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1.
荔枝钾氮肥滴施比例及施肥方式对土壤pH和盐分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
灌溉施肥引起的土壤酸化和次生盐渍化问题是限制其可持续应用的重要因素。2013 ~ 2018年在海南省澄迈县进行了荔枝滴灌施肥试验,探讨在磷肥土施条件下以不同比例滴施钾氮肥（K2O/N = 0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2）及在K2O/N = 1.0条件下以不同方式施肥（磷肥土施而钾氮肥滴施、全部肥料滴施及全部肥料土施）对砖红壤荔枝园0 ~ 30和30 ~ 50 cm土层土壤pH和盐分的影响。结果表明,连续5年以不同比例滴施钾氮肥,土壤pH、盐分及盐分阳离子（K+、Ca2+和Mg2+）和阴离子（Cl?、NO3?、SO42?和HCO3?）含量变化与钾氮肥比例之间均缺乏密切关系。然而,在试验结束时,偏施氮肥（钾氮肥滴施比例为0.6）由于促进Ca2+在两个土层的淋失而降低土壤pH,而合理滴施钾氮肥（钾氮肥比例为1.0）则稍提高土壤pH,对盐分及盐分阴阳离子含量影响则未达显著水平。全部肥料土施比全部肥料滴施有利于盐分阳离子的保存,对盐分阴离子的影响则不大,从而也有利于维持土壤pH。在荔枝滴灌施肥中,可将钾氮肥以1∶1的比例滴施且将磷肥土施,即使在降雨丰沛的荔枝产区长期应用,也可避免土壤酸化及次生盐渍化。 相似文献
2.
利用苏丹草-黑麦草轮作的4年大田定位试验研究施肥对饲草产量、氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮、铵态氮的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)明显增加苏丹草、黑麦草产量,2005/2006,2006/2007,2007/2008,2008/2009年度两季饲草产量分别比PK处理(不施氮肥)增加312.9%,339.8%,231.7%,223.1%,分别比NK处理(不施磷肥)增加26.9%,20.2%,23.3%,25.9%,分别比NP处理(不施钾肥)增加17.9%,17.3%,21.7%,23.2%。氮磷钾肥配施可以促进饲草的N素吸收,4个年度饲草氮素总吸收量分别为500kg/hm2,311kg/hm2,450kg/hm2,428kg/hm2,均高于其他处理。氮磷钾肥配施可以提高饲草的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力,且4个年度中NPK处理均高于NK、NP处理。氮磷钾肥配施维持轮作系统中氮素的平衡,也减少氮素在土壤中盈余,4个年度NPK处理的氮盈余量均低于NK、NP处理。苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,NK、NP、NPK处理的土壤硝态氮、铵态氮高于CK、PK处理,并且苏丹草试验期高于黑麦草试验期。 相似文献
3.
荔枝叶片养分含量动态及不同比例钾、氮肥施用效应 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
【目的】探索荔枝叶片养分含量的周年变化规律及钾、氮肥不同施用比例对荔枝产量及其种植效益的影响,为荔枝生产中的施肥管理、营养调控与增产增效提供理论依据和实践指导。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以1995年嫁接苗种植的国内主栽品种妃子笑为试材,设置钾、氮肥不同施用比例（K2O/N分别为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2和1.4）5个处理,随机区组排列,于2009~2012年3个生长季在广东省惠州市荔枝主产区进行试验。在荔枝不同生育期定期采集荔枝叶片测定矿质元素含量,荔枝成熟时于田间按小区实收称重测产。【结果】荔枝叶片不同生育期的养分含量存在明显差异;在整个生育期,叶片养分含量的大小均表现为N﹥K﹥Ca﹥Mg﹥P﹥S﹥B﹥Zn﹥Mo;叶片K与Ca、Mg含量有极显著的负相关关系,K与Zn含量呈显著负相关,而Ca、Mg、Zn含量两两间呈显著正相关;叶片N与S、B含量呈显著负相关,而S与B呈极显著正相关;叶片P与Ca、Si含量呈显著负相关,而Ca与Si呈显著正相关。等氮基础上随着K2O/N比的提高,荔枝产量和种植效益均出现先升高后降低的规律;以K2O/N比例为1.0~1.2时荔枝产量最高、效益最好。【结论】在我国荔枝主产区以保持钾、氮肥养分施用比例（K2O∶N）为1.0~1.2为宜。 相似文献
4.
为探讨辽西褐土区土壤养分供应能力,2012年和2014年采用随机区组试验研究了不同施肥处理下土壤养分供应、高粱产量及养分吸收利用的变化。试验包括CK、NPK、PK、NK和NP 5个处理,3次重复。结果表明,该试验区土壤供氮、供磷、供钾能力分别为80.9%、88.5%、97.6%。土壤供氮、磷能力为"中",供钾能力为"高",氮素是该区高粱生产首要养分限制因子。2012年NPK较PK处理增产20.5%,与NK处理产量差异不显著,2014年NPK分别较PK和NK处理增产26.9%和20.3%,2年间NPK与NP处理产量差异不显著。NPK或NP配施可显著提高高粱产量。不同施肥措施对N、P、K的吸收量以NPK和NP处理较高。施氮肥可显著降低氮素收获指数,施磷肥和钾肥对磷素和钾素收获指数无显著影响。肥料农学效率以磷肥最高,氮肥居中。肥料利用率以氮肥最高,磷肥最低。综合不同施肥处理下的养分供应能力、高粱产量、养分吸收量和利用率可知,本地区高粱施肥应加强氮肥的合理投入,并注重磷肥的合理施用。 相似文献
5.
长期施钾与秸秆还田对西北区不同种植制度下作物产量及土壤钾素的影响 总被引：19，自引：9，他引：10
研究了在西北地区代表性的灌淤土、栗钙土上连续13年施用钾肥和小麦秸秆还田对作物产量和耕层土壤钾素的影响。结果表明,施用化学钾肥和小麦秸秆还田能显著增加宁夏轮作种植制度下作物产量,表现为:氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田只施用氮磷钾肥氮磷肥配合秸秆还田只施用氮磷肥;且作物种类对施钾措施的显效时间上有差异,而钾素投入对青海点小麦产量无显著作用。宁夏点作物年际间产量变异系数低于青海点,小麦的产量变异系数大于玉米但钾肥产量效应却低于玉米。两定位点除氮磷钾+秸秆还田外,其余处理土壤钾素均表现亏缺,轮作制度下土壤钾素亏缺量较小麦单作制大。两定位点施钾或秸秆还田处理的水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和全钾含量均不同程度高于只施氮磷处理;除矿物钾外,其余几种形态钾比例均高于氮磷处理,特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施的影响。与定位开始相比,两种类型土壤各形态钾含量和比例随时间变异特点不同,与原始土壤钾素状况及种植制度密切相关。 相似文献
6.
长期定位施肥对旱作塿土小麦产量、养分效率及养分平衡的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
《土壤通报》2017,(5):1162-1168
本文以20年塿土冬小麦-夏休闲轮作体系长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨小麦产量、肥料利用效率及养分平衡对长期不同施肥模式的响应。试验包括7种施肥模式:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施(MNPK)。结果表明,同时施入氮肥和磷肥处理的小麦产量上升趋势显著,年均增产幅度为219~265 kg hm-2。施氮肥处理土壤氮素盈余,施磷肥处理土壤磷素盈余。以N和NK氮素盈余最多,年均盈余分别为88 kg hm-2和66 kg hm-2,MNPK土壤磷素盈余达到107 kg hm-2。同时施入氮磷肥处理(NP、NPK)显著提高了氮(磷)肥的累积表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力,MNPK仅显著提高了氮肥的累积表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。除了PK和MNPK外的其它处理,土壤钾素均呈亏缺状态,以NP亏缺最严重,达到103 kg hm-2a-1。施钾肥对钾肥累积表观利用率、钾肥农学效率以及钾肥偏生产力均没有明显影响。20年后,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均以MNPK最高。旱作塿土合理的施肥措施为氮磷配合或有机肥配合氮肥。 相似文献
7.
灌淤土区长期施钾对作物产量与养分及土壤钾素的长期效应研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过在宁夏灌淤土区长达14年的连续施钾和小麦秸秆还田试验, 研究钾素投入对作物产量、养分和土壤钾素状况的影响.结果表明:小麦秸秆还田和长期施用钾肥均可不同程度提高小麦和玉米的经济产量, 其中施钾年平均增产小麦244 kg·hm-2, 玉米397 kg·hm-2, 处理之间产量表现为氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田>施用氮磷钾肥>氮磷肥配合秸秆还田>只施用氮磷肥.定位后8～10年施钾肥开始显著有效, 玉米显效时间早于小麦;秸秆还田和钾肥的投入均可提高籽粒和秸秆的钾素吸收量, 秸秆含钾丰富, 籽粒钾含量仅占植株钾总量的13%～17%;施用钾肥可提高作物籽粒大中微量元素含量而降低秸秆中、微量元素含量, 促进籽粒对大部分元素的吸收;长期不施钾肥处理(NP和NP+St)0～20 cm土层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量较定位开始时下降; 所有处理土壤全钾含量均表现下降, 下降幅度为0.8～1.2 g·kg-1. 相似文献
8.
滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥对马铃薯生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在盆栽试验条件下,以滴灌施肥方式探讨滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥对马铃薯生长、产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明:在本试验条件下,滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥对马铃薯植株生物量的积累差异不显著;滴施铵态氮肥有利于提高马铃薯块茎中N的浓度,而滴施硝态氮肥有利于提高马铃薯块茎中Ca的浓度;滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥处理马铃薯的淀粉含量、干物质含量、灰分含量等均差异不显著,块茎产量也差异不显著,但马铃薯商品薯比例以滴施铵硝比例为50/50氮肥处理的最高,达到92.01%。 相似文献
9.
长期不施磷肥对旱地红壤养分比例与玉米产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在湖南祁阳国家红壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地,于2008年对已有18年旱地红壤肥料试验历史的不施肥、NK、NP、PK、NPK处理下玉米产量、pH以及养分状况等指标进行了研究.结果表明,长期不施磷肥、只施氮钾肥导致玉米绝产.施用磷肥有极显著的增产作用,其中NP、PK与NPK处理分别比不施肥处理玉米增产33.2%、66.39%与151.45%.施磷的增产作用主要体现在玉米穗粒数、百粒重以及公顷穗数的增加.长期施用氮肥造成了土壤酸化,尤以NK处理酸化严重(pH值降至4.1),导致玉米产量连年下降.长期不施磷肥、只施氮钾肥,导致土壤全磷量和有效磷量降低,而全氮、全钾、碱解氮、有效钾量增加,表现为土壤氮磷钾养分比例严重失衡.NK处理的土壤氮磷钾全量比例为2.8:1:44.5,其它施磷处理的为1.09～1.32:1:17.96～19.36;NK处理的土壤氮磷钾速效量为31:1:57,其它施磷处理的为0.7～1.16:1:1.07～4.6. 相似文献
10.
长期不同施肥条件下红壤性水稻土双季稻氮肥回收率的变化特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在江西进贤红壤性水稻土上连续种植双季水稻26年,分析了在化肥氮用量相同条件下,不施肥（CK）, 单施氮肥（N）, 施用氮、 磷化肥（NP）, 氮、 钾化肥（NK）, 氮、 磷、 钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPKM）处理的水稻氮肥回收率的演变特征及其增产效应。结果表明,不同施肥条件下的化肥氮回收率差异显著,26年的平均氮肥回收率 N 处理为 9.4%~11.6%、 NP为13.0%~18.5%、 NPK为19.8%~26.1%, NPKM为14.1%~22.9%。磷、 钾肥混施和与有机肥配施可显著提高水稻氮肥回收率,且对早稻的贡献大于晚稻,NPK和NPKM处理的早稻氮肥回收率比晚稻平均高6.3和8.8个百分点。N和NK处理的早稻和晚稻氮肥回收率均随年度增加而显著降低,平均每年下降约0.6个百分点,而NPK、 NPKM处理的氮肥回收率基本保持稳定。与NPK相比,NPKM处理早稻和晚稻籽粒产量分别增加19.0%和21.7%。因此,NPKM处理在提高化肥氮的回收率和高产稳产方面都是红壤性水稻土上可持续的施肥模式。 相似文献
11.
Leila Shekari Maryam Mozafariyan Mirza Hasanuzzaman Farshad Sadeghi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(6):761-772
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions. 相似文献
12.
M. Kaplan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):237-244
Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used. 相似文献
13.
红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
Sandro Froehner Karina Scurupa Machado Elisa Stefen Marcelo Nolasco 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):591-599
The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO2 and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic. 相似文献
15.
自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1948-1959
Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management. 相似文献
17.
Ohnishi H Iwanaga S Kawazoe K Ishizawa K Orino S Tomita S Tsuchiya K Kanematsu Y Harada N Mori K Tsuchihashi T Ishikawa Y Tamaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10092-10098
This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions. 相似文献
18.
19.
Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance. 相似文献
20.
响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。 相似文献