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1.
以山东蒙阴、莱州和栖霞3地老龄苹果园土壤为材料,分别在冬前和冬后采集0~30 cm(上层)与30~60 cm(下层)土层土样,探讨了冻融作用对老龄苹果园土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果显示:3地苹果园0~30 cm土层各理化性状均显著高于30~60 cm土层,其中速效钾含量差异最显著;冻融处理后,3地上下层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均显著性降低,且上层土壤降低最显著,其中蒙阴苹果园上层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌分别降低了40.6%、43.6%和55.7%,3地上下层土壤细菌/真菌比值显著提高、尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数大幅下降;冻融处理后,3地上下层土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均有所降低,且表现出显著性差异,但三地上下层土壤CEC变化趋势不同,其中蒙阴苹果园上层CEC降低了41.7%,下层CEC提高了19.2%,栖霞苹果园则相反。综上,3地老龄苹果园土壤经过冻融处理后,显著降低了上下层土壤微生物数量,显著提高了上下层土壤细菌/真菌比值,优化了土壤微生物群落结构,有利于缓解苹果园连作障碍。  相似文献   

2.
以16年生苹果树为试材,对果园0～100 cm土层土壤水分含量、容重、有机质含量及根际土壤的微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行了分析。结果表明,覆草处理可有效增大土壤含水量、孔隙度、有机质含量,增加各土层土壤酶活性、细菌与真菌的数量,减少了放线菌的数量。覆膜处理降低了0～80 cm土层“细菌/真菌”比值,果园土壤由“细菌型”向“真菌型”转化,土壤生态逐渐失衡,肥力降低。综合分析土壤理化性状及酶活性、微生物分布特征,认为覆草处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园适宜的地表覆盖方式。  相似文献   

3.
【目的】森林和农田生态系统的土壤有机碳和微生物群落结构存在显著差异,为了预测生态系统对不断变化的环境条件的瞬时响应,需明确土壤微生物群落结构对生境气候变化的响应。【方法】在我国北方地区同一纬度的森林和农田生态系统中设置土柱置换试验,对生物标识物磷脂脂肪酸和土壤因子进行分析,探究土柱置换两年后土壤微生物群落结构对生境改变的响应并明确影响微生物群落结构的主要土壤因子。【结果】(1)森林土壤置换到农田生境后,上层土壤微生物生物量显著降低（P <0.05）。其中总微生物生物量下降了28.2%,细菌生物量下降了27.9%,真菌生物量下降了44.1%,革兰氏阴性菌生物量下降了39.6%,革兰氏阳性菌生物量下降了18.8%,放线菌生物量下降了19.8%;置换的下层土壤中仅革兰氏阴性菌生物量显著降低（P <0.05）。(2)农田土壤置换到森林生境后,上层土壤各类群微生物生物量呈增加趋势,但差异不显著;而下层放线菌生物量和总微生物生物量显著下降（P <0.05）。(3)土壤微生物群落结构变化均与土壤因子显著相关,其中土壤含水率对微生物群落结构变化的贡献率可占到27.5%～50.9%。【...  相似文献   

4.
不同树龄苹果园土壤微生物生态特征研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
为了评价苹果园种植年限对土壤微生物和土壤肥力的影响,选择不同种植年限的果园,利用平板培养和脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)图谱法研究不同树龄苹果园土壤微生物生态特征变化。结果表明,壮龄果园的土壤微生物活性最高,是幼龄果园的1.23倍,老龄果园的1.37倍;幼龄和壮龄果园微生物生物量差异不显著,但均远大于老龄果园,约为老龄果园的3倍;随着树龄增大,细菌/真菌的比例下降,放线菌的含量也随树龄增大而降低;土壤微生物的多样性随树龄增大先增高后降低,以壮龄果园的微生物多样性为最好。果树的长期种植引起了土壤理化性质及土壤微生物数量、活性、多样性及种群结构的改变。通过研究不同树龄苹果园的土壤微生物生态特征,以期能为根据不同树龄果园土壤状况进行合理管理和解决重茬障碍提供一定的依据。  相似文献   

5.
【目的】有害真菌数量的增加是造成苹果连作障碍的主要原因。本文探讨了蚓粪对苹果连作障碍的防控效果以及作用机理。【方法】以苹果常用砧木平邑甜茶 (Malus hupeheusis Rehd.) 为试材进行了盆栽试验,供试土壤为棕壤,取自山东省泰安市25年的红富士老果园。以连作土壤为对照 (CK),设灭菌连作土壤 (TM)、连作土壤施用蚓粪 (YF)、连作土壤施用灭菌蚓粪 (MYF) 共4个处理。幼苗生长一年后,测定平邑甜茶生物量、根系相关指标,分析土壤可培养微生物类群及土壤酶活性。【结果】与连作土壤CK相比,蚓粪(YF)和灭菌蚓粪 (MYF) 处理的平邑甜茶植株干重显著提高了351.1%和348.2%;蚓粪处理 (YF) 和灭菌蚓粪 (MYF) 处理都显著促进了平邑甜茶植株根系的生长,提高了植株根系的抗氧化酶活性和根系呼吸速率,两个处理间无明显差异;YF处理土壤细菌、放线菌数量分别增加了107.8%和97.7%,真菌数量减少了17.1%。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,施入蚓粪后 (YF) 连作土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量下降了51.0%,MYF处理的尖孢镰刀菌数量降低了57.6%,YF和MYF两个处理间无显著差异;YF处理的土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别比CK提高了97.9%、540.9%、213.1%和109.4%。【结论】在连作土壤上添加蚓粪或灭菌蚓粪,均可显著增加土壤中细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌特别是尖孢镰刀菌数量,改善连作土壤微生物环境,进而减轻苹果连作障碍带来的危害,提高土壤酶活性,促进植株根系健康生长,提高平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量。  相似文献   

6.
通过向25年老龄苹果园土壤中施入不同浓度(T1,0.02‰;T2,0.1‰;T3,0.5‰)的棉隆,利用微生物平板培养、实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)、微生物碳源利用(biolog-ECO)、末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)、生物多样性指数Biodap等方法研究不同浓度棉隆熏蒸下土壤可培养微生物(细菌、真菌)数量、群落结构及其多样性指数随时间变化的演变趋势,并进行平邑甜茶盆栽验证,以期为减轻苹果连作障碍筛选棉隆浓度提供理论依据。结果表明:0.1‰的棉隆施用量对连作土壤再植平邑甜茶幼苗的生长促进作用最为显著。老龄苹果园土壤中微生物数量随棉隆施用量的增大而显著性降低,30天时,各处理(T1、T2、T3)可培养细菌数量较CK分别降低了57%,81%,87%,可培养真菌数量(T1、T2、T3)较CK分别降低了75%,81%,100%,层出镰孢菌基因(F.Proliferatum)拷贝数较CK分别降低了57%,80%,85%;微生物单一碳源利用率(biolog-ECO)结果表明,微生物活性(用平均每孔颜色变化率(AWCD)表示)在熏蒸后的土壤中随时间逐渐恢复,但施加浓度越高,恢复速度越慢,30天时,T1(0.02‰)的AWCD显著低于CK;60天时,该处理的AWCD已与CK无差异,而T3(0.5‰)AWCD直到90天时仍显著低于CK;微生物T-RFLP主成分分析表明,各处理均改变了老龄苹果园土微生物群落结构,棉隆施用浓度越大,群落改变越显著,但高浓度熏蒸下的群落结构很不稳定,随时间波动明显;聚类分析显示,随时间推移,T1(0.02‰),T2(0.1‰)与CK的群落结构相似度逐渐升高,并逐渐向CK移动。而T3(0.5‰)始终与CK保持低相似度;在微生物多样性分析中,T3(0.5‰)对微生物多样性指数(Shannon index)与丰富度指数(Margalef index)降低程度最为显著。  相似文献   

7.
果园垄膜覆盖对土壤微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
为探究旱地果园在长期垄膜不同覆盖方式下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的关系,在具有17年成龄的天王1号苹果园进行4年田间定位试验,共设3个处理,即垄膜全年覆盖(PFM)、3-6月底覆盖(JM,2月底覆膜,6月底揭膜)和清耕(对照,CK)。结果表明,0~30 cm土层3种处理的土壤养分含量明显高于30~60 cm土层。0~30 cm土层,与CK相比,PFM和JM处理的土壤养分含量均有所提高,且JM处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮含量分别较PFM高20.6%和15.2%,而有效磷、速效钾则减少7.8%和9.7%;30~60 cm土层,处理间土壤养分含量变化不大。随着处理时间的延长,PFM和JM处理下的土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及微生物熵均发生变化。其中,0~30 cm和30~60cm土层在JM处理下,其土壤微生物量碳、氮含量均明显高于PFM处理,分别为7.6%和5.3%,而微生物熵则有所下降;0~30 cm土层,3种处理的土壤呼吸强度和微生物代谢熵在整个试验期变幅显著高于30~60 cm土层,且处理间差异显著(P0.01)。综上,长期地膜覆盖能够显著提高0~30 cm土层土壤养分、微生物量碳、氮含量和物质间的转化速度,以JM处理对提高苹果园土壤肥力效果更为明显。苹果园2月底覆膜6月底揭膜可作为半干旱黄土高原雨养农业区科学有效的果园管理栽培模式。本研究为西北干旱雨养区苹果园土壤管理提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

8.
【目的】研究盆栽条件下不同形态氮对苹果砧木—平邑甜茶幼苗生长以及对连作土壤微生物的影响,为连作建园时科学施肥、减轻苹果连作障碍提供依据。 【方法】试验于 2015 年露地进行,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,以连作土为对照1 (CK1) 和溴甲烷熏蒸为对照2 (CK2),设置施入铵态氮 (T1)、硝态氮 (T2) 和酰胺态氮 (T3) 3 个不同形态氮处理 (N 180 mg/L),于 2015 年 8 月测定平邑甜茶生物量、光合参数和土壤微生物等相关指标。 【结果】铵态氮 (T1) 和酰胺态氮 (T3) 处理均能明显提高连作条件下‘平邑甜茶’苹果幼苗的生物量,其中 T1 处理的株高、地径、鲜重、干重与 CK1 相比分别提高了 35.3%、24.4%、42.0%、57.7%。添加 3 种形态氮素均可不同程度地提高平邑甜茶幼苗叶片的净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs) 和根系呼吸速率,其中 T1 处理的 Pn、Gs 和根系呼吸速率分别比 CK1 提高了 27.6%、35.6%、43.3%,却并未达到 CK2 的效果。实时荧光定量 PCR 结果表明,CK2 尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数降低最为明显,比 CK1 降低了 52.6%,T1 也有效地降低了尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,而 T2 和 T3 处理尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数与 CK1 没有显著性差异。T-RFLP 结果表明,T1 和 T3 处理的真菌群落结构与 CK1 有明显差异,T1 处理与 CK2 的真菌群落结构较为相似,T2 处理的真菌群落结构与 CK1 较为相似。 【结论】铵态氮处理可更好地提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、净光合速率以及根系呼吸速率,降低土壤尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,明显改变连作土壤的真菌群落结构,可作为减轻苹果连作障碍的措施。  相似文献   

9.
【目的】探究3种作物幼嫩茎叶干粉施入对连作辣椒幼苗生长及根际土壤的影响,旨在寻找一种安全有效的缓解辣椒连作障碍的方式。【方法】以线椒‘辛香8号’为供试作物,在江西农业大学生态园蔬菜试验基地进行了盆栽试验。供试土壤取自江西省农业科学院试验基地辣椒连作5年的土壤,将芥菜、大麦苗和芹菜的幼嫩茎叶烘干粉碎后,用于处理连作土壤。设置4个处理,以不加任何作物幼嫩茎叶干粉的连作土为对照 (CK),按1∶50 (干重) 添加芥菜粉 (M)、大麦苗粉 (B) 和芹菜粉 (C)。定植30天后,测定辣椒叶绿素含量和光合效率,测量植株生长状况及生物量,并分析了土壤微生物种群数量。【结果】与CK相比,3个处理均能够促进辣椒幼苗的生长发育。其中以M和B处理效果最好,定植30 天时辣椒株高、茎粗、生物量以及壮苗指数均高于对照;同时3个处理可以促进辣椒根系生长,与对照相比,辣椒根系长度、根系表面积以及根系体积存在显著差异。处理后辣椒叶片PSⅡ最大量子产量 (Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际量子产量[Y (Ⅱ) ]和光化学淬灭系数 (qP) 均有所提高,但3个处理对非化学淬灭系数 (NQP) 影响不大。M处理的辣椒叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a + b含量均高于其他处理,较对照分别增加了25.3%、45.4%和30.6%。3个处理均能够提高辣椒土壤pH值,分别比CK提高了27.6%、24.5%和25.4%。3个处理均能增加土壤放线菌、细菌和总菌数量,其中放线菌数量比CK增加了71.9%、73.8%和67.5%,细菌数量比CK增加了1.18%、55.5%和30.4%,总菌数量比CK增加了4.55%、57.1%、33.9%。3个处理均能降低土壤真菌数量,降幅分别为69.8%、68.1%和75.8%。3个处理均能显著降低土壤电导率,分别比CK降低了44.2%、35.1%和48.0%。处理后的辣椒土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著提高,但土壤脲酶活性要显著低于对照。【结论】3种作物干粉处理均能促进连作辣椒的生长发育,提高土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性,增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,有助于改善土壤环境和微生物结构,其中以芥菜粉处理效果最佳。  相似文献   

10.
孙月  潘彦硕  曾军  吴宇澄  林先贵 《土壤》2021,53(2):313-320
采集农田土壤,设置添加木质素和蚯蚓不同组合处理的黑麦草盆栽试验,在测定植物生物量的基础上,结合定量PCR、高通量测序等方法,研究木质素和蚯蚓及其联合作用对土壤细菌、真菌群落的影响。结果显示:木质素显著降低了黑麦草的生物量,而蚯蚓能够缓解木质素的抑制作用,促进黑麦草生长。木质素明显抑制了土壤细菌、真菌数量,并改变群落结构,以Sphingomonadaceae、Methylophilaceae为标志的降解细菌和担子菌等潜在降解真菌显著富集;单一加入蚯蚓对土壤微生物的影响相对较小,木质素和蚯蚓组合处理显著提高细菌、真菌数量,改变上述降解微生物的丰度。这些结果表明,木质素降低土壤微生物数量,并可能通过其自身降解释放的酚类化感物质抑制植物生长,对土壤生态系统健康产生不利影响;蚯蚓与木质素联合处理影响土壤中木质素降解微生物组成,微生物数量与植物生物量均表现增加趋势,蚯蚓有利于土壤中木质素的微生物代谢,并为植物生长提供更多的养分。本研究为农田生态系统木质素资源化利用提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.  相似文献   

12.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响   总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11  
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。  相似文献   

13.
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively.  相似文献   

15.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.  相似文献   

17.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.  相似文献   

18.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.  相似文献   

19.
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.  相似文献   

20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  
刘慧  魏永霞 《农业工程学报》2014,30(20):288-296
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。  相似文献   

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