateral recumbency (LLR), dorsoventral (DV) and ventrodorsal (VD) thoracic radiographs of 42 dogs were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: In 78 per cent of cases the thoracic width was significantly larger on the VD projection than on the DV projection. The angle of divergence formed by the principal bronchi was significantly larger on the VD projection than on the DV projection in 80 per cent of dogs. A cardiac silhouette bulge at 1 to 2 o'clock was apparent on the VD projection in 22 per cent of dogs but was never seen on DV projections. The descending aorta was more visible at the 4 to 5 o'clock cardiac silhouette level on the DV projection and laterally at the T8 level on LLR projections. The CVC was better seen on VD and LLR projections. The oesophagus was visible as a soft tissue opacity in LLR in large dogs with normal thoracic conformation in 35 per cent of cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The DV projection appears to be more reliable for assessing the cardiac silhouette, the descending aorta and the angle of divergence of the principal bronchi. The VD projection should be considered for evaluating the CVC. LLR should be used for assessing the descending aorta and CVC.  相似文献   

10.
Identification of the duodenum and potential abnormalities on survey abdominal radiographs is often difficult unless it contains gas. This study investigated the effect of patient positioning on the presence of duodenal gas in survey abdominal radiographs. One hundred dogs receiving a three‐view survey abdominal radiographic study were enrolled in a prospective, randomized study where all dogs were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 51) dogs had a left lateral projection first, followed by a ventrodorsal projection, ending with a right lateral projection. Group B (n = 49) dogs had a right lateral projection first, followed by a ventrodorsal projection, ending with a left lateral projection. The presence of gas within the duodenum and level of distribution of gas throughout the duodenum were recorded for all three projections. In addition, the presence or absence of duodenal pseudoulcers was evaluated on all three projections for each dog. The results for the two groups were compared using Chi‐square analysis with a P‐value of less than 0.05 being considered significant. Results showed that dogs first placed in left lateral recumbency were significantly more likely to have duodenal gas on the subsequent ventrodorsal and right lateral radiographic projections compared to dogs first placed in right lateral recumbency (P‐value < 0.0001). Pseudoulcers were seen in 11 dogs that had duodenal gas making the visualization of pseudoulcers on survey abdominal radiographs somewhat commonplace. This study emphasizes the benefit of using initial left lateral abdominal projections prior to other views for subsequent evaluation of the duodenum.  相似文献   

11.
Paraffin blocks and mineral oil were used as a model to determine the effect of dependency versus nondependency on radiographic visualization of lung lesions in lateral thoracic radiographs. It was concluded that the increased opacity of the material surrounding the lesion, not contact between the heart and the lesion, was responsible for the inability to detect lung disease in the dependent lung. The results were tested in dogs with pneumonia in the right middle lung lobe. When the dog was in right lateral recumbency, the dependent right lung was increased in opacity and decreased in volume and the pulmonary lesion was difficult to detect. When the dog was in left lateral recumbency, the nondependent right lung was increased in volume and decreased in opacity and the pulmonary disease was clearly visible. A single recumbent lateral radiograph must not be used to assess a dog with suspected lung disease because lesions in the dependent lung lobes may not be detected.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between different body positions during recumbency on the cranial migration of epidurally injected methylene blue in canine cadavers. SAMPLE POPULATION: 21 fresh cadavers of clinically normal adult female mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly assigned to the following 3 groups: dogs remaining in right lateral recumbency (n = 7), dogs rotated from left to right lateral recumbency (7), and dogs rotated from dorsal to right lateral recumbency (7). Each dog received an epidural injection of 0.05% methylene blue (0.1 mL/kg) at the lumbosacral space. A dorsal laminectomy of the vertebral column was made, and cranial extent of methylene blue in 4 quadrants (right lateral, left lateral, ventral, and dorsal) was determined by examining dura mater staining. RESULTS: No significant difference was found among groups in regard to body weight or body condition score. Epidural cranial migration of methylene blue in the right lateral quadrant was significantly greater in dogs that remained in right lateral recumbency than in dogs that were rotated from left to right lateral recumbency. No significant difference was found within groups for epidural cranial migration of methylene blue between each quadrant. No significant relationship was found between body weight or body condition score and epidural cranial migration of methylene blue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Body positioning and amount of recumbency time influence cranial migration of epidurally injected methylene blue. If greater cranial migration of an epidurally administered drug is desired, placing the patient in lateral recumbency with the surgical site on the dependent side may precede surgery.  相似文献   

13.
In this retrospective study the effect of thoracic positioning on the visibility and size of selected cranial thoracic structures in dogs was investigated. Dorsoventral (DV), ventrodorsal (VD) as well as left lateral recumbent (LLR) and right lateral recumbent (RLR) thoracic radiographs of 17 large, 15 medium, and 10 small skeletally mature dogs were evaluated. The craniodorsal and cranioventral mediastinum, the cupula pleura and sternal lymph nodes were examined. The effect of obesity was also evaluated. The craniodorsal mediastinum was better delineated on DV radiographs and was wider on VD radiographs. The craniodorsal mediastinal width: width of T2 cranial end-plate on VD radiographs was 2.41 for all groups combined and obesity significantly influenced this value. The cranioventral mediastinum was more visible in RLR and VD radiographs. A normal sternal lymph node soft tissue opacity was seen most commonly in RLR in large breed dogs and had a mean length of 30 mm. The pulmonary cupula extended beyond the first rib on all views and extended more cranially and was better visualised on VD than DV views.  相似文献   

14.
Measurements of liver size were made from radiographs of 16 clinically normal anesthetized dogs. Two measurements were made from each of 3 views: right and left lateral and ventrodorsal. Each measurement was correlated with liver weight and volume. Liver weight and volume were also correlated with both measurements from the same radiograph multiplied together. All measurements, with the exception of ventrodorsal depth, correlated significantly (P less than 0.05) with liver weight and volume. The multiplication of the 2 measurements made from the right lateral radiograph correlated most highly with liver weight. These data were then compared with those from similar studies involving liver measurements obtained from nuclear scintigraphic and ultrasonographic scans on the same dogs. The radiographic measurements made from the right lateral view had the highest correlation with liver weight, followed by the nuclear scintigraphic measurements made from the same position.  相似文献   

15.
Forty‐seven patients with a known history of thoracic trauma or clinical suspicion of pneumothorax were selected for thoracic imaging. The patient population was composed of 42 dogs and five cats. Standard vertical beam (VB) left and right lateral and ventrodorsal/dorsoventral (VD/DV) projections were obtained for each patient, and at least one horizontal beam (HB) projection (VD projection made in lateral recumbency). A total of 240 images were reviewed. Subjective assessment for the presence and degree of pneumothorax and pleural effusion was made more confidently with HB projections. Pneumothorax was identified in at least one projection in 26 patients (26 dogs) and pleural effusion in 21 patients (19 dogs and two cats). Pneumothorax and pleural effusion were present concurrently in 17 dogs. Pneumothorax and pleural effusion were graded for each image as absent, mild, moderate, or severe. Right (P<0.001) and left (P<0.05) lateral HB VD projections and the standard VB left lateral projection (P<0.05) were significantly more likely to detect and grade pneumothorax severely than the VB VD/DV views. The right lateral HB projection had the highest rate of detection and gradation of severity for pneumothorax compared with other views. VD/DV projections had the lowest sensitivity for detection of the pneumothorax and gradation of severity for pneumothorax and pleural effusion. No significant difference in diagnosis (P=0.9149) and grade (P=0.7757) of pleural effusion were seen between views, although the left lateral HB had both the highest rate of detection and grade of severity.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether sensitivity of detecting an anomalous portosystemic blood vessel during operative mesenteric portography varied with patient positioning. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 34 dogs with a portosystemic shunt diagnosed via scintigraphy or surgery. PROCEDURE: Portograms were evaluated for a portosystemic blood vessel. Sensitivity was calculated from results obtained with dogs in left lateral, right lateral, and dorsal recumbency and from results obtained with dogs in 2 or 3 positions. Differences in sensitivity among positions and between 2 examiners were evaluated. RESULTS: Sensitivity was 85, 91, and 100% in dorsal, right lateral, and left lateral recumbency, respectively. Sensitivity was lower in dorsal recumbency than in left lateral recumbency, although differences were not significant. There was no significant difference between sensitivity of results obtained in dorsal and right lateral recumbency or right lateral and left lateral recumbency. Sensitivity for combined right lateral and dorsal positions was 97%, which was better than that in dorsal recumbency alone, although the difference was not significant. Because sensitivity in left lateral recumbency was 100%, there was no need to evaluate the improvement obtained by combining the result of this position with the results of other positions. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of mesenteric portography varied with patient positioning. The optimal position varied among patients but left lateral recumbency may be better and dorsal recumbency worse. Sensitivity may be improved by performing the test with the patient in orthogonal recumbent positions.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to assess radiographic heart size in anesthetized dogs, comparing radiographs made with the patient breathing spontaneously to radiographs obtained using positive pressure manual lung inflation. The hypothesis was that manual inflation would cause reduction in the cardiac size. With dogs in right recumbency a radiograph was made at peak spontaneous inspiration followed immediately a radiograph made with application of positive pressure manual inflation of the thorax. Cardiac size was assessed, both subjectively and objectively using the vertebral heart scale (VHS). Two hundred and six dogs were studied. Manual inflation resulted in a significantly greater degree of lung inflation assessed radiographically ( P <0.0001). The subjectively assessed heart size was significantly smaller in radiographs made with manual inflation, leading to different subjective categorization of heart size in 67 (32%) of dogs. The objectively measured VHS was also significantly smaller in the radiographs made using manual inflation by a mean of 0.24 of a vertebral length (95% CL of mean difference: −0.29, −0.19, P <0.0001). A statistically significant reduction in subjective heart size and in VHS occurred with manual inflation of the lungs, and these differences may be clinically significant. Thus, if serial radiographs are obtained to assess cardiac size, the radiographic technique used should be the same.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to compare the linear dimensions of the bladder measured by ultrasonographic and radiographic methods and the accuracy of these methods for evaluation of bladder volume. Forty dogs were included in this study. Each dog was placed in right lateral recumbency and a plain lateral caudal abdominal radiograph was made. The bladder length and depth were measured in centimetres from the radiograph, taking into account magnification errors. Immediately after radiography was completed, ultrasonographic measurements of bladder length and depth on longitudinal section were measured in centimetres. The bladder was then emptied by catheterisation and the actual urine volume measured. 'Best subsets' analysis indicated that radiographic and ultrasonographic bladder lengths were the best predictors of actual bladder volume. Formulae were derived from radiographic and ultrasonographic bladder dimensions for estimating bladder volume. The formula using radiographic measurements was found to be a better predictor of actual bladder volume than the formula derived from ultrasonographic measurements, since it had higher F and lower error mean square values.  相似文献   

19.
ObjectivesTo assess the accuracy of the ‘hanging drop method’ for identifying the extradural space in anaesthetized dogs positioned in sternal or lateral recumbency.Study designProspective randomized-experimental study.AnimalsSeventeen clinically healthy adult dogs, 10 females and seven males weighing 8.4–26.2 kg.MethodsDogs were positioned in either sternal (n = 8) or lateral (n = 9) recumbency under general anaesthesia. A 20 SWG spinal needle pre-filled with 0.9% saline was advanced through the skin into the lumbosacral extradural space and the response of the saline drop recorded, i.e. whether it: 1) was aspirated from the hub into the needle; 2) remained within the hub, or 3) moved synchronously with i) spontaneous respiration, ii) heart beat or iii) manual lung inflation. The position of the needle tip was ultimately determined by positive contrast radiography.ResultsOne dog positioned in lateral recumbency was excluded from the study because bleeding occurred from the needle hub. Saline was aspirated into the needle in seven of eight dogs held in sternal recumbency but in none of the dogs positioned in lateral recumbency. Accurate needle tip placement in the extradural space was confirmed by positive contrast radiography in all dogs.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe ‘hanging drop’ method, when performed with a spinal needle, appears to be a useful technique for identifying the location of the extradural space in anaesthetized medium-sized dogs positioned in sternal, but not in lateral recumbency. The technique may yield ‘false negative’ results when performed in dogs positioned in sternal recumbency.  相似文献   

20.
Measurement of liver size was made on nuclear scintigraphic images obtained from 16 clinically normal, anesthetized dogs in ventral, dorsal, right and left lateral, and left dorsal oblique positions after administration of technetium 99m-sulfur colloid. Linear measurements of liver length and width were made from each scintiscan, and liver surface area was determined by setting a region of interest manually and by use of a computer count of pixels above a minimal intensity (threshold method). All linear measurements had a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) correlation with liver and body weight, with the exception of the measurements of liver width made on dogs in dorsal and left lateral dorsal oblique positions. The highest correlation (r = 0.89) between the scintigraphic measurements and liver weight was the multiplication of measurements of liver width and length from the right lateral view. Although all area determinations were significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated with liver and body weight, for most views, the manual method of determining the region of interest had a slightly better correlation with the liver weight than did the threshold method.  相似文献   

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