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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine distribution of catecholaminergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in canine tracheas by use of immunohistochemistry. SAMPLE POPULATION: 10 tracheas collected from healthy adult dogs after euthanasia. PROCEDURE: Structure of the nerve network and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and 6 types of neuropeptide-containing nerves in canine tracheas were immunohistochemically studied, using neurochemical markers. RESULTS: Intraepithelial free nerve endings with immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) were observed.Tyrosine hydroxylase-, SP-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed within and around the submucosal seromucous gland. In the smooth muscle layer, numerous TH- and GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers, a moderate number of VIP- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibers, and a few SP- and methionine enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed. Numerous nerve cell bodies with VIP and GAL immunoreactivity and a few with SP ENK, and NPY immunoreactivity were observed. Many TH-immunoreactive fibers were arranged in a meshwork around blood vessels. Nerves with CGRP-, SP-, VIP-, GAL-, ENK-, and NPY-immunoreactivity were also observed around blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Complex innervation, including catecholamine- and neuropeptide-containing nerves, which may be related to regulation of muscle contraction and glandular secretion, are found in canine tracheas.  相似文献   

2.
The superficial gland of the third eyelid (SGTE) and deep gland of the third eyelid (DGTE) are classified as accessory lacrimal glands. The aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically investigate the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), substance P (SP), galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the porcine SGTE and DGTE. We demonstrated the distribution patterns of VIP, DβH, SP, NPY and galanin in the nerve fibres in the SGTE and DGTE. None of somatostatin-, PACAP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the SGTE and DGTE. The majority of VIP- and DβH-IR nerves fibres were found near to glandular acini, tubules, secretory ducts and blood vessels in the SGTE and DGTE. VIP-IR nerve fibres were found in external connective tissue in SGTE and DGTE and only in interlobular connective tissue in the SGTE. DβH-IR nerve fibres were found in interlobular and external connective tissue in the DGTE but not in the SGTE. Single galanin-, SP- and NPY-IR nerve fibres were observed in close proximity to acini and tubules in the SGTE and DGTE. Single galanin-, SP-, NPY-IR nerve fibres were found in close proximity to the secretory ducts in the DGTE, however only SP-IR nerve fibres were found near to the secretory ducts in SGTE. In conclusion, our research aims to highlight some aspects of SGTE and DGTE innervation in pigs and may also be a source of basic knowledge for further studies.  相似文献   

3.
Combined retrograde tracing (using fluorescent tracer Fast blue) and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to study the distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons projecting to the trapezius muscle in mature male rats (n = 9). As revealed by retrograde tracing, Fast blue-positive (FB+) neurons were located within the ambiguous nucleus and accessory nucleus of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all the neurons were cholinergic in nature [choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive]. Retrogradely labelled neurons displayed also immunoreactivities to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; approximately 60% of FB+ neurons), nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 50%), substance P (SP; 35%), Leu5-Enkephalin (LEnk; 10%) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; 5%). The analysis of double-stained tissue sections revealed that all CGRP-, VIP- and LEnk-immunoreactive FB+ perikarya were simultaneously ChAT-positive. The vast majority of the neurons expressing SP- or NOS-immunoreactivity were also cholinergic in nature; however, solitary somata were ChAT-negative. FB+ perikarya were surrounded by numerous varicose nerve fibres (often forming basket-like structures) immunoreactive to LEnk or SP. They were also associated with some CGRP-, NOS- and neuropeptide Y-positive nerve terminals.  相似文献   

4.
The occurrence and density of distribution of nerves and endocrine cells that are immunoreactive for neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas were studied by immunohistochemistry. The six neuropeptides localized were galanin (GAL), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin (MENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The exocrine pancreas was shown to have an appreciable number of GAL- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres but few fibres showing immunoreactivity for VIP and CGRP. Numerous MENK-, GAL-, SP-, and NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Nerve cell bodies in the intrapancreatic ganglia showed immunoreactivity for all of the neuropeptides except CGRP. Endocrine cells showing immunoreactivity for GAL and SP were observed in the large islets and islets of Langerhans, respectively. The present results indicate a characteristic distribution of neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas, which may regulate both exocrine and endocrine secretions of pancreas.  相似文献   

5.
In numerous mammals, nitric oxide (NO) influences the activity of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In this study, immunocytochemistry was utilized to investigate the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the pancreas of sheep. In double immunocytochemical staining, the co-localization of nNOS with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) or substance P (SP) was studied. The presence of nNOS was confined to the intrapancreatic neurones (9.6 +/- 1.3%) as well as to nerve fibres of the endocrine pancreas and intrapancreatic ganglia. nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurones were round and oval in shape and predominantly (83.3 +/- 2.6%) belonged to the middle-size group (25-50 mum). Numerous, fine islets supplying nNOS-IR nerve terminals were devoid of VIP, SP or NPY. Moderately numerous, non-varicose nNOS-IR nerve fibres of intrapancreatic ganglia frequently expressed VIP or NPY, but not SP; 2.2 +/- 0.6% of nNOS-IR intrapancreatic neurones displayed lack of VIP, whereas 7.5 +/- 0.8% were VIP-IR. All nNOS-IR neurones were devoid of SP. The frequencies of nNOS-IR/NPY-IR and nNOS-IR/NPY-negative intrapancreatic neurones were 2.2 +/- 0.4% and 6.1 +/- 1.1%, respectively. Comparison with other mammals indicated that nitrergic innervation of the ovine pancreas is species-determined and may be a reflection of the ruminants' digestion specificity. The possible origin of nNOS-IR nerve fibres and functional significance of NO in the pancreas of sheep were discussed.  相似文献   

6.
The present study was aimed at disclosing the chemical coding of nerve structures in the porcine ciliary ganglion (CG) using immunohistochemical methods. The substances under investigation included markers of "classical" neurotransmitters, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) as well as neuropeptides, somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Immunoreactivity to ChAT and VAChT was found virtually in all the neuronal somata and in numerous intraganglionic, varicose nerve fibres which often formed basket-like formations around the nerve cell bodies. Many CG neurons contained immunoreactivity for SOM (46%) or GAL (29%). Interestingly, a small number (approx. 1%) of the cholinergic somata stained for TH but not for DbetaH; nevertheless, some extra- and intraganglionic nerve fibres displayed immunoreactivity for DbetaH or TH. The CG perikarya stained neither for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) nor for neuropeptide Y (NPY), but some NPY- or VIP-positive nerve terminals were observed within nerve bundles distributed outside the ganglion. SP- and CGRP-immunoreactivity was found in some intraganglionic nerve fibres only. The present study revealed that the porcine CG consists of cholinergic neurons many of which contain SOM and GAL. Thus, it can be assumed that in the pig, these neuropeptides are involved, complementary to acetylocholine, in the parasympathetic postganglionic nerve pathway to structures of the eye including the ciliary and iris sphincter muscles.  相似文献   

7.
The autonomic innervation of the mammalian respiratory system is complex, and involves a wide variety of peptide and non-peptide neurotransmitters which will have an important role in normal laryngeal function and the response to disease. This innervation has been partially described in the horse airway and lung, but there is no information on the equine larynx. This paper describes the expression and distribution of nerve fibres immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and the adrenergic enzymatic marker dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBetaH) in the mucosa of the equine larynx. The overall relative density of nerve fibres immunoreactive for the different antigens was VIP>CGRP>SP>DBetaH. There were differences in the distribution of nerve fibre types, although each antigen was found in nerve fibres adjacent to blood vessels and mucous glands. VIP -like immunoreactivity (VIP -Li) was particularly extensive in association with mucous glands. SP - and CGRP -like immunoreactivity (SP -Li, CGRP -Li) were also seen close to the epithelium, with occasional nerve fibres coursing beneath and between the epithelial cells. Fragments of SP -Li and CGRP -Li fibres were also present in large nerve fibre bundles and ganglionic cell clusters, but not in the neurons themselves. The density of nerve fibres immunoreactive for DBetaH was very low and restricted to blood vessels and mucous glands. There was marked variation in the density of nerve fibres at the different sites, with the greatest density, particularly for VIP, over the arytenoid cartilage. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were less plentiful over the epiglottis, and the density of all types of nerve fibres was low over the cricoid cartilage. Overall VIP -Li nerve fibres were the most plentiful.  相似文献   

8.
The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI were demonstrated in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were associated with small blood vessels in the submucosa of all the regions tested. Ramified nerve fibres in the submucosa immunoreactive to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI extended to the mucosa and to small blood vessels in the submucosa. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP and PHI extended to the circular smooth muscle layer of the ileocaecal junction.  相似文献   

9.
The presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was studied in neurons and nerve fibers of the porcine otic ganglion. ChAT-positive neurons were very numerous while VAChT-positive nerve cells were moderate in number. The number of neurons containing NPY and VIP was lower and those containing SOM, GAL, SP or CGRP were observed as scarce, or single nerve cells. The above mentioned substances (except SOM) were present in nerve fibers of the ganglion. ChAT- and VAChT-positive nerve fibers were numerous, while the number of nerve terminals containing NPY, VIP and SP was lower. GAL- and CGRP-positive nerve fibers were scarce.  相似文献   

10.
Immunohistochemistry was applied to determine the distribution patterns of nerve fibres containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the prostate, seminal vesicle (SV) and bulbourethral glands (BU) of male sheep. In all organs studied, cholinergic innervation was more developed than noradrenergic innervation. Numerous VAChT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the muscular layer and mucosa of the SV and BU as well as in the prostate. A similar abundance of noradrenergic nerve fibres (showing immunoreactivity both to TH and DbetaH) was also found in both layers of the SV and BU (but not in the prostate). In the prostate a moderate density of VIP-IR nerve fibres was present but only very scarce NPY-IR nerve fibres were shown. All the studied accessory sexual glands (ASG) of male sheep contained VIP-IR nerve fibres in a similar frequency. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that the vast majority of noradrenergic nerve fibres also contained NPY. None of the noradrenergic nerve fibres showed the presence of VAChT or VIP. The possible functional significance of these findings is discussed.  相似文献   

11.
This study was performed to investigate the neurochemical characteristics of the vagal ganglia of the goat by immunohistochemical methods using calbindin D-28k (CB), calretinin (CR). parvalbumin (PA), substance P (SP). calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) and galanin (GAL) antibodies. In the proximal vagal ganglia (jugular ganglia), CGRP- (57.1%), SP- (48.2%), GAL- (8.6%), PA- (8.7%), CB- (8.5%) and CR-like (5.3%) immunoreactive cells were observed. In the distal vagal ganglia (nodose ganglia), CGRP- (40.5%), SP- (30.20%), CB- (22.0%) and CR-like (18.10%) immunoreactive cells were present. The double immunohistochemical study showed, that in the proximal vagal ganglia, CGRP immunoreactivity was co-localized in SP- (84.8%), GAL-(100%), CB- (5.6%) and CR- (5.7%) immunoreactive cells: SP immunoreactivity was co-localized in the CGRP- (80.0%), GAL- (100%). CB- (5.3%) and CR- (5.6%) immunoreactive cells; GAL immunoreactivity coexisted in the CGRP- (4.4%) and SP- (19.8%) immunoreactive cells, but not in calcium-binding proteins (CBP)-immunoreactive cells; PA immunoreactivity was absent in the CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive cells; CB and CR immunoreactivities were seen in the CGRP-(0.8%) and SP-immunoreactive (0.9%) cells. On the other hand, in the distal vagal ganglia, CGRP immunoreactivity appeared in SP- (66.6%), CB- (1.0%) and CR- (1.2%) immunoreactive cells; SP immunoreactivities were observed in the CGRP- (44.1%), CB- (1.0%) and CR- (1.2%) immunoreactive cells; CB immunoreactivities were present in the CGRP- (0.5%) and SP- (0.8%) immunoreactive cells; CR immunoreactivities were contained in the CGRP- (0.5%) and SP- (0.8%) immunoreactive cells. These findings indicate that the goat is distinct from other mammalian species in the distribution and localization of neurochemical substances in the vagal ganglia. and suggest that these differences may be related to physiological characteristics, particular those of the ruminant digestive system.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosa of horses. ANIMALS: 6 horses without evidence of nasal disease. PROCEDURE: Full-thickness nasal tissue specimens were obtained from the rostral portion of the nasal septum at necropsy, and fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed to assess mucosal distribution of nerve fibers. RESULTS: Nerve fibers with CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-Li) formed a dense subepithelial network, and a large number of fibers were found coursing between epithelial cells. Fibers with CGRP-Li were also associated with blood vessels and mucous glands. Fibers with SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-Li) had a similar distribution and density. In contrast, there were few fibers with VIP-like immunoreactivity. Fibers containing intermediate neurofilaments were prominent and appeared as large nerve fiber bundles mainly adjacent to the nasal septum but also close to mucous glands and within the lamina propria. Intermediate neurofilaments were also identified in single nerve fibers at all sites, but the density of fibers with intermediate neurofilaments did not match that of fibers with CGRP- or SP-Li. CONCLUSIONS: The density and distribution of nerve fibers containing SP- or CGRP-Li in nasal mucosa of horses was similar to that reported for other species. However, expression of VIP in nerve fibers was low. Antibodies against intermediate neurofilaments identified many nerve fibers in nasal mucosa of horses but did not appear to identify small diameter fibers expressing SP or VIP.  相似文献   

14.
In the present study, both the ELISA test and immunohistochemical staining were used to investigate the influence of artificially induced ileitis on the chemical coding of enteric neurons in the pig. The ileum wall in experimental (E) pigs was injected in multiple sites with 4% paraformaldehyde to induce inflammation, while in the control (C) animals, the organ was injected with 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Three days after ileitis induction, samples of ileum wall from all the animals were evaluated for VIP, SP, CGRP, NPY, GAL and SOM concentration (ELISA test) and the expression of these biologically active substances by the enteric neurons (immunohistochemical staining). Quantitative results showed that ileitis decreased tissue concentration of VIP, CGRP and SOM but increased tissue concentration of SP, NPY and GAL. Immunochemistry revealed that in both the experimental and control pigs, VIP-positive (VIP+) nerve fibers supplied mainly ileal blood vessels, and the labeled pericarya were located in the inner (ISP) and outer submucous plexus (OSP). SP+ and CGRP+ nerve terminals were found in both the mucous and muscular membrane, while the labeled pericarya were found in ISP, OSP and myenteric plexus (MP). In both C and E pigs, the very few nerve terminals containing NPY and SOM were located mainly in the mucous membrane. NPY- or/and SOM-immunopositive nerve cell bodies were found in ISP, OSP and MP. GAL+ nerve fibers supplied all layers of the ileum and were most numerous in the muscular membrane, while the labeled pericarya were present in all the enteric plexuses. The present results suggest that enteric neurons are highly plastic in their response to inflammation.  相似文献   

15.
Botulinum toxin (BTX) belongs to a family of neurotoxins which strongly influence the function of autonomic neurons supplying the urinary bladder. Accordingly, BTX has been used as an effective drug in experimental therapies of a range of neurogenic bladder disorders. However, there is no detailed information dealing with the influence of BTX on the morphological and chemical properties of nerve fibres supplying the urinary bladder wall. Therefore, the present study investigated, using double-labeling immunohistochemistry, the distribution, relative frequency and chemical coding of cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve fibers supplying the wall of the urinary bladder in normal female pigs (n = 6) and in the pigs (n = 6) after intravesical BTX injections. In the pigs injected with BTX, the number of adrenergic (DbetaH-positive) nerve fibers distributed in the bladder wall (urothelium, submucosa and muscle coat) was distinctly higher while the number of cholinergic (VAChT-positive) nerve terminals was lower than that found in the control animals. Moreover, the injections of BTX resulted in some changes dealing with the chemical coding of the adrenergic nerve fibers. In contrast to the normal pigs, in BTX injected animals the number of DbetaH/NPY- or DbetaH/CGRP-positive axons was higher in the muscle coat, and some fibres distributed in the urothelium and submucosa expressed immunoreactivity to CGRP. The results obtained suggest that the therapeutic effects of BTX on the urinary bladder might be dependent on changes in the distribution and chemical coding of nerve fibers supplying this organ.  相似文献   

16.
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was inoculated intraocularly into BALB/c mice, and the distribution pattern of cells positive for several neurotransmitters and viral antigens in the eyeball, trigeminal nerve ganglia, and superior cervical ganglia was examined immunohistochemically to clarify the neural route of the virus spread. In the eyeball, substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive cells were detected in the ipsilateral iris and ciliary body, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-positive cells were detected in the choloid membrane, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells were detected in the ipsilateral inner nuclear layer of the retina; all these cells contained viral antigens. In the superior cervical ganglia, viral antigen-positive cells containing TH or NPY were found at bilateral sites. In the trigeminal nerve ganglia, viral antigen-positive cells containing SP or CGRP were found at bilateral sites. These findings indicated that the SP- and CGRP-positive ganglion cells of the trigeminal nerve ganglia innervating the iris or ciliary body, and the NPY-positive ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglia innervating the iris, ciliary body, and choroid membrane served as the route for the virus spread. These findings also suggested that dopaminergic neurons, such as the TH-positive retinal cells and TH-positive ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglia, served as the route for virus spread.  相似文献   

17.
The pattern of cerebrovascular substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive (IR) innervation was investigated in the quail. SP- and CGRP-IR nerves were relatively a few in the rostral part of the anterior circulation, and very scanty or lacking in its caudal part and the whole of the posterior circulation. A significant finding was that the anterior circulation in the majority of individuals is furnished with a varying proportion of SP-IR nerves with or without CGRP immunoreactivity. There was a good correlation in the expression of CGRP immunoreactivity between SP-IR cells in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion and SP-IR nerves supplying the major cerebral arteries. In the quail, SP- and CGRP-IR fiber bundles are usually present in the internal ethmoidal artery (IEA). From these and other findings, it is most probable that cerebral perivascular SP- and CGRP-IR nerves are mainly derived from the same categories of neurons in the primary sensory ganglion via the IEA. The close association of varicose SP-IR axons to the nerve cells in the pial arteries suggests that these intrinsic neurons may play some vasocontrolling roles through the modulatory effect of their pericellular SP-IR axons.  相似文献   

18.
The present study was designed to investigate the expression of biologically active substances by intramural neurons supplying the stomach in normal (control) pigs and in pigs suffering from dysentery. Eight juvenile female pigs were used. Both dysenteric (n = 4; inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) and control (n = 4) animals were deeply anaesthetized, transcardially perfused with buffered paraformalehyde, and tissue samples comprising all layers of the wall of the ventricular fundus were collected. The cryostat sections were processed for double-labelling immunofluorescence to study the distribution of the intramural nerve structures (visualized with antibodies against protein gene-product 9.5) and their chemical coding using antibodies against vesicular acetylcholine (ACh) transporter (VAChT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), Leu(5)-enkephalin (LENK), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In both inner and outer submucosal plexuses of the control pigs, the majority of neurons were SP (55% and 58%, respectively)- or VAChT (54%)-positive. Many neurons stained also for CGRP (43 and 45%) or GAL (20% and 18%) and solitary perikarya were NOS-, SOM- or VIP-positive. The myenteric plexus neurons stained for NOS (20%), VAChT (15%), GAL (10%), VIP (7%), SP (6%) or CGRP (solitary neurons), but they were SOM-negative. No intramural neurons immunoreactive to LENK were found. The most remarkable difference in the chemical coding of enteric neurons between the control and dysenteric pigs was a very increased number of GAL- and VAChT-positive nerve cells (up to 61% and 85%, respectively) in submucosal plexuses of the infected animals. The present results suggest that GAL and ACh have a specific role in local neural circuits of the inflamed porcine stomach in the course of swine dysentery.  相似文献   

19.
The pig has been widely used as a model in cardiovascular research. A unique feature of the porcine extrinsic sympathetic cardiac nerves is that they arise from intermediate ganglia in the thoracic cavity. The localization and pattern of distribution of nerve cell bodies and fibers containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), methionine-enkephalin (MET) as well as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) was studied with immunohistochemistry. Almost all the neurons showed immunoreactivity to TH. Immunoreactivity to NPY, VIP, SOM, GAL, MET and PACAP was displayed by nerve cell bodies while nerve fibers exhibited immunoreactivity to all the neuropeptides studied. Therefore, it seems that the chemical coding of neurons and especially nerve fibers in the porcine intermediate ganglion share general similarities (with certain neurochemical variability), with porcine prevertebral ganglia (e.g., celiacomesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia).  相似文献   

20.
To discuss the significance of laryngeal sensation on various disorders of the horse, we studied the morphological and topographical characteristics of sensory structures in the laryngeal mucosa using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. Various sensory structures, i.e. glomerular endings, taste buds and intraepithelial free nerve endings, were found in the laryngeal mucosa by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and neurofilament 200kD (NF200). Glomerular nerve endings were distributed mainly in the epiglottic mucosa; some endings were also found in the arytenoid region arising from thick nerve fibres running through the subepithelial connective tissue. Some terminals directly contacted the epithelial cells. Taste buds were distributed in the epithelium of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold. In the whole mount preparation, the taste buds were supplied by the terminal branching of the thick nerve fibres. In some cases, the taste buds were arranged around the opening of the duct of the epiglottic glands. The intraepithelial free nerve endings were found to be immunoreactive for substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These nerve endings were surrounded by the polygonal stratified epithelial cells in the supraglottic region, and by the ciliated cells in the subglottic region. The density of the intraepithelial free nerve endings was highest in the corniculate process of the arytenoid region and lowest in the vocal cord mucosa. The densities of CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve endings in the arytenoid region were (mean +/- s.d.) 30.6+/-12.0 and 10.0+/-4.9 per unit epithelial length (1 mm), respectively and in the vocal fold mucosa, 1.1+/-0.9 and 0.8+/-0.7, respectively. Approximately one half of the CGRP immunoreactive nerve endings were immunoreactive for SP, and most SP-immunoreactive nerve endings were also immunoreactive for CGRP. Well-developed subepithelial plexus with numerous intraepithelial fibres were observed in flat or round mucosal projections that existed on the corniculate process of the arytenoid region. In conclusion, the laryngeal mucosa of the horse seems to have morphology- and/or location-dependent sensory mechanisms against various endo-and exogenious stimuli.  相似文献   

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