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1.
Summary

The clinical and pathological features of extrahepatic cholestasis in 19 dogs are presented. The condition was most often caused by partial or complete occlusion of the choledochal duct due to neoplastic diseases (12 cases), inflammatory processes (3 cases), or eventration and incarceration of the liver (I case). In only three cases was the condition due to intraluminal obstruction of the choledochal duct.

The anamnestic, laboratory and pathological parameters of these 19 dogs were compared with the findings in 21 dogs with intrahepatic cholestasis. Statistical analysis of these parameters indicated that the presence of acholic faeces, the degree of icterus and the level of plasma γGT where the only parameters of value in the clinical differentation of extrahepatic from intrahepatic cholestasis.

Histological examination of liver biopsies is a simple aid to a confident in vivo diagnosis of extrahepatic cholestasis.  相似文献   

2.
The clinical and pathological features of extrahepatic cholestasis in 19 dogs are presented. The condition was most often caused by partial or complete occlusion of the choledochal duct due to neoplastic diseases (12 cases), inflammatory processes (3 cases), or eventration and incarceration of the liver (1 case). In only three cases was the condition due to intraluminal obstruction of the choledochal duct. The anamnestic, laboratory and pathological parameters of these 19 dogs were compared with the findings in 21 dogs with intrahepatic cholestasis. Statistical analysis of these parameters indicated that the presence of acholic faeces, the degree of icterus and the level of plasma gamma GT where the only parameters of value in the clinical differentiation of extrahepatic from intrahepatic cholestasis. Histological examination of liver biopsies is a simple aid to a confident in vivo diagnosis of extrahepatic cholestasis.  相似文献   

3.
Extrahepatic biliary atresia in a border collie   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Progressive lameness and leg pain were the predominant clinical signs in a 17-week-old male border collie presented for examination. On clinical investigation, extrahepatic cholestasis in association with rickets due to inadequate vitamin D resorption was diagnosed. The dog was treated parenterally with vitamin D and a cholecystoduodenostomy was performed. At 25 days postsurgery the lameness had resolved and bone structure was radiographically normal. However, at six weeks postsurgery, the dog's condition deteriorated rapidly and euthanasia was finally performed at eight weeks postsurgery. At postmortem examination, Toxocara canis nematodes were found to have invaded the biliary system via the anastomosis between the gallbladder and duodenum, causing biliary and hepatic toxocariasis. The cause of the primary extrahepatic cholestasis was atresia of the common bile duct at the hepatic end. The liver tissue showed microscopic lesions of chronic extrahepatic cholestasis as well as acute inflammation associated with the nematode invasion. There was no postmortem evidence of bone lesions. Extrahepatic biliary atresia is extremely rare in animals and has not been described before in dogs. In contrast, it represents the most common cause of congenital cholestasis in children, occurring in approximately one per 10,000 to 15,000 live births.  相似文献   

4.
Extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt is a vascular anomaly that connects the portal vein to the systemic circulation and leads to a change in hepatic microvascular perfusion. However, an assessment of hepatic microvascular perfusion is limited by conventional diagnostic modalities. The aim of this prospective, exploratory study was to assess hepatic microvascular perfusion in dogs with extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt using contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using perfluorobutane (Sonazoid®). A total of 17 dogs were included, eight healthy dogs and nine with extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt. The time‐to‐peak (TTP), rising time (RT), and rising rate (RR) in the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic parenchyma, as well as the portal vein‐to‐hepatic parenchyma transit time (ΔHP‐PV) measured from time‐intensity curve on CEUS were compared between healthy and extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt dogs. The RT of the hepatic artery in extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt dogs was significantly earlier than in healthy dogs (P = 0.0153). The TTP and RT of the hepatic parenchyma were significantly earlier in extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt dogs than in healthy dogs (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.0024, respectively). ΔHP–PV was significantly shorter in extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt dogs than in healthy dogs (P = 0.0018). CEUS effectively revealed changes in hepatic microvascular perfusion including hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic parenchyma simultaneously in extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt dogs. Rapid hepatic artery and hepatic parenchyma enhancements may reflect a compensatory increase in hepatic artery blood flow (arterialization) caused by a decrease in portal vein blood flow and may be used as an additional diagnostic test to distinguish extrahepatic‐congenital portosystemic shunt dogs from healthy dogs.  相似文献   

5.
Serum ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) was evaluated on eighteen dogs. Three groups were used, the first and second ones were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) to produce acute hepatic necrosis and cirrhosis. To the third group a ductus choledochus ligation was performed to simulate extrahepatic cholestasis. Ornithine carbamyl transferase has proven its use in all phases of hepatic necrosis, but only after the fourth day in the extrahepatic cholestasis. Finally in cirrhosis, it was sometimes difficult to interpret the results.  相似文献   

6.
Summary

A total of 38 adrenocortical tumours were removed from 36 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The surgical approach was by way of a unilateral flank laparotomy (32 dogs; 14 left and 18 right), a bilateral flank laparotomy (3 dogs) or a midline celiotomy (1 dog).

Two dogs were euthanized during surgery because their tumours could not be resected. Eight dogs died from post‐operative complications. Pancreatic necrosis with peritonitis was the most common cause of death. Eight of the 26 dogs that survived had signs of recurrence of hyperadrenocorticism. Unsuppressible hyperadrenocorticism was found in four dogs; one dog had probably pre‐existent pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, and adrenocortical function could not be re‐examined in the remaining three dogs.

Among the 37 tumours examined microscopically expansion of neoplastic tissue into blood vessels was found in 22 of them. Four adrenal glands with adrenocortical tumours also contained phaeochromocytomas. Necropsy was performed in eight dogs. Metastases were found in the lungs of two dogs and in the lungs and liver in one dog.

In combination with the data of previous reports, it is suggested that histological findings in surgery specimens are not good predictors for the clinical outcome.  相似文献   

7.
Summary

A two‐year‐old male Barsoi dog was presented after a two‐week period of muscle twitching and convulsions during exercise, which worsened to a state of tetraparesis and coma. Removal of a gastric foreign body, containing aluminium, resolved the presenting signs. Parallel with this clinical recovery the elevated serum levels of aluminium decreased to values of two normal control dogs, suggesting that the neurological signs were due to A1 intoxication.  相似文献   

8.
Summary

In two dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, adrenocorticolysis with o,p'‐DDD led to the disappearance of the signs and symptoms except for the polyuria. After a modified water‐deprivation test the osmoregulation of vasopressin release was studied by hypertonic saline infusion. In both dogs the hypertonicity, thus induced, resulted in very minimal responses of the vasopressin secretion.  相似文献   

9.
ObjectivesReport the long-term outcomes following transmembrane stent placement as a therapy for Cor Triatriatum Dexter (CTD).Materials and methodsRetrospective case series including six dogs with CTD treated with transmembrane stent placement. Follow-up information was obtained including the persistence of presenting clinical signs, additional therapies required, and survival.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 24 months (range 15–76 months). Long-term outcome was deemed excellent in four dogs (67%), good/fair in one dog (17%), and poor in one dog (17%). Three dogs had persistence of clinical signs of variable severity. These three dogs were Labrador Retrievers or their crosses with varying degrees of tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD), two of which also had a right to left shunting patent foramen ovale (PFO). One of these three dogs died 23 months post-stent placement during attempted open-heart repair of the TVD and PFO. Another is alive 15 months post-operatively stable on medical therapy for right-sided congestive heart failure secondary to TVD. The final dog demonstrated improved but persistent mild exercise intolerance up to 76 months post-operatively associated with mild TVD and a concurrent PFO.ConclusionsTransmembrane stent placement for CTD is a viable long-term treatment option with improvement or resolution of clinical signs. In the presence of concurrent congenital heart disease, specifically Labradors with TVD, additional therapies may be necessary with a corresponding impact on prognosis.  相似文献   

10.
Cholestasis Associated With Extrahepatic Bacterial Infection in Five Dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with severe extrahepatic bacterial infection is well recognized in humans. A similar syndrome is not well characterized in veterinary medicine. Five dogs with severe extrahepatic bacterial infection that developed histologically confirmed intrahepatic cholestasis were selected from the authors' case files. The types of infections included pneumonia, peritonitis secondary to a rectal tear, urinary tract infection, bite wounds, and vegetative endocarditis. Escherichia coli was involved in two of the dogs, mixed infection in one dog, and a gram-positive cocci in the other two dogs. Total bilirubin concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 33.5 mg/dl. Serum liver enzyme activities showed only mild to moderate increases: alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 41-750 IU/l), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 25-235 IU/l), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, 99-255 IU/l). Fasting serum bile acids concentration was markedly elevated in the one dog in which it was measured (259 mumol/l). Histologically, the cholestasis was characterized by bile pigment accumulation in hepatocytes, canaliculi, and/or Kupffer's cells. Inflammatory parenchymal changes, when present, were minimal. The findings of hyperbilirubinemia, only a slight increase in the liver enzyme activities, and minimal inflammatory changes in liver tissue specimens in the five dogs with extrahepatic bacterial infections are similar to the findings in intrahepatic cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in humans.  相似文献   

11.
BackgroundAcute hepatopathy secondary to administration of zonisamide has been reported in 2 dogs, but overall incidence of hepatopathy is unknown.ObjectiveTo characterize the incidence of hepatopathy in dogs administered zonisamide PO.AnimalsThree hundred eighty‐four dogs administered zonisamide PO.MethodsMulticenter retrospective study. Medical records were searched for dogs prescribed zonisamide PO and which had follow‐up for at least 3 months (acute exposure) and >3 months (chronic exposure). Reported clinical signs, physical examination findings, and serum biochemical panels were reviewed for possible hepatotoxicosis. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and albumin concentration were documented for all available cases.ResultsAcute clinical hepatopathy was found in 2 of 384 treated dogs (0.52%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06‐1.9) after 13‐16 days of zonisamide treatment. One additional dog had elevated serum ALT activity with no clinical signs. Of these 3 dogs, 2 recovered after administration of zonisamide was stopped, and 1 was euthanized because of liver failure. Of the 117 cases chronically administered zonisamide, 10 had an increase in ALP, 6 had an increase in ALT, and 1 had hypoalbuminemia. No clinical signs of liver disease were noted in dogs chronically treated with zonisamide (median, 20 months; range, 5‐94 months).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAcute, potentially life‐threatening hepatopathy associated with oral administration of zonisamide to dogs is estimated to occur in less than 1% of dogs and was observed in the first 3 weeks of treatment. Subclinical abnormalities in ALT and ALP activity were noted in <10% of dogs during chronic administration of zonisamide, with no clinical signs of liver disease noted.  相似文献   

12.
ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the efficacy and benefit-risk profile of pregabalin (PGN) to reduce the clinical signs of central neuropathic pain (CNeP) as reflected by scratching episodes in dogs with symptomatic syringomyelia (SM).Study designRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.AnimalsA total of 12 client-owned Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (age, 1.1–7.4 years, bodyweight, 8.2–10.8 kg) with magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed SM and clinical signs of CNeP.MethodsDogs were randomized to either PGN 150 mg or placebo for 25 days, followed by 48 hour washout period before crossover to the alternate phase of 25 days. The primary outcome was defined as number of scratching events during 10 minutes of video-recorded physical activity. Treatment effect was estimated using a generalized estimation equation model. Benefit-risk and quality of life assessments were obtained through owner interviews focusing on potential adverse events.ResultsThe treatment effect estimate was an 84% (95% confidence interval = 75–89%) reduction in mean number of scratching events relative to baseline compared with placebo (p < 0.0001). Owner-assessed satisfactory quality of life was status quo and rated as ‘good’ or ‘could not be better’ in six/11 dogs and improved in four/11 dogs. The most prevalent adverse events were increased appetite in nine/12 dogs and transient ataxia in nine/12 dogs. There was one dog withdrawn by the owner 7 days after crossover to PGN owing to persistent ataxia. No dogs needed rescue analgesia during the trial.Conclusions and clinical relevancePGN is superior to placebo in the reduction of clinical signs of SM-related CNeP in dogs. At a dose range of 13–19 mg kg–1 orally twice daily, the encountered adverse events were acceptable to all but one owner.  相似文献   

13.
Emergency presentations of 4 dogs with suspected neurologic toxoplasmosis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Objective: To review the signalment, clinical signs, abnormal laboratory data, therapeutics, and response to therapy of dogs with clinical signs consistent with toxoplasmosis infection. Series summary: A retrospective review was performed on the records of 4 dogs presented to the Animal Emergency Center between January 1998 and February 2000 exhibiting neurologic signs and having elevated titers for Toxoplasma gondii. A tentative diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was based upon one of the following criteria: (1) a serial 4‐fold or greater change in serum T. gondii IgG titers; 2) serially decreasing serum T. gondii IgM titers with concurrent increasing serum T. gondii IgG titers; or 3) positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) T. gondii titers. In addition, inclusion of cases was limited to dogs that showed improvement of neurologic signs following treatment with antiprotozoal drugs. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole treatment was associated with successful elimination of clinical signs in all of the dogs. Two of the dogs developed side effects potentially attributed to the trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMS), and antiprotozoal treatment was continued using clindamycin. Unique information presented: Toxoplasmosis is an important differential diagnosis in any dog that presents as an emergency with central or peripheral neurologic signs. Affected dogs need not be immunocompromised for clinical signs of toxoplasmosis to occur. Appropriate treatment with TMS or clindamycin can lead to resolution of clinical signs.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) in New Zealand dogs, and to explore associations with age, sex, breed, month, and geographical region of sampling and reported presence of clinical signs suggestive of respiratory disease.

Methods: A total of 1,015 canine serum samples were randomly selected from submissions to a diagnostic laboratory between March and December 2014, and were analysed for CRCoV antibodies using a competitive ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between seroprevalence of CRCoV and breed category, age, sex, sampling month, region, and reported health status of dogs.

Results: Overall, 538/1,015 (53.0%) samples were seropositive for CRCoV, with 492/921 (53.4%) positive dogs in the North Island and 46/94 (49%) in the South Island. Age of dog, sampling month, region, and presence of abnormal respiratory signs were included in the initial logistic regression model. Seroprevalence was higher in dogs aged ≥3 compared with ≤2 years (p?<?0.01). The lowest seroprevalence was observed in July (30/105; 28.5%) and August (32/100; 32%), and the highest in June (74/100; 74%). Seroprevalence in dogs from Auckland was higher than in dogs from the Hawkes Bay, Manawatu, Marlborough, and Waikato regions (p?<?0.05). Abnormal respiratory signs (coughing, nasal discharge, or sneezing) were reported for 28/1,015 (2.8%) dogs sampled. Seroprevalence for CRCoV tended to be higher among dogs with respiratory signs (67.9 (95% CI?=?47.6–83.4)%) than dogs with no reported respiratory signs (52.6 (95% CI?=?49.5–55.7)%).

Conclusions: Serological evidence of infection with CRCoV was present in more than half of the dogs tested from throughout New Zealand. Differences in CRCoV seroprevalence between regions and lack of seasonal pattern indicate that factors other than external temperatures may be important in the epidemiology of CRCoV in New Zealand.

Clinical relevance: Our data suggest that CRCoV should be included in investigations of cases of infectious canine tracheobronchitis, particularly if these occur among dogs vaccinated with current vaccines, which do not include CRCoV antigens.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo measure subarachnoid pressures, systemic circulatory and respiratory effects, and to calculate cerebral perfusion pressure during cisternal myelography.Study designProspective clinical study.AnimalsForty‐three client owned dogs with clinical signs of spinal disease, weighing 6–56 kg.MethodsDogs were premedicated with butorphanol and diazepam intravenously (IV) and anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane vaporized in oxygen. Ventilation was spontaneous. Heart and respiratory rates, invasive mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), end tidal carbon dioxide and isoflurane concentration were measured continuously. Initial subarachnoid pressure (SaP0) was measured in the cisterna magna with a needle pressure gauge. Iohexol 0.3 mL kg?1 was injected at a rate of 4.1 mL minute?1 into the cerebellomedullary cistern. The SaP was recorded during and at 120 seconds after contrast administration. The maximum SaP (SaPmax) and minimum calculated cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPmin) were recorded for each case.ResultsPrior to contrast injection, mean ± SD, MAP was 73 ± 20 mmHg and SaP0 was 10 ± 3 mmHg. The cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was 64 ± 20 mmHg. The contrast injection increased the SaP0 to 73 ± 33 mmHg (SaPmax). After injection, MAP increased to 97 ± 25 mmHg and the CPP decreased to 14 ± 34 mmHg. A negative correlation was found between the lowest CPP and body weight (ρ = ?0.77, p < 0.0001). Nine dogs had bradycardia, apnoea and hypertension, 21 dogs had at least one of these signs. The number of clinical signs showed significant correlation with body weight (ρ = ?0.68, p < 0.0001), SaPmax (ρ = ?0.66, p < 0.0001) and CPPmin (ρ = ?0.73, p < 0.0001).Conclusions and clinical relevanceCerebral perfusion can severely decrease during cisternal myelography using the standard dose of iohexol. Bradycardia, apnoea and systemic hypertension were associated with decreased CPP.  相似文献   

16.
Objective —To evaluate lack of encephalopathy as a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs.
Study Design —Retrospective analysis of case records.
Animals —Dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from 1985 to 1996.
Methods —The ability to completely ligate the shunting vessel in 12 nonencephalopathic dogs was compared with that in 44 encephalopathic dogs with similar shunts.
Results —Clinical signs in the 12 nonencephalopathic dogs were related to ammonium biurate urolithiasis. All 12 dogs had single extrahepatic shunting vessels. The rate of complete ligation in the nonencephalopathic dogs was 92%, whereas the rate of complete ligation in the 44 encephalopathic dogs with single extrahepatic shunts was 59%. The ability to completely ligate the shunt in nonencephalopathic dogs was significantly better ( P = .04) than in the encephalopathic dogs.
Conclusion—Lack of encephalopathy is a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of single extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —In most affected dogs, extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs can be completely ligated.  相似文献   

17.

Background

Progressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a catastrophic disease associated with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Published data on the clinical characteristics of this disease are limited.

Objective

To describe the onset and progression of clinical signs of PMM in a large case cohort.

Animals

Fifty‐one dogs, 18 with histopathologically confirmed PMM, 33 presumptively diagnosed based on clinical signs and diagnostic imaging.

Methods

Retrospective study. Dogs with confirmed IVDE and either a histopathologic diagnosis of PMM or a high clinical suspicion were identified by medical record search. Data on nature and progression of signs were extracted.

Results

Twenty‐four of 51 dogs were Dachshunds. T12–T13 was the most common site of disc extrusion (12 of 56), and 18 of 55 of mid‐to‐caudal lumbar discs (between L3 and L6) were affected. Onset of PMM signs ranged from present at first evaluation (17/51) to 5 days after presentation, with 25 of 51 cases developing signs within 48 hours. Progression of signs from onset of PMM to euthanasia or death, excluding 7 cases euthanized at presentation, ranged from 1 to 13 days with 23 being euthanized within 3 days. Nonspecific systemic signs were documented in 30 of 51 dogs.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

The majority of dogs developed PMM within 2 days of presentation and was euthanized within another 3 days. However, onset can be delayed up to 5 days after presentation with progression to euthanasia taking as long as 2 weeks. Mid‐to‐caudal lumbar discs might be associated with an increased risk of PMM.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

Case history: Two dogs presented separately to the Small Animal Hospital, University of Florida (Gainsville, FL, USA) for ingestion of ibuprofen. The first dog ingested 561.8?mg/kg ibuprofen in addition to paracetamol and caffeine and vomited prior to admission. This patient also received fluid therapy for 8 hours prior to charcoal haemoperfusion. The second dog ingested 500?mg/kg of ibuprofen and the owners induced vomiting with hydrogen peroxide prior to presentation. Due to the severity of clinical signs, both patients were treated with charcoal haemoperfusion.

Clinical findings: The concentrations of ibuprofen in the blood of the dogs prior to treatment were 478 and 301?mg/L. During the treatment ibuprofen concentrations were reduced by 95.8% and 45.5%, respectively, with no treatment side effects and minimal clinical signs after treatment.

Diagnosis: Toxicity due to ingestion of ibuprofen toxicity that was successfully treated with charcoal haemoperfusion.

Clinical relevance: In the cases described here minimal benefit was seen after 3 hours of treatment using one haemoperfusion cartridge. This is in contrast to a previously published report in which dogs were treated for 6 hours with two charcoal haemoperfusion cartridges. This suggests that one cartridge may be sufficient. The amount of ibuprofen ingested was not a reliable predictor of the concentration in blood at the initiation of treatment. Charcoal haemoperfusion is an effective means of reducing plasma concentrations of ibuprofen, however, its use may be limited by its cost and availability.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Aims: To evaluate the outcome of surgical management of entropion of the upper and lower eyelids in Shar Pei dogs which had previously undergone temporary palpebral tacking, using the Stades forced granulation procedure of the upper eyelid only.

Methods: Medical records were retrospectively searched to identify Shar Pei dogs referred for bilateral entropion of both the lower and upper eyelids, and that were treated with the forced granulation procedure of the upper eyelid only. Dogs were included if they had previously undergone unsuccessful temporary palpebral tacking and had at least three follow-up examinations in the 30 days following surgery.

Results: Twenty-seven Shar Pei dogs with a median age of 7.9 (min 4, max 24) months were included in the study. Before surgery, all dogs showed signs of severe ocular discomfort with bilateral keratitis and visual deficit due to blepharospasm, enophthalmos and protrusion of the third eyelid. In 13/54 eyes, keratitis was associated with a corneal ulcer. When re-examined 4 weeks after surgery, correction of the upper eyelid entropion and associated trichiasis resolved ocular signs in 50/54 eyes. Mild bilateral lower entropion remained in two dogs postoperatively, which underwent revision surgery with the Hotz-Celsus technique. There were no cases of long-term recurrence of entropion or ocular irritation in the 38 eyes (19 dogs) which were re-examined 1 year after surgery.

Conclusion and clinical relevance: The forced granulation procedure performed on the upper eyelid only was effective for correction of entropion in the Shar Pei dogs included in this study. In our experience, it is preferable to operate on the upper eyelid alone, rather than attempting to correct upper and lower entropion during the same surgical operation. The dog can then be reassessed a few weeks later to determine whether the lower entropion is anatomical or secondary to the severe blepharospasm resulting from the painful ocular irritation.  相似文献   

20.
The clinical usefulness of measuring serum bile acid concentrations as a diagnostic test for hepatobiliary disease, was examined in 150 dogs that were suspected of having hepatic disease. Serum values of total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and albumin were also measured. Fasting serum bile acid (FSBA) values were determined, using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for total conjugated bile acids or a direct enzymatic spectrophotometric method. A definitive diagnosis was established by histologic examination of the liver. On the basis of histologic findings, dogs were assigned to groups (1 to 8, respectively) including: extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cirrhosis, portal systemic vascular anastomosis (PSVA), hepatic necrosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, neoplasia, and secondary disease. Dogs in group 8 had no morphologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease or had mild hepatic lesions. Test efficacies of FSBA, TB, ALP, ALT, and albumin were expressed using 4 indices: sensitivity, specificity, and positive-predictive and negative-predictive values. The diagnostic efficacy of FSBA was examined alone and in combinations with the other tests. There was wide overlapping of FSBA values among dogs in groups 1 to 7, and there was wide overlapping of ALT and ALP values among dogs in all groups. The specificity of FSBA for the diagnosis of liver disease exceeded 90% at values greater than or equal to 30 mumol/L and reached 100% at greater than or equal to 50 mumol/L. Individual liver tests with the best sensitivity for each group were:FSBA and ALP for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction; FSBA for cirrhosis and PSVA; ALT for hepatic necrosis; and ALP for intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, and neoplasia. Combinations of tests with the best sensitivity for each group were: FSBA + ALP for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction; FSBA + ALT for cirrhosis and PSVA; FSBA + ALT and TB + ALT for hepatic necrosis; and FSBA + ALP for intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, and neoplasia. Individual tests had the best sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

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