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河西走廊玉米制种田连作障碍影响逐年加剧,如何有效缓解连作障碍、提升耕地质量和生产力是目前亟待解决的问题。采用田间随机区组设计,在连作 18 年的玉米制种田,以 100% 传统施化肥(N 375.0 kg/hm2、 P2O5 150.0 kg/hm2、K2O 120.0 kg/hm2)+ 有机肥 15000.0 kg/hm2 为基础,设置对照 CK(70% 化肥 + 有机肥)、 T1(70% 化肥 + 有机肥 + 土壤调理剂)、T2(70% 化肥 + 有机肥 + 生物菌肥)、T3(70% 化肥 + 有机肥 + 土壤 调理剂 + 生物菌肥)共 4 个处理,研究化肥减量 30% 配施有机肥、生物菌肥和土壤调理剂对玉米制种田连作土 壤理化性质、微生物种群变化和土壤酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同处理对制种玉米长期连作土壤的生 态修复效应不同。T1、T2、T3 较 CK 处理对土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾影响不明显,T2 和 T3 处理与 CK 比 较,土壤容重和 pH 显著降低,土壤总孔隙度、团聚体和饱和持水量显著增加,土壤有机质、有机碳和供碳量 显著增加,土壤阳离子交换量、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,真菌显著减少,而细菌和 放线菌显著增加。T1、T2、T3 与 CK 处理比较,对玉米茎粗、穗粒数和千粒重有一定影响。其中 T2 和 T3 处理 的茎粗显著增加 13.28% 和 17.84%;穗粒数显著增加 13.32% 和 17.22%;千粒重显著增加 3.53% 和 4.07%;产 量显著增加 9.91% 和 11.45%。本试验条件下 T3 处理对玉米制种田连作土壤生态修复和增产效果最佳。 相似文献
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酸性土壤广泛存在于我国柑橘主产区,往往伴随土壤结构差、肥力低、供肥弱等障碍,是限制我国柑橘产区减肥增效、增产提质和绿色发展的重要因素之一。与传统土壤调理剂相比,施用有机来源的土壤调理剂有望协同实现土壤降酸培肥,促进树体养分吸收,增加柑橘产量和提高果实品质,但不同调理剂的效果可能存在差异。因此,通过连续两年的田间试验,评估了有机肥(T1)、生物炭(T2)、贝壳粉(T3)、复合调理剂(有机肥+生物炭+贝壳粉,T4)共4种有机来源土壤调理剂对酸性柑橘园土壤理化性质、营养春梢养分含量、果实产量与品质的影响。结果表明,与不施用土壤调理剂(对照,CK)相比,连续两年施用酸性土壤调理剂处理(T1～T4)的土壤pH平均增加0.44个单位,土壤酸度显著降低;同时,T1～T4处理的土壤紧实度显著降低,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量显著增加。施用调理剂处理提高了叶片SPAD值和叶片氮、磷、钾含量,其中施用复合调理剂处理最为显著。与CK相比,施用土壤改良剂处理(T1～T4)两年平均增产幅度为8.8%～16.7%,施用复合调理剂处理的经济效益最佳。与CK相比,施用土壤改良剂(T1～T4)果实固形物增加了0.85～2.45个单位,同时显著增加了单果重、固酸比和糖酸比,果实综合品质显著提升。综合而言,复合调理剂处理在土壤酸化改良、地力提升,促进柑橘树体养分吸收,增产提质增效等方面的效果最为突出,可为我国酸性土壤柑橘园改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。 相似文献
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探究强还原土壤处理(RSD)对设施白菜连作土壤障碍因子的消减作用,为丰富绿色有效、环境友好的十字花科作物根肿病防治策略提供理论依据。设置土壤不作任何处理(CK1),土壤仅淹水并覆膜(CK2),添加沼液的RSD处理(向土壤中添加沼液至最大田间持水量并覆膜,BS),添加豆糠的RSD处理(向土壤中均匀添加20 t/hm2的豆糠后灌溉至最大田间持水量并覆膜,SS_RSD),生物炭修复(向土壤中均匀添加5 t/hm2生物炭后灌溉至最大田间持水量并覆膜,BC),棉隆熏蒸(向土壤中均匀添加0.5 t/hm2棉隆,灌溉至最大田间持水量的60%～70%并覆膜,DZ),并比较各处理对白菜根肿病发病率、产量、连作土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化。连续两茬试验结果表明,与CK1处理相比,CK2和DZ处理后,产量分别提高1.71%～2.71%和18.74%～25.51%,发病率分别降低15.32%～18.33%和53.33%～73.65%;BS和BC处理后,发病率分别下降21.32%～45.00%和35.00%～35.99%,产量分别增加13.19%～15.07%和14.26%～19.90%;SS_RSD对白菜根肿病防治效果达76.89%～79.31%,使白菜根肿病发病率显著降低60.00%～66.99%,产量显著增加24.25%～27.96%,且提高了土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量和土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性。因此,RSD是一种具有快速消减设施白菜连作障碍,实现设施土壤资源健康高效利用的有效措施。 相似文献
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铁尾矿和副产品云母、白云石经煅烧制备的矿物质调理剂呈碱性,且富含植物生长所需的钾钙镁硅等有益元素,具有改良酸性土壤的潜在作用。为探究矿物质调理剂在酸性土壤地区的应用效果,通过一年两地田间小区试验,研究了推荐施肥配施不同用量矿物质调理剂对土壤pH和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等有效养分含量及油菜生长和产量的影响。田间试验设有5个处理,分别为空白对照(T1)、当地推荐施肥(T2)、当地推荐施肥配施750 kg/hm2调理剂(T3)、当地推荐施肥配施1500 kg/hm2调理剂(T4)和当地推荐施肥配施2250 kg/hm2调理剂(T5)。两地试验结果均表明:(1)与推荐施肥相比,配施矿物质调理剂油菜各生育期土壤pH、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加(P<0.05),且随着施用量的增加呈增加趋势;而土壤碱解氮含量变化无显著差异。(2)与推荐施肥相比,配施矿物质调理剂能促进油菜生长,有利于产量构成要素一级分枝数、单株角果数和千粒重的形成,进而提高籽粒产量,且当施用量为1500 kg/hm2时籽粒产量显著增加(P<0.05)。(3)综合考虑改善土壤和作物产量及成本,当矿物质调理剂施用量为1500 kg/hm2时,较750 kg/hm2施用量效果好,较2250 kg/hm2施用量效果也较好且更经济,可作为最佳推荐施用量。由此可见,铁尾矿及副产品云母、白云石制备的矿物质调理剂在酸性土壤地区施用,可以改善土壤酸化状况、补充土壤有效养分、实现作物增产。 相似文献
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5种土壤调理剂对大蒜田土壤理化性质和大蒜产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验研究了两个不同用量的5种土壤调理剂(麦饭石、牡蛎壳、蒙脱石、硅钙矿和有机肥)对土壤理化性质和大蒜产量的影响。结果表明,5种调理剂均能降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度:施用前期麦饭石处理的土壤容重显著降低,后期则蒙脱石处理土壤容重降低明显。在大蒜生长前期,施用高量牡蛎壳、蒙脱石和有机肥均显著提高了土壤碱解氮含量;蒙脱石显著降低了土壤速效磷含量,高量有机肥则明显增加了土壤速效磷含量;麦饭石、蒙脱石、硅钙矿和有机肥均能显著提高土壤速效钾含量,牡蛎壳对土壤速效钾含量影响不大。蒙脱石、硅钙矿和有机肥在大蒜生长前期均显著提高了土壤有机质含量,后期则只有高量有机肥比对照有显著增加。麦饭石、蒙脱石和有机肥3种土壤调理剂对土壤pH值有降低作用,而牡蛎壳和硅钙矿两种土壤调理剂对土壤pH值有增加作用。土壤调理剂对大蒜叶枯病有一定减轻作用。5种调理剂与对照相比均有一定增产功效,但只有蒙脱石和高量有机肥增产效果显著。 相似文献
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硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均显著提高。综上所述,硅钙钾镁肥可有效提高土壤酶活,促进桃幼树细根的生长,延缓根系衰老进程,增加氮、磷、钾、硅等营养元素积累量,提高叶片光合速率,促进植株生长;硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾后,提高了土壤有效硅及植株硅含量,比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。本研究结果为桃树合理施用硅钙钾镁肥提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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生物有机类复合调理剂在设施叶菜障碍土壤上的应用效果 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
针对设施叶菜土壤次生盐渍化和酸化严重,研制生物有机类复合调理剂,并从改良土壤综合性状方面探明其改良机制,为研制生物有机类复合调理剂及其在设施障碍土壤中的应用提供技术支撑和科学依据。以植物源有机肥、生物炭和耐酸耐盐功能微生物为原料研制生物有机类复合调理剂1和调理剂2,市场购买生物有机类调理剂3,并以化肥处理为常规对照,在苏南苋菜和鸡毛菜大棚中进行小区试验。调理剂1和调理剂2降低了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,降低了电导率7.2%～12.9%,并显著增加了产量11.7%～24.5%。调理剂3增加了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,显著增加电导率9.8%～20.8%,降低了土壤pH值,增加1.8%苋菜产量,但减少3.0%鸡毛菜产量。土壤生物学性状方面,调理剂1和调理剂2能显著增加土壤酶活性和有益微生物数量及微生物活性和多样性,并增加7.8%～30.2%土壤细菌数量,减少8.0%～45.2%土壤真菌数量。调理剂3则对土壤酶活性和微生物数量影响不显著,但降低了微生物活性和多样性。统计分析显示,对于高养分酸化设施叶菜土壤,高生物活性调理剂1和调理剂2主要通过降低盐分含量和改善土壤生物学性状有效缓解连作障碍,进而达到增产。在盐渍化和养分过度积累的设施障碍土壤中,应施用养分适宜、生物活性高的有机类土壤调理剂。 相似文献
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以烟台地区苹果主栽品种烟富3为试材,通过连续5年的定位试验,研究了硅钙钾镁肥与黄腐酸钾配施对酸化果园土壤化学性质、果树叶片功能、果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:与空白对照相比,硅钙钾镁肥处理提高了土壤pH、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙镁含量及阳离子交换量,硅钙钾镁肥与黄腐酸钾配施后的土壤有机质、速效钾、交换性钙含量和阳离子交换量显著高于对照,分别提高11.6%、24.8%、24.7%和1.55 cmol/kg。单施硅钙钾镁肥提高了叶片SPAD值和叶面积,分别较对照提高6.05%和8.39%;硅钙钾镁肥和黄腐酸钾配施显著改善叶片功能,叶片SPAD值和叶面积分别较对照提高11.9%和16.1%。单施硅钙钾镁肥及其与黄腐酸钾配施均能显著提高单果重和产量,分别较对照增加9.4%～11.8%和11.4%～14.8%;果实可溶性固形物、固酸比、维生素C含量和硬度分别较对照增加了8.6%～10.2%、14.1%～16.8%、10.1%～12.3%和3.2%～3.8%,差异显著。综合评价,硅钙钾镁肥可有效改良土壤,改善苹果叶片功能,提高苹果产量和品质;硅钙钾镁肥与黄腐酸钾配施比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。 相似文献
10.
《农业环境与发展》2021,(1)
为评价土壤改良剂对川党参连作障碍的消减作用,以有机肥、微生物肥和硅钙钾镁肥为改良材料,研究不同改良剂对连作川党参生长及土壤生化性质的影响。结果表明,有机肥、微生物肥和硅钙钾镁肥显著提升了川党参叶片SPAD值,增幅分别为41.2%、20.7%和47.4%。有机肥和硅钙钾镁肥显著增加川党参产量,增幅分别为20.2%和13.8%。有机肥和微生物肥显著提高川党参多糖百分含量,分别增加9.3个百分点和6.2个百分点。微生物肥显著增加川党参炔苷含量,增幅为18.3%。3种改良剂对川党参根际土壤生化性质影响差异较大,与对照相比,有机肥和硅钙钾镁肥处理显著提高了土壤pH,分别提高0.28个和0.14个单位;显著降低土壤交换性铝含量,降幅分别为8.7%和19.9%。微生物肥显著降低土壤有机质,降幅为12.0%。有机肥、微生物肥和硅钙钾镁肥均显著增加土壤速效钾含量,增幅分别为107.5%、23.2%和32.6%。硅钙钾镁肥显著增加细菌丰度,降低真菌丰度,细菌/真菌比例较对照处理提高5 038倍。综上,3种改良剂均可提高川党参光合代谢能力,但不同改良剂对连作川党参生长及土壤生化性质的影响存在差异。有机肥和硅钙钾镁肥显著提高川党参产量,微生物肥显著提升川党参炔苷含量。综合效应分析表明,3种改良剂(施用量)对连作川党参土壤的改良效果依次为有机肥(4 500 kg·hm~(-2))微生物肥(750 kg·hm~(-2))硅钙钾镁肥(750kg·hm~(-2))。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):367-375
Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths. 相似文献
12.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。 相似文献
13.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):833-840
Abstract The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively. 相似文献
15.
E. A. Mikhailova C. J. Post M. A. Schlautman J. M. Galbraith H. A. Zurqani 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(15):1826-1834
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):567-571
Abstract The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described. 相似文献
17.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments. 相似文献
18.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly. 相似文献
19.
Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rattan Lal 《Soil & Tillage Research》1993,27(1-4):1-8
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions. 相似文献
20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。 相似文献