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1.
施肥对黑土密度分组中碳、氮的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位施肥土壤为基础,研究长期施肥对黑土密度分组中碳和氮的影响。结果表明:氮肥能够增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,但不如NPKOM效果明显。土壤中各组分有机碳含量的变化趋势为重组>游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组,三者之间差异达极显著水平(p<0.01),重组有机碳的含量最大值为23.72 g/kg,而闭蓄态轻组有机碳的平均值仅为0.69 g/kg;全氮的含量的变化呈重组最大,且极显著大于闭蓄态轻组和游离态轻组,后两者之间无明显差异。不同组分中有机碳浓度和全氮浓度的变化规律一致,为游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组>重组,且游离态轻组明显大于其它两个组分。NPKOM处理的闭蓄态轻组和重组组分中的有机碳浓度和全氮浓度大于其它施肥处理。碳氮比的变化趋势为游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组>土壤>重组,重组和土壤中,NPKOM处理的碳氮比最低,CK处理的碳氮比最大,可见有机肥的施用加快了土壤碳的周转速度。 相似文献
2.
保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作条件下土壤团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响 总被引：30，自引：3，他引：27
在位于黄土高原西部半干旱区定西市李家堡镇设置不同保护性耕作试验,对不同麦-豆轮作次序下0~5cm,5~10 cm,10~30 cm土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体稳定系数及土壤总有机碳含量进行了测定。结果表明:经过5年的轮作后,干筛法获得的机械稳定性团聚体在两种轮作次序下均以大团聚体为主,但处理间各层次的表现无明显规律;相对于传统耕作,免耕 秸秆覆盖、传统耕作 秸秆还田以及免耕不覆盖处理在两种轮作次序下均能不同程度地提高各层次土壤水稳性团聚体含量和团聚体稳定率;各层次土壤免耕 秸秆覆盖、传统耕作 秸秆还田土壤总有机碳含量均较传统耕作处理有提高,而免耕不覆盖处理土壤总有机碳含量在麦→豆→麦序列下比传统耕作处理高,在豆→麦→豆序列下比传统耕作处理低。 相似文献
3.
保护性耕作对水-旱轮作土壤有机碳组分的影响——基于密度分组法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以武穴市10年水-旱轮作长期定位试验的传统耕作(CT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(CTS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆还田(NTS)4个处理的水稻土为对象,通过密度分组方法研究各组分有机碳(游离态轻组、闭蓄态轻组、重组)含量的变化特征,探讨秸秆还田与免耕对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。结果表明,游离态轻组、闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳含量分别为1.25～3.02 g kg~(-1),0.85～3.05 g kg~(-1)和18.46～23.23 g kg~(-1),占总有机碳的4.44%～12.36%、3.53%～10.86%和77.85%～82.73%。NTS处理显著增加土壤闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳含量;免耕对各组分土壤有机碳的影响不明显。闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳与总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关,闭蓄态轻组对耕作方式改变的敏感性最强(敏感性指标为4.00),能够敏感地反映不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳库的影响。与常规还田相比,NTS处理促进游离态轻组有机碳向闭蓄态轻组有机碳转化,有利于土壤有机碳的积累,是本研究中提升土壤有机质的最佳保护性耕作措施。 相似文献
4.
油/麦-稻轮作和施肥对土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过田间定位试验探究油菜-水稻与小麦-水稻轮作在不同施肥措施下的土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布差异,为长江中游油麦交错区水旱轮作模式选择及培肥地力提供依据。利用湖北沙洋的定位试验,选择油-稻和麦-稻轮作的不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、化肥与秸秆还田相结合（NPK+S）3个处理,在试验布置的第4年于油菜和小麦收获后取0～20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量、孔隙度、团聚体分布和稳定性、团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率等指标。结果表明：（1）与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤有机质和有效磷含量在各施肥处理中分别提高了13.1%～19.2%和18.8%～59.5%,土壤全氮含量在秸秆不还田时提高了28.1%(CK处理)和29.2%(NPK处理);（2）秸秆不还田时,油-稻轮作土壤总孔隙度较麦-稻轮作显著提高了8.1%(CK处理)和10.3%(NPK处理),相应的毛管孔隙度分别提高了11.7%和10.5%;(3)与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、平均几何直径（GMD）和大团聚体含量（WSMA）在各施肥处理中均显著提高,且提高了大团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率;（4）... 相似文献
5.
作物连作与自然恢复下黑土密度组分中碳、氮分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测站长期定位试验的黑土为研究对象, 通过对不同作物连作(玉米、大豆、小麦)和自然恢复(草地、裸地)下土壤及其密度分组中有机碳、氮含量的测定, 比较分析了土壤总有机碳、全氮以及密度组分碳、氮分布的变化特征。结果表明不同作物连作下土壤总有机碳的含量差异不显著。0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层农田土壤游离态轻组有机碳含量具有显著差异(P<0.05)。大豆连作的农田土壤游离态轻组有机碳主要分布在0~10 cm土层, 而小麦连作的土壤游离态轻组有机碳主要分布在10~20 cm土层。不同作物连作下土壤闭蓄态轻组有机碳含量差异不显著。不同组分中氮素具有与碳相似的分布特征。游离态轻组与闭蓄态轻组C/N比值之间呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。草地与农田、裸地相比显著提高了土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量。草地土壤游离态轻组、闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳含量显著高于农田和裸地。作物连作和自然恢复导致土壤碳、氮的重新分配, 改变了土壤碳、氮的赋存特征。 相似文献
6.
基于傅里叶红外光谱研究东北黑土开垦对土壤有机质化学结构特征的影响,探明各粒级团聚体及密度组分中有机质化学结构变化特征,为开垦黑土农田土壤有机质结构变化提供理论参考。依托中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站长期定位试验研究平台,以试验开垦前自然草地土壤为对照,选取开垦8年、没有有机物料投入的耕层(0～20 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法、密度分组将土壤有机质分成不同组分,用傅里叶红外光谱仪测定原土及各组分有机质红外光谱,分析开垦对土壤有机质化学结构的影响。结果表明:开垦前后,有机质红外结构特征峰相似,均以多糖C—O和醇酚—OH为主。全土芳香族CC含量较开垦前显著减少4.77%,有机质稳定性下降6.32%。在>0.25 mm团聚体中芳香族CC和羰基CO相对强度较开垦前分别显著降低29.91%和27.16%,醇酚—OH相对强度显著增加15.60%;0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中,多糖C—O相对强度增加4.57%,脂肪族—CH相对强度显著减少23.85%。<0.053 mm团聚体中,脂肪族—CH相对强度显著减少16.33%。有机质游离态轻组(LF)、闭蓄态组分(OF)中多糖C—O特征峰相对强度分别显著增加15.82%和18.15%,在矿质态组分(MF)中变化不显著。主成分分析表明,开垦对>0.053 mm粒级团聚体和LF、OF组分有机质结构影响最大,各官能团中多糖C—O相对强度增加最明显。综上,开垦使黑土大团聚体和LF的有机质芳香族组分减少,有机质结构趋于简单化,有机质结构稳定性下降。 相似文献
7.
在鲁西北新垦沙地进行了绿肥秣食豆轮作种植试验。试验结果表明：按经济效益大小依次为秣食豆一小麦→秣食豆→花生＞秣食豆→花生→大豆＞→大豆→秣食品→花生→花生→花生，３种含有秣食豆的轮作方法同花生连作相比，在对土壤有机质，氮，磷含量及土壤团聚体结构等方面都有良好的促进作用。 相似文献
8.
9.
不同程度重金属污染对水稻土团聚体组成的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以太湖地区长期受重金属污染的稻麦轮作条件下的水稻土为研究对象,分别采取水稻收获期和小麦收获期不同重金属污染水平的土壤和临近非污染土壤(对照土壤),利用低能量超声分散分离技术将原状土进行团聚体分级,并结合土壤碳库分析,研究不同程度重金属污染对水稻土团聚体组成的影响。结果表明:随着重金属污染程度的增加,小麦收获期土壤2~0.2 mm与0.2~0.02 mm粒级的团聚体含量呈显著降低趋势,0.02~0.002 mm与0.002 mm粒级团聚体含量显著增加,但这种趋势在水稻收获期表现不显著;重金属污染降低了水稻季团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),从而降低了土壤的团聚程度,但这在小麦季并未表现出显著的降低作用;而小麦季重金属污染对原土及团聚体中有机碳含量没有显著影响,水稻季重金属污染则显著增加了土壤有机碳的含量。这些结果表明不同重金属污染程度对土壤团聚体组成的影响在不同的作物收获期表现不同,这可能与土壤团聚体周转过程受农田水分管理等措施影响有关,尚需深入研究。 相似文献
10.
【目的】近几十年来青藏高原增温显著，但是增温对土壤团聚体的稳定性影响研究较少，温度升高是否通过影响土壤团聚体的周转和稳定性进而影响土壤有机碳变化还有待探明。【方法】研究以10年的长期增温野外试验为依托，采用物理化学联合分组的方法，探明长期增温对西藏高寒草甸土壤团聚体形成、周转和稳定性的影响；同时揭示团聚体物理保护对土壤有机碳变化的影响。【结果】长期增温没有对土壤有机碳含量产生影响。长期增温对> 2 mm大团聚体的含量无显著影响，但使2～0.25 mm大团聚体、大团聚体内闭蓄态微团聚体、大团聚体内闭蓄态微团聚体外游离的细的颗粒有机质、大团聚体内闭蓄态微团聚体中的粉粒+粘粒的含量分别减少15.4%、25.1%、52.7%和40.5%;0.25～0.053 mm微团聚体及<0.053 mm粉粒+粘粒的含量分别增加了14.8%和43.5%。长期增温处理下，土壤团聚体质量分数的变化导致几何平均直径、平均重量直径和大团聚体比重分别减少23.0%、11.1%和19.5%。土壤有机碳主要分布在2～0.25 mm大团聚体和0.25～0.053 mm微团聚体中，两者约占全土有机碳的71.6%～... 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):367-375
Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths. 相似文献
12.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。 相似文献
13.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):833-840
Abstract The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively. 相似文献
15.
E. A. Mikhailova C. J. Post M. A. Schlautman J. M. Galbraith H. A. Zurqani 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(15):1826-1834
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):567-571
Abstract The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described. 相似文献
17.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments. 相似文献
18.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly. 相似文献
19.
Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rattan Lal 《Soil & Tillage Research》1993,27(1-4):1-8
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions. 相似文献
20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。 相似文献