2. Egg weight and shell quality characteristics were recorded for the eggs and the cuticle was then removed from one egg of each pair.
3. Egg weight and shell quality were re‐assessed for the eggs from which the cuticle had been removed.
4. The cuticle made a significant (P<0.01) contribution to shell thickness and removal of it appeared to reduce shell strength when measured directly, but the method of measurement was too variable to establish this with statistical significance. 相似文献
2. In all cases, the predominant organisms at spoilage were Pseudo‐monas spp. with lower numbers of Acinetobacter spp.
3. Chlorination of process water at about 50 mg total residual chlorine/1 (including 0.1 to 0.9 mg free chlorine/1) extended the shelf‐life of giblets held at 1 °C by up to 3 d, and prior freezing of these tissues gave an extension of 1 to 2 d but combining the two treatments did not have an additive effect.
4. Immersing giblets for 1 min in a solution containing 100 g potassium sorbate/1 (pH 8.0) doubled the shelf‐life of each type of tissue by retarding growth of the normal spoilage microflora. 相似文献
2. Contraction of warm eggs in ice‐cold colloidal iron caused flooding of pore canals and contamination of the underlying shell membranes with this element.
3. Appreciable contamination of the inner shell membrane with iron persisted for 25 d in infertile eggs stored at 37.5 °C. 相似文献
2. The microbiological condition of the carcasses was determined initially and after storage at — 2 oC for 28, 35 and 42 d. It was found that, whilst pseudomonads (pigmented and non‐pigmented) were present at 108/cm2 after 35 and 42‐d storage, yeasts were also present at 107/cm2 and probably accounted for the unusual fusty “off” odours. 相似文献
2. Each increase in the non‐productive period resulted in a gradual decrease in egg production but a gradual increase in the percentages of hatching eggs, fertility and hatchability.
3. There were no significant differences between hens fed on cracked grain for 2 or 3 weeks for any of the performance characteristics, except fertility and hatchability. The best fertility and hatchability were observed in hens fed on cracked grain for 3 weeks. 相似文献
2. Counts obtained by means of a conventional anaerobic plating method and a method for the stricter anaerobes remained comparable throughout but occasionally it was found that strains of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the predominant flora of 4‐ to 14‐d‐old birds could not be grown when tested by the conventional method.
3. During the 14‐d period approximately 100% of the organisms isolated on anaerobic plates utilised uric acid up to the third day but the incidence subsequently declined and in one case represented only 4% of the total flora.
4. The predominant uric acid‐utilising bacteria were Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli up to 3 d of age and various types of anaerobic bacteria thereafter.
5. None of the isolates showed an absolute requirement for uric acid. 相似文献
2. Legs cut from the whole birds after removal from store, unpacking and thawing, and legs from the portions were compared in odour preference at four times of examination.
3. After only 1 d the odour of the legs stored as parts at —12 °C was less preferred than that of the reference group; this was also true for legs cut from whole birds after 3 months at the same temperature.
4. After 3 months at — 12 °C the odour of the legs stored as parts was less preferred than the odour of legs obtained from whole birds.
5. Storage of legs as parts at —18 °C resulted in a comparatively less preferred odour after 3 months, while the same was true after 9 months for legs cut from the carcasses. 相似文献
2. Treatment with acetazolamide decreased the rate of shell formation by 44%; reduced the concentrations of water and Na+ in the albumen at the beginning of the plumping stage but increased the accumulation of water during plumping; increased the concentration of Cl‐ in the albumen after the 6‐h stage without any appreciable change in K+ and Ca2+ concentrations.
3. The computed relationships between the concentrations of different ions also showed that the transfer of water and Na+ were linked during egg formation, that a water‐independent, acetazolamide‐sensitive reabsorption of Na+ occurred after the 10‐h stage and that Na+ and Cl‐moved simultaneously up to 14 h but with the ratio of Cl‐ to Na+ three times higher in the treated group.
4. It is concluded that acetazolamide impairs the transfer of Na+ and Cl‐ between the albumen and the extracellular fluid and that secretion of Ca2+ into the uterine lumen seems to depend on Na+ and Cl‐ reabsorption. 相似文献
2. The egg‐shells were colonised by yeasts also, but the growth of these organisms appeared to be dependent upon the pseudomonads for the release of nutrients from the cuticle.
3. The pseudomonads would not grow on cuticle in situ unless the relative humidity was about 100%. 相似文献
2. At 0 to 6 h after oviposition, osteoclasts lacking ruffled borders were attached to the bone via the clear zone and appeared to have ceased bone resorption. Small vacuoles were scattered throughout this cytoplasm.
3. At 9 to 21 h after oviposition, most of the osteoclasts had ruffled borders and appeared to be resorbing bone. The ruffled borders at 15 h were well developed, whereas at 9, 18 and 21 h they were poorly developed or showed similarities in structure to the clear zone. The small vacuoles were concentrated under the ruffled borders at 9 h and then decreased.
4. These results demonstrate cyclic changes in osteoclasts during the egg‐laying cycle, indicate that ruffled borders form at the beginning of bone resorption and suggest that they are derived from the clear zone and the small vacuoles. The results also indicate that the ruffled borders fuse into the clear zone and disappear at the completion of bone resorption. 相似文献
2. After a return to a normal diet (3% Ca) egg weight, shell weight, ovarian characteristics and oviduct size were of a similar nature in the two groups, though the differences in egg weight, shell weight and shell calcium were significant at the 1 % level.
3. Bone weight and bone ash did not differ significantly between the groups but after a return to normal rations, bone weight and bone ash became higher in the group that had received the 0.05% Ca diet.
4. There were no clinical signs of bone demineralisation during the experiments. 相似文献
2. Crambe meals were prepared to differ in E‐PG (19, 36 and 40 g/kg) and CHB contents (0.1, 0.7 and 1.9 g/kg), and with either active or inactive thioglucosidase.
3. Meals were fed to 7‐d‐old broiler chicks at 50 or 100 g/kg of the diet for 12 or 13 d. In separate studies, isolated E‐PG or CHB were mixed into the diet or administered by gavage to 7‐d‐old broiler chicks in amounts equivalent to 50 or 100 g/kg crambe meal diets for 10 and 12 d, respectively.
4. Weight gain decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed on the high glucosinolate crambe diets or isolated E‐PG. Food consumption decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed on the diet containing the high E‐PG meal with active enzyme.
5. Mild liver lesions and increased serum aspartate aminotransferase were found in chicks fed on the diet containing the high glucosinolate meal with active enzyme. Other organs, including thyroids, were normal.
6. Commercially‐processed crambe meal appeared safe at an inclusion rate of 50 or 100 g/kg diet, but could not be recommended at this point for long term feeding. 相似文献
Background
Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is an inflammatory disease of dogs that is suspected to be immune‐mediated. The development of other immune‐mediated diseases has been linked to vaccinations, time of the year, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed.Hypothesis/Objectives
To identify if the development of SRMA is associated with time of year, vaccination, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed.Animals
Sixty SRMA cases and 180 controls, all ≤24 months of age and matched for year of presentation, from a referral hospital population in the United Kingdom.Methods
Retrospective case‐control study with unconditional logistic regression analysis.Results
Beagles (P = .001), Border Collies (P = .001), Boxers (P = .032), Jack Russell Terriers (P = .001), Weimaraners (P = .048), and Whippets (P < .001) had significantly greater odds of developing SRMA in this population of dogs. Vaccination, time of year, geographic category, sex, and neuter status did not increase the odds of developing SRMA.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Only breed increased the odds of developing SRMA. It would be prudent to investigate the genetics of the identified breeds to help elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SRMA. 相似文献2. In order to evaluate the role of type X collagen cross‐linking on eggshell formation, hens were injected with different doses of β‐aminoproprionitrile, which specifically interferes with cross‐link formation.
3. Changes in egg size and shape were observed. Scanning electron micrographs analysis of these eggs demonstrated marked changes in crystal growth and shell membrane structure and arrangement. A dot‐blot analysis, using a monoclonal antibody against chicken type X collagen, shows a dose‐dependent increase in shell membrane collagen extractability.
4. It is concluded that the formation of β‐aminoproprionitrile‐sensitive cross‐links among the type X collagen molecules of the shell membranes play an essential role in normal eggshell formation. 相似文献