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微波辅助提取柚皮精油的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
进行了微波辅助提取柚皮精油的实验。结果表明,石油醚是微波辅助提取柚皮精油的最佳溶剂,液料质量比、物料含水率、粒度、微波功率等因素对微波辅助提取柚皮精油有较大影响。通过实验得到了柚皮精油提取的最佳工艺条件：物料粒度60目,物料含水率7．4％,总液料质量比14：1,微波功率300w,提取两次,每次微波辐射时间3min。提取液进行真空浓缩至不再有溶剂蒸出,得精油粗产品。往精油粗产品中加入乙醇溶解,放入～15℃冰箱中冷冻48h,离心分离去除树脂状物质,过滤,滤液进行真空浓缩后,即得精油,产率约2．09％,精油纯度99．0％。与传统的直接加热提取法相比,微波辅助提取法所用时间仅为直接加热提取法的1／20。 相似文献
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微波法提取木材中的阿拉伯半乳聚糖 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
以兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr．)木材的加工剩余物为原料,利用微波效应,以水为溶剂来提取其中的阿拉伯半乳聚糖。通过实验设计考察了微波提取的条件即微波功率、作用时间、木粉粒度、料液比等因素对提取物产率的影响,从而确定较佳的提取工艺：微波功率为490w,作用时间为25min,料液比为l：35,木粉粒度为0．20—0．30min。微波提取法提取物产率可以达到17．47％。并在此基础上将微波提取方法与传统提取方法进行分析比较得出：微波提取法的提取率比传统水浴提取法的提取率高出1．6％,在所用时间上仅用了l／12,同时利用红外光谱对提取物进行了分析。 相似文献
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对不同表面活性剂协同芦丁提取的效果进行了比较．筛选出对芦丁提取具有较好协同作用的表面活性剂——吐温20(Tween 20)。通过试验，得到了Tween 20协同提取芦丁的最佳工艺条件,提取两次，每次槐米与水、硼砂及Tween 20的质量比为100：700：0．75：0．5．在60℃下提取30min。合并提取液，用盐酸调pH值至2～3，静置40min，分离出沉淀物，干燥，即得芦丁．产率为17．5％．纯度为92．5％。与传统碱水提取法相比，Tween 20协同芦丁提取法能缩短提取时间和沉淀时间并提高芦丁产率。 相似文献
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进行了微波辅助提取香附精油的研究。应用单因素试验和正交试验,考察了提取剂类型、微波功率、微波辐射时间、液料质量比、液料湿度和物料粒度对提取效果的影响,得到了微波辅助提取香附精油的最佳条件:以环己烷为溶剂,物料粒度0.28 mm,微波功率450 W,提取两次,每次90 s,每次用液料质量比为6∶1。提取液进行真空浓缩至不再有溶剂蒸出,得精油粗产品。往精油粗产品中加入乙醇溶解,放入-15℃冰箱中冷冻48 h,离心分离去除树脂状物质,过滤,滤液进行真空浓缩后,即得香附精油,产率约1.24%,纯度97.3%。 相似文献
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油茶籽多酚微波辅助提取响应面法的优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
多酚是油茶籽中重要的活性成分。研究其组成、提取工艺和活性,对于优质茶油的生产具有重要意义。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法就微波辅助提取油茶籽多酚进行了优化试验,优化了提取工艺参数。结果表明:微波功率、微波提取时间、料液比这3个因素对油茶籽多酚提取效果的影响均达到了显著水平;微波功率与微波提取时间、微波功率与料液比、微波提取时间与料液比之间的交互作用显著。利用DesignExpert7.1软件分析得出的油茶籽微波提取的最佳工艺参数为:微波功率,800W;提取时间,35s;料液比为1︰16。在此条件下,用回归模型预测的油茶籽多酚的提取量为19.60mg·g-1,实际测得值为19.02mg·g-1,相对误差为3%。与传统溶剂提取法相比,微波提取法具有时间短、效果好的特点。 相似文献
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比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响。热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件：70％的乙醇（体积分数，下同）提取1．5h，提取温度30℃，料液比1：25（g：mL，下同），产品的色价为66．45。超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件：80％的乙醇提取20min，料液比1：20，产品的色价为87．77。微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件：提取功率800W，用50％乙醇提取30min，提取温度50℃，料液比1：5，色价为64．14。结果表明：热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同，超声波提取的效果最好。 相似文献
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以兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr．)木材的加工剩余物为原料．以水为溶剂，微波辅助提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖。通过对影响提取率的主要因素微波作用时间、做波功率、料液比和木粉粒度等进行正交试验．分析得出微波辅助提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖的较佳工艺参数为10．0g兴安落叶松木粉。微波功率210W。微波作用时间35min。料液质量比1：35．木粉粒度0．2～0．3mm时．阿拉伯半乳聚糖提取率17．47％。比传统水浴浸提法高1．6％，时间仅为原来的1/10。用红外和紫外光谱分析两种方法所得产物的化学结构相同。微波辅助提取的粗糖中杂质含量比传统水浴法低。实验结果表明．对于兴安落叶松木材中阿拉伯半乳聚糖的提取．微波辅助提取优于传统水浴浸提法。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献