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1.
In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.  相似文献   

2.
Non-cereal plant foods in the Western Sahel of Africa contribute significantly to the diets of local residents, especially during periods of grain shortages. In this paper, we analyze four such plant foods including diyan kwakwa (nut of coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L.), muricin giginya (young shoot of Borassus aethiopum), tsamiya biri (fruit of the tree, Tamarindus indica), and yari (a mixture of lichens, mainly Rimelia reticulate) that grows on ebony trees (Diospyros mespiliformis). They were analyzed for their content of amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals. Although diyan kwakwa contained the highest protein content (27.1%), its protein quality fell below the WHO standard in 3 of 8 essential amino acid categories. Yari and muricin giginya contained moderate levels of good quality protein. Only diyan kwakwa contained calorically significant amount of total fatty acid (24.7%); however, none of the plants contained useful amounts of the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid, or α-linolenic acid. All four plants contained useful amounts of zinc (> 12 μg/g dry weight), while yari contained the most calcium (14.7 mg/g dry weight) and iron (1.41 mg/g), and diyan kwakwa the most copper. All the four plant foods contained lesser amounts of magnesium, molybdenum, or selenium. These data indicate that the four plants contain useful amounts of various essential nutrients that could supplement the diets of populations inhabiting the Western Sahel.  相似文献   

3.
Dried seeds and nuts are widely consumed by indigenous populations of the western Sahel, especially those who inhabit rural areas. In light of the need for quantitative information regarding the content of particular nutrients in these plant foods, we collected dried pumpkin (Cucurbita spp) seeds and nuts of Cyperus esculentus in the Republic of Niger and analyzed them for their content of essential amino acids, minerals and trace elements, and fatty acids.On a dry weight basis, pumpkin seed contained 58.8% protein and 29.8% fat. However, the lysine score of the protein was only 65% relative to the FAO/WHO protein standard. The pumpkin seed contained useful amounts of linoleic (92 μg/g dry weight) and the following elements (on a μg per g dry weight basis): potassium (5,790), magnesium (5,690), manganese (49.3), zinc (113), selenium (1.29), copper (15.4), chromium (2.84), and molybdenum (0.81), but low amounts of calcium and iron. Except for potassium (5,573 μg/g dry weight) and chromium (2.88 μg/g dry weight), the C. esculentis nuts contained much less of these same nutrients compared to pumpkin seeds.In conclusion, pumpkin seeds represent a useful source of many nutrients essential to humans. The data in this report should of practical value to public health officials in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.  相似文献   

4.
Dried seeds and nuts are widely consumed by indigenous populations of the western Sahel, especially those who inhabit rural areas. In light of the need for quantitative information regarding the content of particular nutrients in these plant foods, we collected dried pumpkin (Cucurbita spp) seeds and nuts of Cyperus esculentus in the Republic of Niger and analyzed them for their content of essential amino acids, minerals and trace elements, and fatty acids.On a dry weight basis, pumpkin seed contained 58.8% protein and 29.8% fat. However, the lysine score of the protein was only 65% relative to the FAO/WHO protein standard. The pumpkin seed contained useful amounts of linoleic (92 microg/g dry weight) and the following elements (on a microg per g dry weight basis): potassium (5,790), magnesium (5,690), manganese (49.3), zinc (113), selenium (1.29), copper (15.4), chromium (2.84), and molybdenum (0.81), but low amounts of calcium and iron. Except for potassium (5,573 microg/g dry weight) and chromium (2.88 microg/g dry weight), the C. esculentis nuts contained much less of these same nutrients compared to pumpkin seeds. In conclusion, pumpkin seeds represent a useful source of many nutrients essential to humans. The data in this report should of practical value to public health officials in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.  相似文献   

5.
Seeds of two coastal sand dune wild legumes, Canavalia cathartica and Canavalia maritima from the west coast of India were analyzed for their nutritional and antinutritional properties. The seeds contained 35.5 and 34.1% crude protein, 52.8 and 50.5% crude carbohydrates, 1.3 and 1.7% crude lipids and 3.1 and 3.5% ash content, respectively. Among the minerals, potassium was the highest followed by phosphorus. Globulins and albumins constituted the major seed proteins of both plants. Most of the essential amino acids were at adequate levels. Although the crude lipids were below 2%, the unsaturated fatty acids were high. Seeds did not contain tannins and trypsin inhibitors. The levels of total phenolics were low, but showed high hemagglutination activity. The nutritional properties of these seeds have been compared with other Canavalia spp. and wild unconventional or tribal legumes. Overall, the study results suggest that the seeds of C. cathartica and C. maritima possess potential nutritive value particularly higher protein, essential amino acids and low levels of antinutritional factors. These wild legumes are adapted to low nutrient, high saline and drought conditions of the coastal sand dunes; their conservation and domestication are warranted as potential alternative sources of protein.  相似文献   

6.
分析测定了辣木嫩叶、成熟叶、老叶、种子及花中的氨基酸含量,通过必需氨基酸组成、氨基酸评分、必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数及氨基酸比值系数分等5个指标对构成辣木蛋白质的氨基酸进行评价。结果表明:Glu、Asp、Lys、Leu和Arg等含量丰富,尤其是种子中的精氨酸含量分别比花生、大豆中高22.48%、40.73%。辣木嫩叶、成熟叶的氨基酸总含量及必需氨基酸含量分别极显著(p0.01)、显著(p0.05)高于老叶、种子及花,且均高于花生。辣木嫩叶、成熟叶、老叶、花在必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总含量的比例上高于花生,且高于大豆。辣木叶、花的必需氨基酸组成中有5个项目分别高于花生、大豆、FAO/WHO模式、美国模式,辣木叶的必需氨基酸组成中有4个项目还高于鸡蛋模式。辣木叶、花中的第一限制氨基酸为Met+Cys,种子中为Lys。辣木嫩叶、成熟叶中必需氨基酸的数量充足、比例适宜,必需氨基酸组成比花生、大豆与鸡蛋中的必需氨基酸组成具有更高的拟合程度。  相似文献   

7.
Proximate composition and mineral content of raw and cooked leaves of two edible tree spinach species (Cnidoscolus chayamansa and C. aconitifolius), known locally as chaya, were determined and compared with that of a traditional green vegetable, spinach (Spinicia oleraceae). Results of the study indicated that the edible leafy parts of the two chaya species contained significantly (p<0.05) greater amounts of crude protein, crude fiber, Ca, K, Fe, ascorbic acid and -carotene than the spinach leaf. However, no significant (p>0.05) differences were found in nutritional composition and mineral content between the chaya species, except minor differences in the relative composition of fatty acids, protein and amino acids. Cooking of chaya leaves slightly reduced nutritional composition of both chaya species. Cooking is essential prior to consumption to inactivate the toxic hydrocyanic glycosides present in chaya leaves. Based on the results of this study, the edible chaya leaves may be good dietary sources of minerals (Ca, K and Fe) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and -carotene).  相似文献   

8.
北方地区利用温室栽培辣木(Moringa oleifera Lam.)及其2个改良品种‘PKM1’和‘PKM2’,通过分析表观生长量、养分含量以及光合特性等指标的差异性,筛选适宜北方温室种植的辣木品种。结果表明:PKM1的高生长和增粗生长均显著快于辣木和PKM2(p0.05),在定干前(71 d)三者平均株高依次为115.7、80.2、81.0 cm,地径依次达17.47、13.27、15.08 mm。植株养分季节变化,PKM1养分状况要优于辣木和PKM2,在5月份,PKM1叶片中全氮(44.32 mg/g)、全钾(12.73 mg/g)含量显著高于其它2个品种(p0.05),全磷和可溶性糖含量品种间无显著性差异;7月份,PKM1可溶性糖显著高于其它2个品种;光合特性分析,3个品种在弱光条件下的光量子利用效率及光补偿能力差异不显著(p0.05),随着光强增加,光量子的转化能力出现显著性差异,PKM1的最大净光合速率(A_(max))显著高于辣木和PKM2(p0.05),最高达23.84μmol CO_2/(m~2·s)。可见,北方设施条件下,PKM1的生长速度、养分状况、光合能力均表现最好,较适宜北方温室栽培。  相似文献   

9.
The chemical composition of the lipophilic extractives from jute (Corchorus capsularis) fibers, which are used for high-quality paper pulp manufacturing, was thoroughly studied. The extractives content was low (0.4%), and its composition was studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. For a better characterization of the different homologous series and compounds present in minor amounts, the extract was also fractionated by solid-phase extraction. The most predominant lipophilic compounds present in jute fibers were high molecular weight ester waxes (24% of total extract), followed by free fatty acids (17%), free fatty alcohols (17%) and α-hydroxyfatty acids (14%). Additionally, significant amounts of alkanes (6%), ω-hydroxyfatty acids (6%), sterols (6%), steroid and triterpenoid ketones (3%) and steryl glycosides (1%) were also identified, together with minor amounts of mono- and diglycerides.  相似文献   

10.
为确定辣木籽仁的化学成分,采用无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯萃取辣木籽仁以及气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其化学成分,并用总离子流色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。结果表明：无水乙醇萃取率为3.566 7 %,乙酸乙酯萃取率为16.433 %;无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯萃取辣木籽仁共鉴定出41种化学组分,这2种方法萃取辣木籽仁提取物中最主要的化学成分是油酸、异油酸、反油酸、甘油单油酸酯和棕榈酸。  相似文献   

11.
A healthy lifestyle includes fruits and vegetables consumption. Tomato is one of the most consumed vegetables, although it is susceptible to physical damage through postharvest handling, thus leading to important losses. Softening is an important variable during tomato ripening; excessive softening is undesirable and leads to postharvest losses. TomloxB plays an important role in ripening, mainly in the loss of cellular integrity caused by fatty acids released from the lipid matrix of membranes that initiate oxidative deterioration, which is in turn carried into senescence. In order to increase postharvest life, we produced transgenic tomato plants via Rhizobium radiobacter with tomato lipoxygenase B (TomloxB) antisense constructs under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Lipoxygenase activity and firmness were measured in tomato fruit and the fatty acids profile was determined. Transgenic fruits were maintained for 40 days at room temperature in optimal conditions, whereas wild type fruits remained in similar conditions for only six days. Firmness in pink and red stages was significantly lower in wild type fruits than in two transgenic lines. Linolenic acid was the most important fatty acid consumed by lipoxygenase in both turning and pink stages of ripening. Lipoxygenase activity was smaller in transformed fruits in comparison with the wild type. These results suggest that silencing the TomloxB gene promoted significant changes in the physiology of transformed tomatoes, being the increase in postharvest life the most important.  相似文献   

12.
辣木(Moringa oleifera)是辣木科辣木属的热带落叶木本蔬菜及油料作物,有着丰富的营养价值和独特的生物活性,极具开发潜力。从辣木有效成分辣木油、蛋白质、总黄酮等的提取,抗氧化及保护肝脏、降血糖、降血脂、抗菌消炎等保健功能和开发利用等方面进行综述,为辣木资源的研究利用提供参考。  相似文献   

13.
辣 木     
辣木源自印度和非洲，20世纪70年代引入中国云南、海南和广西等地。由于它富含钙质、植物蛋白、重要矿物质、维生素和重要氨基酸等，而受到人们广泛关注。本文研究辣木的起源、植物学、产量、栽培技术、新种质和各种营养物质等，论述其对人体的作用、营养价值、相关疾病的防治及可能的功效等。  相似文献   

14.
The goal of this work was to analyze nutritional value of various minimally processed commercial products of plant protein sources such as faba bean (Vicia faba), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), rapeseed press cake (Brassica rapa/napus subsp. Oleifera), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), oil hemp seed (Cannabis sativa), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Basic composition and various nutritional components like amino acids, sugars, minerals, and dietary fiber were determined. Nearly all the samples studied could be considered as good sources of essential amino acids, minerals and dietary fiber. The highest content of crude protein (over 30 g/100 g DW) was found in faba bean, blue lupin and rapeseed press cake. The total amount of essential amino acids (EAA) ranged from 25.8 g/16 g N in oil hemp hulls to 41.5 g/16 g N in pearled quinoa. All the samples studied have a nutritionally favorable composition with significant health benefit potential. Processing (dehulling or pearling) affected greatly to the contents of analyzed nutrients.  相似文献   

15.
经测定,番木瓜、橄榄蜂花粉的蛋白质含量分别为２１．８３１％和１９．１９４％;总糖含量分别为２２．６６％及２２．０８％冰解氨基酸的总含量分别为２１．７０７％和２３．３０７％,游离氨基酸的总含量分别是３９４．２５７ｍｇ／１００ｇ和５６２．９４１ｍｇ／１００ｇ,两者均具８种人体必需氨基酸,总含量分别为９．１１８％和８．８５１％,比值与ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ（１９７３）提出的理想蛋白质中人体必需氨基酸的比率模式接近,氨基酸分分别为７７．７和９２．６,番木瓜的限制性氨基酸为亮氨酸和缬氨酸,橄榄的限制性氨基酸为完氨酸。不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总含量的６８．７９％和６７．７９％,多烯不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值分别为１．６９及１．４３。番木瓜、橄榄蜂花粉含１０种维生素,其中维生素Ｃ含量最高,分别达到５０．３２ｍｇ／１００ｇ和３５．４１ｍｇ／１００ｇ;番木瓜、橄榄蜂花粉除磷、钙、锌的含量普遍较高外,多数矿质元素的含量与其他果树蜂花粉相近。  相似文献   

16.
The nutritional value of three pale seeded and one dark seeded variety ofAmaranthus caudatus was studied by chemical analyses and in balance experiments with growing rats. Effects of processing: popping, toasting and flaking were also examined. The pale seeds contained about 14% protein, 10% fat, 2.5% ash, 64% starch and 8% of dietary fibre. The black seeds had a much higher content of fibre (16%). The concentration of essential amino acids were high. Lysine ranged from 5.2–6.0 g/16 g N in the grains, and the limiting amino acids were leucine followed by valine or threonine. The grains contained small amounts of tannin (0.3%) and heat-labile protease inhibitor activity, at levels typical of common cereal grains. Digestibility of protein in the pale seeds was high (87%) and quite unaffected by processing. Protein digestibility of the black seeds was lower, and the digestibility was further reduced by toasting. The biological value of the protein was similar in all products, and very high. The content of minerals varied among varieties and was also affected by processing. Phytate: zinc molar ratios were high in most products, and rats fed the amaranth samples with the lowest zinc contents were in negative zinc balance. In general, femur zinc concentrations were rather low. However, amaranth is an unconventional crop which deserves further attention.  相似文献   

17.
Nutritional (ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and carotenes); antinutritional and toxic components (oxalic acid, nitrate and erucic acid) were determined in sixteen popular species of wild edible plants which are collected for human consumption in southeast Spain. Ascorbic+dehydroascorbic acids contents were very high in several species, especially in Chenopodium album L. (155 mg/100 g). Carotenoid content ranged from 4.2 mg/100 g (Stellaria media Villars) to 15.4 mg/100 g (Amaranthus viridis L.). A range of values was found for oxalic acid from absence to 1100 mg/100 g of plant material. Nitrate contents ranged from 47 mg/100 g ( Salicornia europaea L.) to 597 mg/100 g (Amaranthus viridis L.). Low amounts of erucic acid were found in the Cruciferae family (Sisymbrium irio L. 1.73%; Cardaria draba L. 1.23%) and Plantago major L. 3.45%.  相似文献   

18.
Thirteen non-conventional foods including fruits, leaves and grains consumed in various parts of the Indian subcontinent were analysed for their nutritional value. Khejri beans (Prsopsis cineria), Pinju (Capparis decidua) and Kachri (Cucumis species) contained considerable amounts of protein (15–18%). Kachri was rich in fat (13%). Bhakri (Tribulus terristris), Gullar (Ficus glomerata) and Peehl (Salvadora oleoides) were found to be rich sources of calcium; Gullar contained about 15 times the amount of calcium present in wheat. Phosphorus content of Santhi (Boernavia diffusa), Khejri beans, Bhakri, Pinju and Lehsora (Cordia dichotoma) were noticeable. Zinc was present in high amounts in Peepalbanti (Ficus religiosa) and Gullar; as was iron in Santhi and Bhakri and manganese in Santhi. Besides iron, zinc and calcium, Pinju contained appreciable amounts of -carotene and vitamin C. However, Santhi contained high amounts of oxalic acid.  相似文献   

19.
Six non-conventional leafy vegetables consumed largely by the rural populace of Nigeria were analyzed for mineral composition. Mineral contents appeared to be dependent on the type of vegetables. Amaranthus spinosus and Adansonia digitata leaves contained the highest level of iron (38.4 mg/100 g and 30.6 mg/100 g dw, respectively). These values are low compared to those for common Nigerian vegetables but higher than those for other food sources. All the vegetables contained high levels of calcium compared to common vegetables, thus they could be a rich source of this mineral. Microelement content of the leaves varied appreciably. Zinc content was highest in Moringa oleifera, Adansonia digitata and Cassia tora leaves (25.5 mg/100 g, 22.4 mg/100 g and 20.9 mg/100 g dw, respectively) while the manganese content was comparatively higher in Colocasia esculenta. The concentrations of the mineral elements in the vegetables per serving portion are presented and these values indicate that the local vegetables could be valuable and important contributors in the diets of the rural and urban people of Nigeria. The mean daily intake of P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn were lower than their recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). However, the manganese daily intake was found not to differ significantly ( p = 0.05) from the RDA value.  相似文献   

20.
The ability of seed germination to increase the nutritional quality of chickpea was studied. Chickpea flours germinated for 0, 24 and 48 h were evaluated nutritionally by determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), digestibility and essential amino acid availability in vivo. A significant increase in ascorbic acid was observed during germination. PER and NPR values indicated that germinated chickpea flours compared favorably to casein. Protein digestibility decreased as germination time increased. Essential amino acid availability did not change after 24 h of germination, but a small decrease was observed after 48 h. The increase in some amino acids during germination may account for the observed increase in PER for the germinated flours. Seed germination enhanced significantly the nutritional quality of chickpea protein and substantially increased the ascorbic acid level.Contribution No. 4359, Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.  相似文献   

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