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1.
The United Kingdom’s approach to encouraging environmentally positive behaviour has been three-pronged, through voluntarism, incentives and regulation, and the balance between the approaches has fluctuated over time. Whilst financial incentives and regulatory approaches have been effective in achieving some environmental management behavioural change amongst farmers, ultimately these can be viewed as transient drivers without long-term sustainability. Increasingly, there is interest in ‘nudging’ managers towards voluntary environmentally friendly actions. This approach requires a good understanding of farmers’ willingness and ability to take up environmental activities and the influences on farmer behavioural change. The paper aims to provide insights from 60 qualitative farmer interviews undertaken for a research project into farmers’ willingness and ability to undertake environmental management, particularly focusing on social psychological insights. Furthermore, it explores farmers’ level of engagement with advice and support networks that foster a genuine interest, responsibility and a sense of personal and social norm to sustain high quality environmental outcomes. Two conceptual frameworks are presented for usefully exploring the complex set of inter-relationships that can influence farmers’ willingness to undertake environmental management practices. The research findings show how an in-depth understanding of farmer’s willingness and ability to adopt environmental management practices and their existing level of engagement with advice and support are necessary to develop appropriate engagement approaches to achieve sustained and durable environmental management.  相似文献   

2.
【目的】合理的放牧方式对维持草地生态系统平衡具有重要意义。研究轮牧方式对滩羊牧食特性、体重及繁殖性能的影响可为草地放牧管理提供依据。【方法】以宁夏面积最大的荒漠草原为对象,在载畜率为0.75只/hm2水平下,设置连续放牧(CG)、二区轮牧(TG)、四区轮牧(FG)、六区轮牧(SG)4个处理。采用跟群全天观察法测定滩羊的牧食习性,利用差额法测定采食量,采用常规方法测定草群和滩羊摄入牧草营养成分,每个轮牧周期结束观测滩羊的体重,统计放牧期间繁殖性能等。【结果】放牧全天,滩羊采食时间占据了主体,比例达64%以上。随轮牧分区增加,滩羊采食、游走站立时间下降(P0.05),反刍卧息时间增加(P0.05);排泄、争斗、瘙痒、啃食异物等其他行为受个体行为影响更大,所占时间比例不到1.4%。草地牧草采食量表现为四区与六区轮牧无明显差异(P0.05),但均高于连续放牧和二区轮牧,连续放牧采食量最低(P0.05);草地采食率呈现连续轮牧二区轮牧四区轮牧六区轮牧的趋势,连续放牧达到39.06%,六区轮牧仅为27.9%;滩羊日采食量在二区、四区、六区轮牧方式下差异不大(P0.05),在连续放牧区最低(P0.05)。滩羊摄入的牧草的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、磷的含量总体高于草群相应养分含量,而粗纤维和钙低于草群养分含量,粗灰分和无氮浸出物比较接近,说明滩羊具有选食蛋白质含量高,粗纤维含量低牧草的能力;随轮牧分区增加,滩羊摄入的牧草粗蛋白含量呈下降趋势、粗纤维呈上升变化,但滩羊摄入干物质、粗蛋白和磷的总量增加;各处理下滩羊营养摄入量均超出了美国NRC绵羊饲养标准,说明暖季滩羊放牧不需要补饲。放牧期间,滩羊体重和日增重以连续放牧最低(P0.05),二区、四区及六区轮牧间无显著差异(P0.05);各处理下滩羊产羔率、羔羊平均初生重等繁殖性能接近,说明在适宜载畜率水平下,轮牧方式对滩羊繁殖性能影响不大。【结论】轮牧方式对滩羊牧食特征和增重产生了影响,相对于连续放牧,随轮牧分区增加,草地牧草采食率、滩羊采食时间和摄入的牧草粗蛋白含量下降,但草地采食量,滩羊日采食量及摄入的干物质、粗蛋白等营养物质总量增加。划区轮牧没有提高滩羊繁殖性能,但更有利于滩羊体重增加。若仅考虑滩羊牧食特征、增重性能以及生产中放牧管理的便利性,二区轮牧方式是宁夏荒漠草原滩羊暖季的最优放牧方式。  相似文献   

3.
Industrial agriculture has extensive environmental and social costs, and efforts to create alternative farming systems are widespread if not yet widely successful. This study explored how a set of grain farmers and rotational graziers in Iowa transitioned to agroecological management practices. Our focus on the resources and strategies that farmers mobilized to develop opportunities for, and overcome barriers to, transitioning to alternative practices allows us to go beyond the existing literature focused on why farmers transition. We attend to both the ecological and socioeconomic context of innovation by comparing processes of technical change in two contrasting regions of Iowa. Farmers cultivated farm-level biodiversity and enterprise diversity, developed new cognitive and psychological competencies, and overcame barriers to innovation by developing external network linkages with peers, knowledge organizations, and federal policies. Our research provides insights into how biophysical, cognitive, structural and market considerations can be integrated into research efforts that aim to make sense of innovation toward sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
国外农业清洁生产补偿政策模式及对我国的启示   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
农业清洁生产补偿已成为农业生态补偿政策研究的重要内容。发达国家通过农业补贴政策手段,鼓励农民采用环境友好型生产技术,形成有代表性的补偿政策模式,包括"美国以环保计划项目为带动的市场机制与政策调控结合型模式"、"欧盟以共同农业政策为引导的生态补偿与环境保护挂钩型模式"、"日本以环境保全型农业为特色的政府主导与公众配合互补型模式"等三种。我国重视农业清洁生产的发展,近十年来出台了一系列补偿政策措施,但针对广大农民及新型经营主体从事环境友好型生产行为的补偿政策仍不完善,补偿标准依然不高,难以调动生产者的积极性。本文梳理国外成熟的补偿政策模式,剖析我国农业清洁生产补偿政策实施的障碍因素,提出未来制定清洁生产补偿政策可借鉴的成功经验,主要包括充分尊重农民的意愿和利益,确定科学计量补偿标准的方法及健全补偿政策基础性支撑制度等。  相似文献   

6.
Social networks play a significant role in learning and thus in farmers’ adoption of new agricultural technologies. This study examined the effects of social network factors on information acquisition and adoption of new seed varieties among groundnut farmers in Uganda and Kenya. The data were generated through face-to-face interviews from a random sample of 461 farmers, 232 in Uganda and 229 in Kenya. To assess these effects two alternative econometric models were used: a seemingly unrelated bivariate probit (SUBP) model and a recursive bivariate probit (RBP) model. The statistical evaluation of the SUBP shows that information acquisition and adoption decisions are interrelated while tests for the RBP do not support this latter model. Therefore, the analysis is based on the results obtained from the SUBP. These results reveal that social network factors, particularly weak ties with external support (e.g., researchers, extension agents, etc.), partially influence information acquisition, but do not influence adoption. In Uganda, external support, gender, farm size, and geographic location have an impact on information acquisition. In Kenya, external support and geographic location also have an impact on information acquisition. With regard to adoption, gender, household size, and geographic location play the most important roles for Ugandan farmers, while in Kenya information from external sources, education, and farm size affect adoption choice. The study provides insight on the importance of external weak ties in groundnut farming, and a need to understand regional differences along gender lines while developing agricultural strategies. This study further illustrates the importance of farmer participation in applied technology research and the impact of social interactions among farmers and external agents.  相似文献   

7.
The UK dairy sector has undergone considerable structural change in recent years, with a decrease in the number of producers accompanied by an increased average herd size and increased concentrate use and milk yields. One of the key drivers to producers remaining in the industry is the profitability of their herds. The current paper adopts a holistic approach to decomposing the variation in dairy profitability through an analysis of net margin data explained by physical input-output measures, milk price variation, labour utilization and managerial behaviours and characteristics. Data are drawn from the Farm Business Survey (FBS) for England in 2007/08 for 228 dairy enterprises. Average yields are 7100 litres/cow/yr, from a herd size of 110 cows that use 0·56 forage ha/cow/yr and 43·2 labour h/cow/yr. An average milk price of 22·57 pence per litre (ppl) produced milk output of ￡1602/cow/yr, which after accounting for calf sales, herd replacements and quota leasing costs, gave an average dairy output of ￡1516/cow/yr. After total costs of ￡1464/cow/yr this left an economic return of ￡52/cow/yr (0·73 ppl) net margin profit. There is wide variation in performance, with the most profitable (as measured by net margin per cow) quartile of producers achieving 2000 litres/cow/yr more than the least profitable quartile, returning a net margin of ￡335/cow/yr compared to a loss of ￡361/cow/yr for the least profitable. The most profitable producers operate larger, higher yielding herds and achieve a greater milk price for their output. In addition, a significantly greater number of the most profitable producers undertake financial benchmarking within their businesses and operate specialist dairy farms. When examining the full data set, the most profitable enterprises included significantly greater numbers of organic producers. The most profitable tend to have a greater reliance on independent technical advice, but this finding is not statistically significant. Decomposing the variation in net margin performance between the most and least profitable groups, an approximate ratio of 65:23:12 is observed for higher yields: lower costs: higher milk price. This result indicates that yield differentials are the key performance driver in dairy profitability. Lower costs per cow are dominated by the significantly lower cost of farmer and spouse labour per cow of the most profitable group, flowing directly from the upper quartile expending 37·7 labour h/cow/yr in comparison with 58·8 h/cow/yr for the lower quartile. The upper quartile's greater milk price is argued to be achieved through contract negotiations and higher milk quality, and this accounts for 0·12 of the variation in net margin performance. The average economic return to the sample of dairy enterprises in this survey year was less than ￡6000/farm/yr. However, the most profitable quartile returned an average economic return of approximately ￡50?000 per farm/yr. Structural change in the UK dairy sector is likely to continue with the least profitable and typically smaller dairy enterprises being replaced by a smaller number of expanding dairy production units.  相似文献   

8.
A previously unreported radionuclide, nickel-63 (half-life, 92 years), produced in the testing of nuclear devices, was measured in biological and environmental samples from areas of the Pacific Ocean and the eastern seaboard of the United States. The concentrations of nickel-63 are low (maximum of 163 disintegrations per minute per gram of dry weight), but this radionuclide may be a useful tracer of oceanic processes because of its long half-life and long residence time in the ocean.  相似文献   

9.
改革开放30余年,我国农业和农村发展取得了显著成就,农民收入不断增长。但无论与发达国家农业生产者相比,还是与我国城镇居民相比,我国农民收入都显得水平较低,且城乡之间、地区之间以及农民内部之间收入均存在较大差距。这不仅影响我国城乡经济的协调发展,还影响到整个社会的和谐发展。为此,对美国、日本等发达国家促进农民增收的支持政策进行分析和比较研究,并结合我国促进农民增收政策及存在的问题提出重视农业立法、调整农业补贴方式以及建立健全农村金融以及农业保险制度等政策措施,为我国制定有效促进农民增收的政策提供启示与借鉴。  相似文献   

10.
• Livestock production in North America has moved to fewer farms with greater inventories • Land application of livestock manures is a preferred nutrient recycling strategy • Confined animal feeding operations have challenges to utilize livestock manure sustainably • Integration of livestock and cropping systems is possible on a farm or among farms • Nutrient balance is needed for environmental sustainability Livestock production in the United States (US) and Canada is diverse, but shows a common trend in most livestock sectors toward fewer farms producing the majority of animal products despite a large number of farms still small in production scale. The migration to larger and more concentrated animal feeding operations in beef finishing and poultry, swine, and dairy production allows processors to streamline supplies to meet market demand for abundant, low-cost livestock products, whether that be for packaged meat, dairy products, or eggs. With concentration of livestock operations comes the challenge of managing manures. When sufficient land is available and nutrients are needed, livestock manure is an excellent nutrient source and land application is the preferred method of recycling this resource. However, when livestock production is constrained in a geographical area and animal densities are high, manure may become an environmental liability with potentially greater risk for runoff and leaching of nutrients, emission of odors, ammonia, and greenhouse gases, and release to the environment of pathogens and chemicals of emerging concern. Addressing these challenges now and into the future requires learning from mistakes and adopting successful approaches. We describe different levels of integration between livestock and crop producers in New York, British Columbia, and the south-eastern US as learning opportunities to improve economic and environmental sustainability. Examples show that effective solutions should recognize (1) manure has value and is not just a cost, (2) farmers, farm advisors, extension educators, nutrient management planners, crop advisors, nutritionists, state agency personnel, regulators, and university researchers need to be active participants in development of solutions, and (3) change to a sustainable future requires a combination of government regulation and outcome-based incentives.  相似文献   

11.
In Western Kenya, smallholder dairy production is becoming incrementally commercialized through the commodification and sale of milk through formal market channels. While commercialization is often construed as a way to boost rural livelihoods through increased income from milk, emerging evidence suggests that married women are not directly benefiting from formal milk market participation. This critical issue of gender power imbalance has been framed by development interventions in economic efficiency and social justice perspectives, but thus far interventions in the sector have not addressed how underlying social-market mechanisms embedded in gendered ideology influence smallholder engagement in dairy commercialization. Drawing on feminist theories of power and social embeddedness, this study investigates how gendered power relationships materialize and influence formal milk marketing engagement and practices in Western Kenya. Facilitated discussion groups with smallholder farmers revealed the gendered ideologies and norms that ascribe masculinized meaning to cattle, milk, and commercial enterprise. Key informant interviews with commercial dairy management and farmers were used to identify current practices for increasing women’s formal market participation—namely, direct payments to women for milk deliveries. Findings from this study indicate that cattle and formal dairy market participation are imbued with gendered meaning that create legitimacy around men’s privilege over dairy proceeds. Interventions in the sector aimed at addressing gender power imbalances must acknowledge this dynamic, and accept the social trade-offs and gendered costs of dairy commercialization.  相似文献   

12.
The social process of international migration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The social process of network growth helps to explain the rapid increase in the migration of Mexicans to the United States during the 1970s. Migrant networks are webs of social ties that link potential migrants in sending communities to people in receiving societies, and their existence lowers the costs of international movement. With each person that becomes a migrant, the cost of migration is reduced for a set of friends and relatives, inducing them to migrate and further expanding the network. As a result of this dynamic interaction, network connections to the United States have become widespread throughout Mexico, and the probability of international migration from that country is high.  相似文献   

13.
The intrinsic dynamics andinnovative potential of the rural poor in Chinacan be illustrated by the phenomena of farmerinnovation circles (FIC) in north Shaanxi.These are informal networks used by farmers tocollaborate on technology learning andagricultural production. Though not limited tospecific geographic locations, these circlesare particularly important in the marginalareas of rural China where the complexity ofthe geographic environment, the diversity offarmer demands, and the inefficiency of formalagricultural extension networks impede thespread of new agricultural technologies. Socialconnectedness in the form of householdcommunication networks, technology learninggroups, and inter-village links aids people's collective capacity to work together. In thestudy of 50 villages in this remote region, itwas found that households with more connectionswere more likely to adopt a range of newtechnologies (ploughs, varieties, inputs,orchards, afforestation, grazing landrehabilitation), and so had higher income. Adetailed case study shows how collective actioncan lead to environmental improvements thatfurther increase incomes. It is concluded thatif there is to be sustainable development inthe marginal areas of China, then there willclearly need to be closer communication andinteraction between agricultural professionalsand rural communities.  相似文献   

14.
Using data from a survey of certified organic or in-transition to organic vegetable and dairy producers in Canada, we seek to understand a farmer’s decision to convert to organic production by exploring the motives, problems and challenges, and benefits of transition to organic. Results suggest that health and safety concerns and environmental issues are the predominant motives for conversion, while economic motives are of lesser importance. In contrast to the extant literature, results suggest that the motives underlying transition have not changed overtime in Canada. Problems experienced during transition relate to lack of governmental and institutional support, negative pressure from other farmers and farm groups, and lack of physical and financial capital. Reduced exposure to chemicals and improved food quality were highly ranked benefits, while economic related benefits were scored among the lowest of the listed benefits. To prosper, the Canadian organic sector must overcome fundamental marketing problems and challenges. Promulgation of the Canada Organic standard may help address some marketing issues by providing more information to consumers.  相似文献   

15.
介绍美国农民合作经济组织的理论和特点,并着重比较中、美农民合作经济组织的差异性,提出我国发展农民经济合作组织应注意的问题：（1）肯定政府的支持引导作用;（2）提升农民的平等、服务与合作意识;（3）多样化的农民合作经济组织。  相似文献   

16.
This paper draws on ideas about policy innovation and adaptation to assess the extent to which ‘payments for ecosystem services’ (PES) can be seen as a challenge to traditionally more bureaucratic, state-centered ways of paying for the provisioning of environmental goods from agricultural landscapes through agri environmental policy (AEP). Focussing on recent experience in the United States and the UK, the paper documents the extent to which PES is now an established term of reference in AEP research and debate in both countries and postulates that this may usher in a new discourse of environmental provisioning in agriculture. The PES landscape is, however, currently highly fragmented and largely experimental, with ‘PES-like’ approaches being piloted in the field through partnerships between state agencies and localized private and charitable interests. State-supported AEP programs remain substantially intact, and rather than any displacement of state action, there appears to be a more gradual insertion of PES approaches and metrics into standard AEP operating procedures. This institutional stickiness is partly due to the continuing difficulty of agreeing the metrics necessary for measuring outcomes but may also be due to the politically well defended nature of traditional AEP entitlements and associated policy networks. We conclude by suggesting a need for further research to better understand these specifically political constraints and sources of resistance to PES and the ambiguous consequences for institutions, policy networks, rural communities and environment.  相似文献   

17.
The purposes of this study are to assess the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts on the dairy industries in China and the United States and to derive policy recommendations for enhancing the diary industries' resilience to pandemics and other market shocks. Specifically, data from the two nations are used to analyze and compare the mechanisms through which the pandemic has affected their dairy industries and to discuss potential lessons from their experiences. The findings suggest that this pandemic has heavily affected the dairy industries in both China and the United States through similar mechanisms, such as decreased farmgate milk prices, disruption and difficulties of moving milk within the supply chains, worker shortages, increased production costs, and lack of operating capital. There were also significant differences in the affecting mechanisms between the two nations, including transportation difficulties from widespread road closures and significant reduction in holiday sales of dairy products in China, and the shutdown of many dairy processors in the United States due to the closing of schools, restaurants, and hotels. While government financial reliefs are highly needed to help many dairy farms and processors survive this pandemic in the short term, the dairy industries and governments need to work together to develop long-term strategies and policies to balance the industries' efficiency and flexibility, product specialization and diversification, supply chain integration and local food systems, and market mechanisms and policy regulations and interventions.  相似文献   

18.
主要以草地群落的样方调查数据为基础，针对3种不同利用方式下的退化草地群落进行群落结构及多样性的分析，并进行了对比研究。结果表明：尽管禁牧对增加草地植物优势种的重要值起到了一定作用，增加了草地植物群落的密度、盖度等，减少了有毒牧草，但要发展草地畜牧业就不可能一直完全禁牧下去，对比以草定畜与六区轮牧的放牧方式，虽然随着月份变化，以草定畜样地的多样性程度上升，但这种大幅变动有可能是草地群落恢复性较差的表现，而六区轮牧的多样性3种指数的月份变化是有规律性的，相对于以草定畜的草地群落恢复性应该是较好的，可知以六区轮牧对草地植物群落的恢复较为有利。  相似文献   

19.
畜禽粪肥替代部分化肥还田施用可有效降低作物生产成本和环境成本,促进农业绿色发展.然而,在实际农业生产中存在很多社会经济因素阻碍农户施用粪肥.因此,理解粪肥施用的关键驱动和障碍因素,对化肥减量和提高粪肥还田利用率具有十分重要的意义.本研究以计划行为理论为框架进行问卷设计,以河北省曲周县为研究区域,通过农户调研探究农户粪肥施用的认知和意愿.结果 表明,粮食种植体系粪肥用户占比仅为25％,蔬菜和果树种植体系粪肥用户则分别高达95％和87％.粪肥施用的关键障碍因素包括高昂的粪肥施用成本和负面的农学及环境效应.与经济作物(蔬菜和水果)种植户相比,粮食种植户认知到的粪肥施用障碍因素更多.粪肥施用的主要驱动因素包括提高作物产量、提高土壤肥力、增加农业收入.社会参与方对农户粪肥施用具有积极作用.研究表明,为促进农户粪肥施用,需要利益相关者共同参与,政府应提供政策激励措施,并加强指导,以提高农户对粪肥施用的认知水平.  相似文献   

20.
美国的土壤保护:给中国农业借鉴   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
美国政府通过多种项目对采用土壤保护实践的农场提供资金和技术援助。联邦政府津贴对土壤保护取得的显著成就发挥了重要作用。阐述美国土壤保护的成功经验以给中国农业的决策者们提供参考。  相似文献   

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