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1.
海藻生物肥对草莓产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究新型海藻生物肥对草莓产量和品质的影响,以红颜草莓为试验材料,对其叶面喷施不同浓度的新型海藻生物肥,以喷施清水为对照。喷施处理后,计算草莓产量,测定盛果期草莓可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、糖酸比、还原糖含量、硬度、抗坏血酸、总酚、花青素和类黄酮含量。结果表明,不同浓度海藻生物肥处理的草莓产量均有提升,其中在1 500倍海藻生物肥处理下,草莓果重、结果数和产量均极显著提高(P<0.01),分别较对照增加了42.96%、14.67%和63.93%。品质结果表明,1 500倍液海藻生物肥处理下,草莓的可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、还原糖含量和硬度均达到最大值,且较对照均显著增加(P<0.05),高于市售2种海藻肥处理;低浓度(2 500~1 500倍)海藻生物肥对草莓抗氧化物质积累有促进作用,其中1 500倍海藻生物肥处理下,草莓Vc含量达到最大值,且较对照提高50.20%;在 2 500倍海藻生物肥处理下,花青素与类黄酮含量均极显著增加(P<0.01),较对照分别增加42.00%与30.56%,而高浓度(1 000~500倍)则抑制花青素与类黄酮的积累。综上,合理喷施新型海藻生物肥能提高草莓产量,提高抗氧化活性物质含量,改善草莓品质。本研究结果为新型海藻生物肥的规模化生产应用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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海藻肥对菜心抗旱性的影响及其机理探究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
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研究海藻提取与养分配施对葡萄果实品质和养分吸收的影响,以“阳光玫瑰”葡萄为试验材料,设置5个处理:NPK 水溶肥(CK)、0.375% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T1)、0.75% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T2)、1.5% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T3)和3% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施(T4)。结果表明,海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施能增加葡萄单穗重、产量和SPAD 值,T1、T2 和T3 处理果实可溶性糖和糖酸比含量分别较CK 提高77.98%、17.51%、1.42% 和69.45%、35.65%、11.45%,T4 处理降低果实可溶性糖和糖酸比含量。T2 处理果实磷含量和叶片钾含量最高,较CK 分别显著提高26.97% 和47.87%。此外,海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施均增加果实香气化合物种类,其中,T2 处理果实香气化合物种类数最高。主成分分析中,T2 处理的葡萄果实产量、品质、养分吸收和果实香气物质影响中得分最高。综合分析,海藻提取物与养分一定比例配施能够提高葡萄产量、改善品质、促进养分吸收以及增加果实香气物质种类和相对含量,其中,0.75% 海藻提取物与NPK 水溶肥配施处理效果更佳。 相似文献
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为探讨植物内生菌宛氏拟青霉(Paecilomyces variotii)提取物对作物产量及品质的影响,以碧护(0.136%芸苔·吲乙·赤霉酸)、腐植酸钠、海藻酸为对照,通过对樱桃萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.var.radculus pers)浸种及灌根的基质栽培试验,探讨宛氏拟青霉提取物对萝卜块根产量、干物质积累量、根冠比,以及可溶性蛋白、过氧化物酶等指标的影响。结果表明,与清水处理相比,2.50μg·L~(-1)的宛氏拟青霉提取物和2.00×10~5μg·L~(-1)的腐植酸钠处理的萝卜块根产量分别显著提高64.2%和25.7%;1.00×10~5μg·L~(-1)的碧护与1.00×10~6μg·L~(-1)的海藻酸处理的萝卜块根产量分别显著降低45.8%和30.3%,其他浓度各处理的块根产量差异不显著。2.50μg·L~(-1)的宛氏拟青霉提取物处理的萝卜块根干物质积累量显著提高67.7%;2.50μg·L~(-1)的宛氏拟青霉提取物和2.00×10~5μg·L~(-1)的腐植酸钠处理的萝卜根冠比分别显著提高87.1%、60.9%。2.50μg·L~(-1)的宛氏拟青霉提取物处理的萝卜可溶性蛋白总量显著提高50.1%;2.00×10~5μg·L~(-1)碧护处理的萝卜过氧化物酶活性显著提高了31.3%。本试验条件下,2.50μg·L~(-1)的宛氏拟青霉提取物可显著提高樱桃萝卜块根产量、干物质积累量、根冠比和品质,其有效浓度仅为碧护和腐植酸钠浓度的约1/30 000,海藻酸浓度的约1/300 000,表明宛氏拟青霉提取物具有极高的生物活性和较低的应用成本。 相似文献
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碱胁迫下磷酸脲降低土壤pH值促进菠菜生长 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确磷酸脲缓解菠菜碱胁迫的作用效果,该文以大叶菠菜为材料,研究了碱胁迫下磷酸脲对土壤p H值、植株生长、叶片生理特性的影响。试验设无碱胁迫处理、碱胁迫处理、碱胁迫后灌溉无机肥液处理、碱胁迫后灌溉磷酸脲液处理,结果表明:碱胁迫6d后,施入磷酸脲、无机肥溶液均显著降低土壤p H值,分别比碱胁迫不施肥处理降低2.69、0.86个单位。碱胁迫后灌溉磷酸脲液处理显著提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,分别比碱胁迫处理提高7.96%、26.75%、57.70%,丙二醛(malondiadehyde,MDA)含量降低了10.63%,进而减轻了膜脂过氧化程度,显著提高叶片光合色素叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素含量,促进菠菜的生长,表现为碱胁迫后灌溉磷酸脲液处理的株高、叶面积、整株干质量分别比碱胁迫处理提高23.55%、21.03%、33.84%;而碱胁迫后灌溉无机肥液处理加剧碱胁迫程度,抑制菠菜生长,降低其生理特性,其叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素质量分数比碱胁迫后灌溉磷酸脲液处理降低19.84%、37.15%、14.15%。这说明磷酸脲溶液可以有效减轻菠菜碱胁迫程度,能作为碱化土壤的改良剂,为碱土地植物安全生产提供技术手段。 相似文献
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采用盆栽试验方法研究黑麦草、黑麦草联合改良剂等不同修复方式对铅锌尾矿砂的理化性质和微生物性状的改良作用。结果表明,不同处理使铅锌尾矿砂中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量显著提高,其中黑麦草联合10%菜园土和1%赤泥处理(CN1)对铅锌尾矿砂中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量明显提高,分别比对照提高了51.82%,300.00%和901.29%。添加改良剂显著增加了黑麦草的生物量,减少了黑麦草根部重金属的含量。不同处理使铅锌尾矿砂中微生物数量,微生物C、N含量显著增加,其中CN1处理使细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物C、N含量增加效果最好,分别比对照增加了33.78,5.99,21.82,6.34,6.35倍。各处理显著提高了尾矿砂中脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性,其中CN1处理使脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性分别比对照提高了18.43,12.58,5.00,9.15倍。黑麦草联合10%菜园土和1%赤泥较其他处理有利于提高铅锌尾矿砂的肥力,改良尾矿砂的微生态环境,促进植物生长。 相似文献
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以烟台地区苹果主栽品种烟富3为试材,通过连续5年的定位试验,研究了硅钙钾镁肥与黄腐酸钾配施对酸化果园土壤化学性质、果树叶片功能、果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:与空白对照相比,硅钙钾镁肥处理提高了土壤pH、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙镁含量及阳离子交换量,硅钙钾镁肥与黄腐酸钾配施后的土壤有机质、速效钾、交换性钙含量和阳离子交换量显著高于对照,分别提高11.6%、24.8%、24.7%和1.55 cmol/kg。单施硅钙钾镁肥提高了叶片SPAD值和叶面积,分别较对照提高6.05%和8.39%;硅钙钾镁肥和黄腐酸钾配施显著改善叶片功能,叶片SPAD值和叶面积分别较对照提高11.9%和16.1%。单施硅钙钾镁肥及其与黄腐酸钾配施均能显著提高单果重和产量,分别较对照增加9.4%～11.8%和11.4%～14.8%;果实可溶性固形物、固酸比、维生素C含量和硬度分别较对照增加了8.6%～10.2%、14.1%～16.8%、10.1%～12.3%和3.2%～3.8%,差异显著。综合评价,硅钙钾镁肥可有效改良土壤,改善苹果叶片功能,提高苹果产量和品质;硅钙钾镁肥与黄腐酸钾配施比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。 相似文献
11.
脱酰胺与双酶协同作用提高小麦面筋蛋白酶解效率 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了探讨了不同脱酰胺处理和双酶协同作用方式对小麦面筋蛋白酶解效率及其产物抗氧化活性的影响,该文研究了小麦面筋蛋白在各种预处理方式和酶解条件下的蛋白回收率、水解度、抗氧化性能及肽分子量分布情况。结果显示,单独热处理(90℃,30 min)小麦面筋蛋白对其酶解效率无显著影响,而采用添加0.5 mol/L柠檬酸溶液进行热处理(质量分数为5%,90℃,30 min)可显著(P0.05)提高其蛋白回收率。此外,酶制剂添加顺序及双酶共同水解作用时间对酶解效率均具有较大影响:加入谷氨酰胺酶预先水解对小麦面筋蛋白的深度水解有促进作用;一定时间内的双酶协同作用有利于酶解的进行,但较长时间的双酶作用反而会抑制酶解效率。采用谷氨酰胺酶(质量分数为0.2%)对经柠檬酸加热处理的小麦面筋蛋白作用12 h后再加入胰酶(质量分数为0.6%)共同作用7 h可使蛋白回收率达70.74%,水解度达到9.88%;另外,酶解产物的自由基清除能力ABTS+(2,2’-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)+)值与氧化自由基吸收能力(ORAC,oxygen radical absorbance capacity)值分别达到478.95 mmol/g和213.85μmol/g,提示该酶解产物是一种潜在优秀食品抗氧化剂。研究结果可为拓宽小麦面筋蛋白的应用领域,以及高效制备抗氧化活性肽提供方法和理论指导。 相似文献
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Jenkins DM Teruel MA Reyes-de-Corcuera JI Young O 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(18):8303-8308
An experiment is described in which a custom-made glucose electrode is used to directly monitor the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose to glucose. The transient profile of beta- d-glucose can be used to simultaneously determine the rate constants for mutarotation and for enzymatic hydrolysis by applying a dynamic nonlinear regression routine. Due to differences in the mutarotation rate constants between lactose and glucose, the beta- d-glucose concentration "overshoots" equilibrium under certain conditions, which can be modeled mathematically. This overshoot can be observed reliably and used to quantify the differences in mutarotational equilibria between glucose and lactose. These observations may be important for the analysis of dairy products and commercial lactase preparations and illustrate an unusual kinetic phenomenon caused by intramolecular forces. This approach may also be important for the accurate determination of a variety of oligosaccharides such as glycogen, which tend to be composed primarily of one stereoisomer. 相似文献
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Kinetics and mechanism of imazosulfuron hydrolysis 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Morrica P Barbato F Della Iacovo R Seccia S Ungaro F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(8):3816-3820
Knowledge of the kinetics and pathways of hydrolytic degradation is crucial to the prediction of the fate and transport mechanism of chemicals. This work first describes the kinetics of the chemical hydrolysis of imazosulfuron, a new sulfonylurea herbicide, and evaluates the results to propose a degradation pathway. The hydrolysis of imazosulfuron has been studied in aqueous buffers both within the pH range 1.9-12.3 at ambient temperature (thermostated at 25 +/- 2 degrees C) and at pH 3.6 within the temperature range of 15-55 degrees C. The hydrolysis rate of imazosulfuron was characterized by a first-order kinetics, pH- and temperature-dependent, and accelerated by acidic conditions and higher temperatures. The calculated half-lives at pH 4.5 and 5.9 were 36.5 and 578 days, respectively. At pH 6.6, 7.4, 9.2, and 12.3 no significant change in imazosulfuron concentration was observed after 150 days. Half-lives were much lower at pH <4 (= imazosulfuron pK(a)), at which they ranged from 3.3 to 6.3 days. Moreover, a change in temperature from 15 to 25 degrees C in acidic conditions (pH 3.6) decreased the half-life of imazosulfuron by a factor of approximately 4.0; in any case, a 3-5-fold increase in the rate of hydrolysis was found for each 10 degrees C increase in temperature. In acidic conditions the only hydrolysis products were the two molecules resulting from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge. 相似文献
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Despite the prevalence of chloroacetamides as herbicides, little is known about the rates or products of acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis of these compounds. Mechanisms of acid-catalyzed reactions may parallel those catalyzed by (hydr)oxide minerals, while base-catalyzed processes have as important counterparts reactions with environmental nucleophiles (such as reduced sulfur species). The current study systematically investigates how the structure of nine chloroacetamides affects their reactivity in 2 N NaOH, 2 N HCl, or 6 N HCl at 25 or 85 degrees C. Base-catalyzed hydrolysis proceeds either through an intermolecular SN2 reaction to hydroxy-substituted derivatives or (in a few cases) through amide cleavage, while both amide and ether group cleavages are observed under acidic conditions. Our results reveal that subtle differences in chloroacetamide structure [notably the type of (alkoxy)alkyl substituent] can dramatically influence reactivity and reaction mechanism. Hydroxy-substituted, morpholinone, and secondary aniline derivatives were identified upon reaction for several years in deionized water at circumneutral pH. 相似文献
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The hydrolysis, in model wine at pH 3, of the allylic, homoallylic, and propargylic glycosides, geranyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, [3'-(1' '-cyclohexenyl)-1'-methyl-2'-propynyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside, (3'RS, 9'SR)-(3'-hydroxy-5'-megastigmen-7-yn-9-yl)-beta-D-glucopyra noside, (3',5',5'-trimethyl-3'-cyclohexenyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, E-(7'-oxo-5',8'-megastigmadien-3'-yl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3-hydroxy-beta-damascone-beta-D-glucopyranoside), and their corresponding aglycons has been studied. In general, aglycons were more rapidly converted to transformation products than were the corresponding glucosides. Glycoconjugation of geraniol in grapes is a process that reduces the flavor impact of this compound in wine, not only because geraniol is an important flavor component of some wines but also because the rate of formation of other flavor compounds from geraniol during bottle-aging is reduced. However, when flavor compounds such as beta-damascenone are formed in competition with flavorless byproducts, such as 3-hydroxy-beta-damascone, by acid-catalyzed hydrolytic reactions of polyols, then glycoconjugation is a process that could enhance as well as suppress the formation of flavor, depending on the position of glycosylation. (3'RS, 9'SR)-(3'-Hydroxy-5'-megastigmen-7'-yn-9'-yl)-beta-D-glucopy ranoside hydrolyzed more slowly but gave a higher proportion of beta-damascenone in the products than did the aglycon at 50 degrees C. Reaction temperature also effected the relative proportion of the hydrolysis products. Accelerated studies do not parallel natural processes precisely but only approximate them. 相似文献
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Baks T Bruins ME Matser AM Janssen AE Boom RM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(2):488-495
Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch can be used to obtain various valuable hydrolyzates with different compositions. The effects of starch pretreatment, enzyme addition point, and hydrolysis conditions on the hydrolyzate composition and reaction rate during wheat starch hydrolysis with alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis were compared. Suspensions of native starch or starch gelatinized at different conditions either with or without enzyme were hydrolyzed. During hydrolysis, the oligosaccharide concentration, the dextrose equivalent, and the enzyme activity were determined. We found that the hydrolyzate composition was affected by the type of starch pretreatment and the enzyme addition point but that it was just minimally affected by the pressure applied during hydrolysis, as long as gelatinization was complete. The differences between hydrolysis of thermally gelatinized, high-pressure gelatinized, and native starch were explained by considering the granule structure and the specific surface area of the granules. These results show that the hydrolyzate composition can be influenced by choosing different process sequences and conditions. 相似文献
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed protein 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
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Hydrolysis and depolymerization of gluten proteins during sourdough fermentation were determined. Neutral and acidified doughs in which microbial growth and metabolism were inhibited were used as controls to take into account the proteolytic activity of cereal enzymes. Doughs were characterized with respect to cell counts, pH, and amino nitrogen concentrations as well as the quantity and size distribution of SDS-soluble proteins. Furthermore, sequential extractions of proteins and analysis by HPLC and SDS-PAGE were carried out. Sourdough fermentation resulted in a solubilization and depolymerization of the gluten macropolymer. This depolymerization of gluten proteins was also observed in acid aseptic doughs, but not in neutral aseptic doughs. Hydrolysis of glutenins and occurrence of hydrolysis products upon sourdough fermentation were observed by electrophoretic analysis. Comparison of sourdoughs with acid control doughs demonstrated that glutenin hydrolysis and gluten depolymerization in sourdough were mainly caused by pH-dependent activation of cereal enzymes. 相似文献
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牛粪厌氧发酵酸化处理条件的优化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在牛粪厌氧发酵过程中,高含量的木质纤维素降低了厌氧发酵的水解酸化速度,水解酸化阶段成为牛粪厌氧发酵过程的限速步骤。为提高牛粪两相厌氧发酵甲烷的产量,对酸化处理条件进行优化。利用两相厌氧发酵工艺,在35℃发酵条件下,研究牛粪酸化处理时间、搅拌频率、料液浓度和尿素添加量对甲烷总产量的影响。单因素试验结果表明,最佳的酸化时间、搅拌频率、料液浓度、尿素添加量分别为96 h、3次.24 h 1(60 r·min-1,1 min·次-1)、8.0%、1.28 g·L-1。在单因素试验基础上,选取酸化时间、料液浓度、尿素添加量为自变量,以甲烷总产量为响应值,根据中心组合设计原理设计试验。采用3因素5水平的响应面分析法,建立酸化处理条件对甲烷产量影响的回归模型,进行显著性和交互作用分析。结果表明,在35℃、搅拌频率为3次.24 h 1(60 r·min-1,1 min·次-1)酸化条件下,酸化料液浓度对甲烷产量影响最大,尿素添加量次之,酸化时间影响最小;酸化最佳处理条件为:酸化时间93.7 h、料液浓度8.3%、尿素添加量1.26 g·L-1。经过优化,甲烷含量、总产气量、挥发性固体含量(VS)和化学需氧量(COD)去除率分别比未酸化处理提高了14.3%、44.7%、41.8%和33.9%,而酸化处理对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量影响不显著。由此可见,牛粪酸化处理有利于甲烷产生,可提高甲烷含量及VS和COD去除率。 相似文献
20.
A humic and a fulvic acid were subjected to four successive hydrolyses with 2NNaOH solution at 170°C for 3 h. Following each hydrolysis, the degradation products were extracted into ethyl acetate, methylated, separated by chromatographic techniques and identified by mass spectrometry and micro-IR spectrophotometry.One g of humic acid yielded 113.5 mg of aliphatic compounds (mainly n-C16 and n-C15) fatty acids), 72.1 mg of phenolics (principally guaiacyl and syringyl derivative) 17.1 mg of benzenepolycarboxylic acid esters and 30.4 mg of N-containing compounds (mainly secondary aromatic amides). Repeated attacks by the alkali on 1.0 g of fulvic acid released 103.8 mg of aliphatics, 133.8 mg of phenolics, 27.0 mg of benzenecarboxylic but 181.8 mg of N-containing compounds. Most of the latter appeared to have been formed during the second, third and fourth hydrolysis which produced reactive compounds that could abstract N from diazomethane which was used as methylating reagent. While 25.0% of the initial humic acid resisted repeated attacks by the alkali, practically all of the fulvic acid was converted into ethyl acetate-soluble products. The alkali-resistant humic acid residue produced high yields of benzenepolycarboxylic acids on alkaline permanganate oxidation.Alkaline hydrolysis, which is known to cleave CO bonds, was found to be relatively specific, although not very efficient, for the degradation of structural phenolic humic and fulvic acid components and for the concomitant liberation of adsorbed aliphatics and N-containing compounds, but was relatively ineffective for degrading aromatic structures linked by CC bonds. 相似文献