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Summary Hydroxylated metabolites of sulphadimidine, sulphamerazine, sulphatroxazole, sulphamethoxazole, and sulphadiazine exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escheria coli 28 PR 271 test strain ranging from 2.5 to 39.5 per cent of that of the parent drug. Trimethoprim addition potentiated the antimicrobial activity of these metabolites. N4‐acetyl sulphonamide metabolites possessed no antimicrobial activity, nor did trimethoprim potentiated them. 相似文献
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Summary The effect of molecular structure on the drug disposition and protein binding in plasma, the urinary recovery, and the renal clearance of sulphamerazine (SMR), sulphadiazine (SDZ), and sulphadimidine (SDM) and their N4‐acetyl and hydroxy derivatives were studied in pigs. Following IV administration of SDM, SMR and SDZ, their mean elimination half‐lives were 12.4 h, 4.3 h and 4.9 h respectively. The plasma concentrations of parent sulphonamide were higher than those of the metabolites, and ran parallel. The acetylated derivatives were the main metabolites; traces of 6‐hydroxymethylsulphamerazine and 4‐hydroxysulphadiazine were detected in plasma. The urine recovery data showed that in pigs acetylation is the major elimination pathway of SDM, SMR and SDZ; hydroxylation became more important in case of SMR (6‐hydroxymethyl and 4‐hydroxy derivatives) and SDZ (4‐hydroxy derivatives) than in SDM. In pigs methyl substitution of the pyrimidine side chain decreased the renal clearance of the parent drug and made the parent compound less accessible for hydroxylation. Acetylation and hydroxylation speeded up drug elimentation, because their renal clearance values were higher than those of the parent drug. 相似文献
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J. van Hoof 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(1):29-36
Summary The course of post‐mortem breakdown of glycogen and ATP in turkey pectoralis major muscle was markedly influenced by several ante‐ and peri‐mortem variables. Application of a proper stunning procedure was highly effective in preventing peri‐ and post‐mortem muscle stress reactions. The physiological level of glycogen and ATP was not significantly affected by road transportation covering 260 km. Birds which rested for 24 hrs following transportation had lower glycogen and ATP levels at the moment of slaughter than non‐rested birds. According to the changes in the rate and extent of post‐mortem biochemical reactions, several meat characteristics such as water‐holding capacity, colour, and tenderness were significantly changed. Furthermore, the results also indicate that turkey breast muscle is susceptible to a PSE‐like condition as described in pork. 相似文献
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J. F. M. Nouws T. B. Vree H. J. Breukink M. Baakman F. Driessens A. Smulders 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):177-186
Summary The disposition of sulphadimidine (SDM) and of its N4‐acetyl (N4‐SDM) and two hydroxyl metabolites, 6‐hydroxymethyl‐ (SCH2OH) and 5‐hydroxyasulphadimidine (SOH), was studied in plasma and milk of dairy cows following intramuscular or intravenous administration of sulphadimididine‐33.3% at doses of 10, 45, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The main metabolite in plasma as well as in milk was SCH2OH. The metabolite percentages, the final plasma elimination half‐lives, and the time of peak SDM concentrations in milk are presented for different dosages. The concentrations of SDM and its metabolites in milk ran parallel to those in plasma beyond4 hours p.i. The metabolite concentrations in plasma and milk were lower than those of the parent SDM. Sulphate and glucuronide metabolites could not be detected in milk. At high doses (45 mg/kg or more) and SDM plasma concentrations exceeding 20 μg/ml, a capacity limited metabolism of SDM to SCH2OH was noticed, viz, asteady state concentration of SCH2OH and a biphasic elimination pattern for SDM and SCH,OH in plasma and milk. The mean ultrafiltrate ratios of the milk to plasma concentrations with respect to SDM, SCH2OH, SOH, and N4‐SDM were: 0.69, 0.22, 020, and 0.63, respectively. The total amount of SDM and its metabolites recovered from the milk after milking twice daily over the whole experimental time was less than 2% of the applied dose. A bioassay method allowed of detecting qualitatively SDM concentrations exceeding 0.2 μg/ml in plasma or milk. Withholding times for edible tissues and milk are suggested. 相似文献
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Summary The present investigation was undertaken to improve regimens dosage of amoxycillin, chloramphenicol or trimethoprim‐sulphadiazine in Salmonella dublin infected veal calves. The pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied after i.v., oral, and i. m. administration (bioavailability, local irritation at the injection site, volume of distribution, and elimination half life). The most important conclusion was that amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim were suitable for oral administration to veal calves, although the bioavailability of chloramphenicol and trimethoprim was significantly less when concurrently administered with a milk replacer. In vitro, the antibacterial activities of these drugs were compared. Addition of trimethoprim to sulphadiazine lowered its MIC for S. dublin, but sulphadiazine reduced the killing rate compared to that of trimethoprim alone. In the efficacy studies the activities of several serum enzymes and the plasma concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured, but it appeared, that these biochemical parameters were no better than the clinical parameters body temperature and body weight. Using optimal dosage regimens based on MIC values and blood levels, treatment with either of the three drugs was of equal efficacy. 相似文献
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Summary In two groups of swine herds, herds with and without clinical AR the presence of Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) correlated with the presence of toxinogenic Pasteurella multocida (PM) and not with the Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) infection. Six BB‐ and eighteen PM‐strains have been investigated for AR pathogenicity. Broth cultures were injected intradermally in guinea‐pigs (GPST) orintranasally in 3‐week‐old colostrum deprived specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets. The average atrophy of the ventral conchae (A VC) correlated with the GPST in 4BB‐ and 7 PM‐strains. One BB‐ and 2 PM‐strains were qualified as doubtful, the others as non‐AR pathogenic. With AR pathogenic BB‐ and PM‐strains clinical AR could be induced in 3‐ and 6‐week‐old piglets. AVC lesions (gradation> 1) could be induced with BB in piglets of 6 and with pathogenic PM in 16‐week‐old piglets. Six of seven AR pathogenic PM‐strains resembled Carter‐type D and one resembled type A. No significance was found between AR pathogenicity and somatic serotypes. Intranasal instillations of cell‐free broth culture filtrates of AR pathogenic PM‐strains also caused AR in piglets. These filtrates also caused lethality in piglets and in mice lethalitytest (MLT) and induced a positive GPST. After heating the pathogenic effects of the filtrates disappeared. The name AR toxin has been introduced for this thermolabile, haemorrhagic dermonecrotic (HDNT) fraction of the AR inducing filtrates. The severity of the AR lesions depended on the amount of the AR toxin intranasally instilled in pigs. Cross protecting antibodies obtained in rabbits against the AR toxins of two PM strains could be demonstrated by a toxin neutralisation test in the MLT and the GPST. Broth cultures were injected intradermally in guinea‐pigs (GPST) or intranasally in 3‐week‐old colostrum deprived specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets. 相似文献
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Abstract Four subtropical (Cenchrus. Digitaria, Anthephora and Sorghum) and two temperate grass species (Festuca. Agrotricum) were grown in a replicated field experiment at three levels of N application, with adequate P and K. Species were mown at 4‐, 6‐ and 8‐weekly intervals. DM production data for 6‐ and 8‐weekly and 4‐ and 6‐weekly intervals are presented for subtropicals and temperates, respectively. The object was to determine the seasonal accumulative DM production curves, productivity spread and quality, for use in fodder flow planning. The subtropical grasses produced 2 to 3 times as much DM as the temperate grasses : CGR 745—1237 versus 345—440 kg/ha/wk under supplementary irrigation. The subtropicals produced ca 2{h times as much under irrigation than under rainfed conditions. Festuca and Agrotricum, Digitaria. Athephora and Sorghum, Cenchrus, gave peak CGR's after 9, 15, 16 and 18 weeks after end of August, respectively. Irrigation resulted in peak CGR being reached earlier in the growing season than under rainfed conditions and in subtropicals maintaining a high CGR for 1½ — 2½ months longer. Various implications of the results for pasture management, and the fact that quality and DM yield generally are antagonistic in subtropical grasses, were discussed. 相似文献
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Jan G. van Logtestijn Bert A.P. Urlings Peter G.H. Bijker Jos H.J. Huis in ‘t Veld 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(4):123-125
Summary Adverse reactions to various trimethoprim‐sulphonamide (T‐S) combinations were studied retrospectively in dogs and cats referred to the Utrecht University Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals during the period 1985–1994. Dermatological and systemic reactions were observed in 19 dogs and 2 cats. Specific histological reaction patterns were seen in 3 dogs with toxic epidermal necrolysis, in 1 dog and 1 cat with erythema multiforme, and in 1 dog with pemphigus foliaceus. Diagnostic criteria used in humans proved to be reliable in dogs and cats as well. Adverse reactions were observed within 7–14 days after administration and were most often due to sulphadiazine (76%) and sulphatroxazole (14%). The incidence of adverse reactions to T‐S was 0.25%. 相似文献
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J.F.M. Nouws T. B. Vree J. Holtkamp M. Bookman F. Driessens P.J.M. Guelen 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):224-232
Summary The disposition of chloramphenicol (CAP) and of its glucuronide metabolite in plasma and milk was studied following a single intramuscular injection of a chloramphenicol base formulation (Amicole®Forte; product A) and of chloramphenicol sodium succinate (product B) to dairy cows. The dose applied of both formulations was equivalent to 50 mg CAP base/kg body weight. The HPLC determined CAP concentrations were microbiologically active. Product A revealed 30% higher plasma CAP peak concentrations (13.0 vs 9.0 μg/ml) and 36% larger areas under the plasma concentration‐ time curves than product B, whereas their absorption and elimination half‐lives were of the same order of magnitude. In the onset phase (during 4 h p.i.) unhydrolysed CAP sodium succinate could be detected in plasma and the glucuronide fraction was 26% of the parent drug. After 25 h p.i. the glucuronide fraction equalled that of the parent drug. The maximum CAP concentration in milk was for product B equal to, and for product A 80% of the CAP plasma concentration. In milk no chloramphenicol glucuronide metabolites could be detected. HPLC methods for detecting ultra‐trace CAP concentrations in edible tissues were developed by the employment of extraction with or without a clean‐up procedure. Seven days after i.m. administration of product A and B to calves, the CAP residue concentrations in the kidney, liver, and muscle were less than 2 nanogram/g tissue. Traces of CAP residues could be still found at the injection site and in the urine. Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (product B) caused extensive tissue irritation at the injection site, while in the case of product A the irritation was limited. It was concluded that product A (Amicol®Forte) had more favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics than the sodium succinate formulation. 相似文献
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J. F. M. Nouws D. J. Mevius T. B. Vree A. M. Baars J. Laurensen 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):156-163
Summary The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin, a quinoline derivative with marked bactericidal activity against gram‐negative bacteria, was studied in calves and pigs following intravenous and oral administration. Ciprofloxacin was rapidly and well distributed in the body, exhibited a short elimination half‐life of 2.5 h in both species, and was rapidly absorbed after oral administration (Tmax:2 to 3 h). The oral bioavailability in calves to was 53 ± 14% and for 1 pig 37.3%. The renal clearance of the unbound ciprofloxacin for both species was of the same order, indicated a predominantly tubular secretion pattern, and accounted for about 46% of the total drug elimination. No complete drug mass balance could be demonstrated. Small amounts of two metabolites were detected in the urine of calves, but not in pig urine. 相似文献
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H.R.H. Smith C.P. Dempsy M. Schaffner 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(3):150-153
Abstract In a preliminary investigation four small grain species, oats (Avena sativa), rye (Secalae cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (Triticum × secalae) were planted alone and in combination with Lolium multiflorum cv Midmar under irrigation. The dry matter (DM) yield of Midmar was also compared to that of four other annual ryegrass cultivars. All species combinations were harvested at either three‐ or six‐week cutting intervals and fertilized with either 200 or 400 kg N/ha. As a group the pure ryegrasses had a greater yield potential than the small grain‐Midmar group which in turn out‐yielded the small grain group. Increasing cutting interval from three to six weeks had a far stronger positive influence on DM production than that of doubling the amount of nitrogen. Rye was the most successful small grain in being able to fill the winter gap in the fodderflow of Midmar ryegrass. The small grains on average contributed about 25 % towards the total DM production in the small grain‐Midmar mixtures. Oats, although initially slow, had significantly (P≤0,05) higher yields than any of the small grains and had a longer, more evenly distributed growing season. 相似文献
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J. F. E. M. de Kroon N. M. Perié F. F. J. Franssen G. Uilenberg 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):124-128
Summary An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used succesfully for the serodiagnosis of experimental Anaplasma infections in cattle. Specific antibodies were detected three to ten days after anaplasma bodies werd found in the blood, and persistedat least 15 weeks post‐infection. An American and an African stock of A. marginale were used to prepare antigens, and gave comparable results when tested on sera positive to either of these stocks, as well as to an A. centrale‐like stock from Korea. There were no cross‐reactions with several Theileria, Babesia, Trypanosoma and Eperythrozoon species. 相似文献
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Haematology and blood‐chemistry for predicting abscesses and other abnormalities in slaughtered pigs
J. F. M. Smeets J. Odink I. J. R. Visser E. D. Schoen J. M. A. Snijders 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):146-151
Summary Blood values of slaughtered pigs were determined in an attempt to relate the blood profile with the prevalence of abscesses. To this end 319 pigs were selected and grouped into classes on the basis of pathological ante‐ and post‐mortem findings. The classes thus distinguished were (i) no pathology, (ii) pleurisy or pneumonia and (iii) abscesses occurring singly, metastasised or in combination with other abnormalities. By stepwise discriminant analysis it was established that the blood variables ln(fibrinogen) and albumin were particularly suitable for the detection of abscesses in slaughtered pigs. In this way a correct classification of 89.3% of affected pigs is possible. The numbers of false‐positives and false‐negatives were 19.3% and 10.7%, respectively. For meat‐inspection purposes application of blood analyses is promising. For application in meat‐inspection practice rapid on‐line methods need to be devised. 相似文献
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Uittreksel Die produksie en kwaliteit van vyf spesies (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Digitaria eriantha var. pentzii, Schmidtia pappophoroides en Eragrostis rigidior) is by verskillende frekwensies van ontblaring op ontbosde en onontbosde bosveld gemeet. In die daaropvolgende jaar is intensiteit bygebring met minder frekwensies en is die spesies na drie verminder (H. contortus, D. eriantha var. pentzii, en S. pappophoroides). Ontbossing het by al die spesies, behalwe D. eriantha var. pentzii ’n hoogsbetekenisvolle verhoging in produksie tot gevolg gehad, sonder enige noemenswaardige invloed op kwaliteit. Die spesies het verskil in hul reaksie op frekwensie van ontblaring, maar die 3‐ weeklikse en jaarlikse ontblarings het byna deurgaans swakker as die 6‐ en 9‐weeklikse onblarings presteer. Alhoewel die spesies aanvanklik in twee groepe verdeel en aan verskillende stelle ontblaringsintensiteite onderwerp is, het die intensiteit wat 12 cm Stoppel laat, in alle gevalle die hoogste produksie gelewer. 相似文献
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Afloopstudies vanaf natuurlike veld in verskillende suksessiestadia van die sentrale oranje‐vrystaat
Uittreksel Afloopbane met ‘n helling van 4,13% is gebruik om die afloopverliese, fitomassaproduksie en waterverbruiksdoel‐treffendheid (WVD: Bogrondse fitomassa geproduseer in verhouding tot die evapotranspirasieverliese), van natuurlike veld in verskillende suksessiestadia vir die periode Julie 1977 tot Junie 1983 te monitor. Hoogsbetekenisvolle verskille (P < 0,01) in afloopverliese tussen die klimaks‐, subklimaks‐ en pioniergrasbedekte afloopbane, het oor die proefperiode voorgekom. Onderskeidelik 1,01, 1,55 en 2,94% van die totale neerslag wat oordie ses jaar voorgekom het, het vanaf die klimaks‐, subklimaks‐en pioniergrasbedekkings afgeloop. Die klimaksgrasbedekking wat die hoogste fitomassaproduksie oor die ses jaar gelewer het, het ‘n afname in produksie getoon soos wat die reenval tussen seisoene afgeneem het, terwyl die pioniergrasbedekking ‘n toename in fitomassaproduksie getoon het, met ‘n afname in reënval. Die WVD van die klimaksgrasbedekking is onderskeidelik gemiddeld twee en vier keer (P < 0,01) meer doeltreffend as die subklimaks‐ en pioniergrasbedekking oor die ses jaar. 相似文献
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P.J. van der Wolf D.M.A. Lo Fo Wong W.B. Wolbers A.R.W. Elbers H.M.J.F. van der Heijden F.W. van Schie 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):116-120
Summary The purpose of this investigation was to study the incidence and course of Salmonella infections in finishing pig herds in order to asses the stability of a given Salmonella herd status. Five low‐ and 7 high‐seroprevalence herds were followed for seven sampling rounds. Each round, blood and faecal samples were tested in an indirect ELISA and by bacteriological culturing, respectively. In high‐seroprevalence herds a positive Salmonella status was an indication of a long‐term problem and the status was relatively stable over time. The herds experiencing clinical salmonellosis were not necessarily the herds with the highest seroprevalence. It is possible to deliver seronegative finishers to the slaughterhouse, even though these pigs were seropositive as growers. In three out of five low‐prevalence herds, major infection incidents occurred, indicating that changes in the Salmonella status should be anticipated. Low‐prevalence herds can remain negative over a longer period of time as a result feeding a complete liquid feed containing fermented by‐products. 相似文献
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V. J. Th. van Ginneken J. F. M. Nouws J. L. Grondel F. Driessens M. Degen 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):88-96
Summary The influence of temperature (10° C and 20° C) on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sulphadimidine (SDM) in carp and trout was studied. At 20° C a significantly lower level of distribution (Vdarea ) and a significantly shorter elimination half‐life (T (½>) β) was achieved in both species compared to the 10° C level. In carp the body clearance parameter (ClB (SDM) was significantly higher at 20° C compared to the value at 10° C, whereas for trout this parameter was in the same order of magnitude for both temperatures. N4‐acetylsulphadimidine (N4‐SDM) was the main metabolite of SDM in both species at the two temperature levels. The relative N4‐SDM plasma percentage in carp was significantly higher at 20° C than at 10° C, whereas there was in trout no significant difference. In neither species was the peak plasma concentration of N4‐SDM (CmaxN4‐SDM)) significantly different at two temperatures. The corresponding peak time of this metabolite (Tmax (N4‐SDM)) was significantly shorter at 20° C compared to 10° C in both carp and trout. In carp at both temperatures, acetylation occurs to a greater extent than hydroxylation. Only the 6‐hydroxymethyl‐metabolite (SCH2OH) was detected in carp, at a significant different level at the two temperatures. Concentrations of hydroxy metabolites in trout were at the detection level of the HPLC‐method (0.02‐μg/ml). The glucuronide metabolite (SOH‐gluc.) was not detected in either species at the two temperatures. 相似文献