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1.
铁尾矿和副产品云母、白云石经煅烧制备的矿物质调理剂呈碱性,且富含植物生长所需的钾钙镁硅等有益元素,具有改良酸性土壤的潜在作用。为探究矿物质调理剂在酸性土壤地区的应用效果,通过一年两地田间小区试验,研究了推荐施肥配施不同用量矿物质调理剂对土壤pH和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等有效养分含量及油菜生长和产量的影响。田间试验设有5个处理,分别为空白对照(T1)、当地推荐施肥(T2)、当地推荐施肥配施750 kg/hm2调理剂(T3)、当地推荐施肥配施1500 kg/hm2调理剂(T4)和当地推荐施肥配施2250 kg/hm2调理剂(T5)。两地试验结果均表明:(1)与推荐施肥相比,配施矿物质调理剂油菜各生育期土壤pH、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加(P<0.05),且随着施用量的增加呈增加趋势;而土壤碱解氮含量变化无显著差异。(2)与推荐施肥相比,配施矿物质调理剂能促进油菜生长,有利于产量构成要素一级分枝数、单株角果数和千粒重的形成,进而提高籽粒产量,且当施用量为1500 kg/hm2时籽粒产量显著增加(P<0.05)。(3)综合考虑改善土壤和作物产量及成本,当矿物质调理剂施用量为1500 kg/hm2时,较750 kg/hm2施用量效果好,较2250 kg/hm2施用量效果也较好且更经济,可作为最佳推荐施用量。由此可见,铁尾矿及副产品云母、白云石制备的矿物质调理剂在酸性土壤地区施用,可以改善土壤酸化状况、补充土壤有效养分、实现作物增产。 相似文献
2.
采用花生营养分层调控-起垄-播种一体机,通过研究花生种下分层施用有机肥与化肥对花生生长发育、养分积累、产量和品质、土壤理化性状的影响,旨在为砂姜黑土区夏花生微域土壤调理、高效施肥提供科学依据。结果表明,与有机肥和化肥撒施相比,种下施肥能改善花生农艺性状、提高经济性状,改善土壤理化性状,增加花生养分积累量,油酸含量平均增加1.94个百分点,产量平均增加554.0 kg/hm2,增产11.2%,其中,花生种下5和8 cm分层施用有机肥600 kg/hm2和化肥600 kg/hm2产量最高,为5759.4 kg/hm2。花生种下5和8 cm分层施用有机肥和化肥的产量比种下5 cm同层施用有机肥和化肥的产量平均增加175.7 kg/hm2,平均增产3.3%,油酸含量平均增加0.89个百分点。化肥减施25%时,花生种下施用有机肥和化肥比有机肥和化肥撒施产量平均增加258.1～419.4 kg/hm2,平均增产5.2%～8.5%,油酸含量平均增加0.75～1.71个百分点,其中花生种下5和8 cm分层施用有机肥和化肥的增产提质效果最好。总之,花生种下5和8 cm分层施用有机肥600 kg/hm2和化肥450 kg/hm2,与撒施有机肥600 kg/hm2和化肥600 kg/hm2相比,化肥减施25%,花生增产419.4 kg/hm2,增产8.5%,能实现有机肥和化肥协同增效,达到化肥减施和大面积均衡增产的目的,应在夏花生主产区推广应用。 相似文献
3.
[目的] 研究不同土壤调理剂使用量对陕北盐碱地土壤化学性质及水稻生长的影响，为该区盐碱地改良和水稻种植提供科学参考。[方法] 以陕北定边县盐碱地水稻为研究对象，设置不同的土壤调理剂施用量（1 000，1 500，2 000 kg/hm2），在陕北地区开展田间试验。[结果] ①随着土壤调理剂的用量增加，各处理0-40 cm土壤pH值和水溶性盐总量明显降低，各处理较对照降低范围分别为0.89%~5.02%和6.78%~13.56%。②添加土壤调理剂后土壤有机质含量显著提高，但全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量变化不明显。③土壤调理剂添加量为1 500，2 000 kg/hm2时，能较为显著提升水稻分蘖数和水稻株高。④土壤调理剂施加量为1 000~2 000 kg/hm2，水稻产量较对照提高了5.49%~24.77%，土壤调理剂施用量大于1 500 kg/hm2时，可以显著增加水稻产量。[结论] 陕北定边盐碱地种植水稻，综合考虑水稻产量和效益，土壤调理剂的参考适宜添加量确定为1 500 kg/hm2。 相似文献
4.
太行山前平原是河北省重要的夏玉米产区,对2005～2013年在河北省开展的测土配方施肥项目的“3414”试验数据以及山区平原农田基础地力对玉米产量、基础地力贡献率和产量反应进行了分析,并利用边界线分析方法对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾对基础产量的响应进行了评价,确定了太行山前平原农田土壤培肥目标。研究结果发现,太行山前平原夏玉米基础地力产量分布在3222～9672 kg/hm2之间,平均值为6210 kg/hm2,基础地力对玉米产量的贡献率分布范围在32.2%～99.7%之间,平均值为71.7%,在太行山前平原夏玉米基础地力产量范围内,基础地力产量与施肥产量和基础地力贡献率呈显著线性正相关关系,基础地力产量每增加1000 kg/hm2,配方施肥产量则增加585 kg/hm2,基础地力贡献率也提高6.5%。氮磷钾肥的施肥产量反应分别为1614、909和802 kg/hm2,边界线分析方法确定山区平原土壤培肥目标下限是土壤有机质14.3 g/kg,土壤全氮1.20 g/kg,有效磷20.2 mg/kg,速效钾121.9 mg/kg,提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量对缩减由土壤肥力差异引起的产量差最为明显,是河北省太行山前平原的重点培肥方向。 相似文献
5.
籍增顺 《中国生态农业学报》1999,7(1):47-49
1989～1992年在山西省10个县市对旱地玉米和小麦可持续增产技术进行试验研究,建立了旱地玉 米免耕整秸秆覆盖技术、旱地小麦少耕覆盖技术等4种技术体系。试验结果表明,旱地玉米免耕整秸秆覆盖技术比常规耕作玉米增产32.0%,产量增加750～1500kg/hm2,约降低生产成本600元/hm2,增加纯收入1500元/hm2,产投比翻番;水分利用效率(WUE)提高1.95～7.5kg/hm2·mm,3年0～20cm土层有机质提高0.13%,地面径流减少60%,土壤侵蚀量减少50%,土壤动物、微生物量大大增加。 相似文献
6.
小麦是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,土壤微量元素养分是限制小麦生长和产量的重要因素。叶面喷施适宜比例的微肥对促进小麦生长、提高小麦产量具有重要意义。采用正交试验设计,探究了叶面喷施不同比例的微肥对小麦生长和产量的影响。结果发现,叶面喷施四硼酸钠、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜和钼酸铵均对小麦生长和产量有显著影响。高硼、高锌和适当铁配比的微肥更有利于提高小麦产量;硼促进植物水分和养分吸收,促进植物根系生长发育,为小麦穗部生长提供了营养条件;高浓度锌有利于小麦叶绿素和生长激素的合成,增加小麦株高、穗长、穗数和穗粒数;适宜比例的锌和铁叶面喷施能提高小麦穗粒数和籽粒产量。根据极差分析得出6 种微肥的最佳施用水平分别为四硼酸钠4.5 kg/hm2、硫酸锌4.5 kg/hm2、硫酸锰0.75 kg/hm2、硫酸亚铁2.25kg/hm2、硫酸铜0.75 kg/hm2、钼酸铵0.75 kg/hm2。综合6 种微肥的施用水平,18 个处理中叶面喷施四硼酸钠4.5kg/hm2、硫酸锌1.5 kg/hm2、硫酸锰0.75 kg/hm2、硫酸亚铁2.25 kg/hm2、硫酸铜1.125 kg/hm2 和钼酸铵1.125 kg/hm2配比的微肥下小麦产量最高,为10259.09 kg/hm2,高于其他处理0.07% ～ 16.54%,此研究可为丰富小麦高产栽培技术提供理论依据。 相似文献
7.
在甘肃省河西内陆灌区的制种玉米田,采用田间试验方法,研究了保水型专用肥对土壤物理性质和蓄水量的影响及制种玉米田最佳施肥量。结果表明,影响玉米产量的因素由大到小依次为:CO(NH2)2>(NH4)2HPO4>糠醛渣>保水剂>ZnSO4·7H2O;因素间最佳组合为:CO(NH2)2600kg/hm2,(NH4)2HPO4350kg/hm2,ZnSO4·7H2O 30kg/hm2,保水剂19.98kg/hm2,糠醛渣15 000kg/hm2。保水型专用肥施肥量与玉米制种田容重呈负相关关系,与孔隙度、蓄水量、玉米植物学性质和经济性状呈正相关关系。随着保水型专用肥施用量梯度的增加,玉米穗粒数、穗粒重、百粒重、产量在增加,但边际产量、边际利润表现为递减,保水型专用肥施用量在10.00t/hm2的基础上再增加2.50t/hm2,收益出现负值。经回归统计分析,保水型专用肥施用量与玉米产量可用一元二次方程拟合,经济效益最佳施肥量为9.99t/hm2,玉米的理论产量为6 715.33kg/hm2。 相似文献
8.
合理的养分供应对基质栽培蔬菜的优质高效生产尤为重要。通过研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥量及配施比例对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培辣椒产量和品质的影响,明确获得基质栽培高产优质辣椒的适宜氮、磷、钾用量及养分配比。采用三因素五水平二次通用旋转组合设计,以产量和品质综合得分为目标函数,以氮、磷、钾施用量3个因素为因变量,构建数学模型进行试验研究。研究结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对基质栽培辣椒产量及品质均有显著影响,对辣椒产量的影响排序为钾肥>氮肥>磷肥;对辣椒品质综合得分的影响排序为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥;当氮、磷、钾肥用量分别达376.22、164.41、595.31 kg/hm2时,边际产量效应值降至0,当氮、磷、钾肥用量分别达245.13、115.65、367.13 kg/hm2时,边际品质综合得分效应值降至0。氮磷、氮钾、磷钾互作对产量具有较强的促进作用,对氮而言,钾的交互效应大于磷;对磷而言,钾的交互效应大于氮;对钾而言,氮的交互效应大于磷。利用模型进行计算机模拟,本试验条件下辣椒产量超过53000 kg/hm2时的氮肥施用量为233.36～307.76 kg/hm2,磷肥施用量为112.71～149.74 kg/hm2,钾肥施用量为360.01～475.88 kg/hm2。辣椒品质综合评分在84分以上的氮肥施用量为193.12～267.17 kg/hm2,磷肥施用量为90.74～153.19 kg/hm2,钾肥施用量为289.67～437.25 kg/hm2。综合来看,获得高产优质的戈壁日光温室秋冬茬基质栽培辣椒的氮肥施用量为233.36～267.17 kg/hm2,磷肥施用量为112.71～149.74 kg/hm2,钾肥施用量为360.01～437.25 kg/hm2,适宜的N、P2O5、K2O施用比例约为1∶0.48∶1.54。 相似文献
9.
间作玉米对红壤团聚体的形成和磷素的有效性提高有重要作用。基于田间小区定位试验,研究不同施磷水平(P0:0 kg/hm2,P60:60 kg/hm2,P90:90 kg/hm2,P120:120 kg/hm2)下玉米大豆间作对土壤团聚体及有效磷特征的影响,为改善红壤团聚体结构和提高磷肥利用提供科学依据。结果表明:施磷和间作种植均有利于水稳性团聚体的形成和增大土壤平均质量直径。与单作玉米相比,间作分别显著提高了玉米土壤水稳性团聚体比例和平均质量直径 10.5%和 10.8%,且土壤中水稳性团聚体比例和平均质量直径在 P120施磷水平下达到最大。玉米大豆间作相比单作玉米促进了土壤 >0.25 mm团聚体含量的增加,特别是 >2 mm团聚体含量增加了 23.2%,同时减少了 <0.053 mm团聚体含量 10.2%。对比单作玉米,间作显著提高了 1～ 2和 0.25～ 1 mm团聚体中有效磷含量 相似文献
10.
长期定点监测不同基肥配方肥用量对生菜产量、品质和土壤养分的影响，为生菜科学施肥提供数据支撑。在2016 ～ 2019 年通过田间定位试验，设置了4 个基肥配方肥水平，CK(0 kg/hm2)、1/2CG(375 kg/hm2)、3/4CG(562.5 kg/hm2)和农户习惯CG(750 kg/hm2)，测定了连续4 年8 茬生菜产量、品质和土壤养分指标。结果表明，CK 处理生菜产量从第2 茬开始显著低于其他处理，1/2CG 处理生菜的平均产量最高，春茬和秋茬分别较CK 处理提高15.17% 和10.06%，较CG 处理提高3.95% 和3.24%，施用基肥配方肥对生菜产量有显著提高作用，适当减少生菜基肥配方肥用量并未造成生菜减产。1/2CG 处理8 茬生菜硝酸盐含量均低于CG 处理，1/2CG 和3/4CG 处理Vc 含量分别较CG 处理提高，适当的基肥配方肥减量可以提高生菜Vc 含量，降低硝酸盐含量。基肥配方肥可以提高土壤速效养分含量，对维持土壤有效磷和速效钾有重要作用。通过基肥配方肥施用量与产量拟合方程得出结论，在基肥配方N-P2O5-K2O(18-9-18)的条件下，生菜春茬基肥配方肥推荐量为478.64 kg/hm2，秋茬基肥配方肥推荐量为453.75 kg/hm2。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):367-375
Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths. 相似文献
12.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。 相似文献
13.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):833-840
Abstract The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively. 相似文献
15.
E. A. Mikhailova C. J. Post M. A. Schlautman J. M. Galbraith H. A. Zurqani 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(15):1826-1834
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):567-571
Abstract The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described. 相似文献
17.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments. 相似文献
18.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly. 相似文献
19.
Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rattan Lal 《Soil & Tillage Research》1993,27(1-4):1-8
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions. 相似文献
20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。 相似文献