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1.
Controlled-environment chambers were used to study the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in rice soil. In three chambers, CO2 concentration was maintained at 353ᆣ/396ᆫ µmol mol-1 (day/night; ambient CO2), while in another three, CO2 was maintained at 667ᆸ/700ᆽ µmol mol-1 (day/night; elevated CO2) throughout the growing season. Rice (var. Nipponbare) seedlings were grown under either ambient or elevated CO2 concentrations, and then transplanted into the soils in the corresponding chambers. At different growth stages, soil samples were taken from surface (0-1cm) and sub-surface (1-10cm) layers at the centre of four hills, then sieved (<1 mm) to remove root residues. Fresh soil was used to measure N fixation activity (using the acetylene reduction assay), NH4+ content and organic C. Separate sets of soil samples were transferred to serum bottles and anaerobically incubated at 30°C for 30 days to measure potential rates of N mineralization and C decomposition. Under an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, acetylene reduction activity significantly increased in the surface soil layer during the early cultivation stages and in the sub-surface soil layer during the latter part of cultivation. There was no difference in the amount of NH4+ in fresh soils between elevated and ambient CO2 chambers, while the rate of N mineralization was increased by elevated CO2 during the latter part of cultivation. Soils from the elevated CO2 chambers had obviously higher rate of C decomposition than that from the ambient CO2 chambers. CH4 production gradually increased with the growth of rice plants. These results suggest that elevated CO2 affected biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in submerged rice soil during the different growth stages of rice.  相似文献   

2.
Temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and respiration of soil and their responses to topography, burning, N fertilization, and their interactions were determined in a temperate steppe in northern China. Soil microbial indices showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) were 14.8 and 11.5% greater in the lower than upper slope, respectively. However, the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN were 16.9 and 26.2% higher in the upper than lower slope, respectively. Neither microbial respiration (MR) nor metabolic quotient (qCO2) was affected by topography. Both MBC and MBN were increased by burning, on average, by 29.8 and 14.2% over the growing season, and MR and qCO2 tended to reduce depending on the sampling date, especially in August. Burning stimulated the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN in the upper slope, but did not change these two parameters in the lower slope. No effects of N fertilization on soil microbial indices were observed in the first growing season after the treatment. Further research is needed to study the long-term relationships between changes in soil microbial diversity and activity and plant community in response to burning and N fertilization.  相似文献   

3.
在田间条件下,应用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤反硝化和N2O的排放特征。研究表明:冬小麦和夏玉米整个生育期反硝化速率和N2O排放通量均表现出明显的季节性变化,且均与土壤水分和无机氮浓度呈显著正相关。小麦季和玉米季的反硝化损失量及N2O排放量均表现出随施肥量的降低而降低,夏玉米季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季。小麦季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量习惯施肥处理是氮肥减量后移处理的1.62和1.67倍,玉米季分别为2.01和2.00倍。氮肥减量后移可能是通过改变土壤无机氮浓度而降低反硝化损失量和N2O排放量。  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

An anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to investigate methane (CH4) production potential in soil samples collected from a paddy field after exposure to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). The FACE experiment with two CO2 levels, ambient and ambient + 200 p.p.m.v CO2 during the rice growing season, was conducted at Shizukuishi, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The soil was a wet Andosol. Soil samples were taken from the surface (0–1 cm) and the sub-surface (1–10 cm) soil layers 2 months after rice harvest. Sub-samples of the fresh soils were put into glass bottles and submerged under N2 gas headspace during the incubation. The results showed that, prior to incubation, the contents of total C and dissolved organic C (DOC) were significantly greater in FACE soil than ambient soil. During the incubation, CH4 production potential was approximately 2–4-fold higher in FACE soil than ambient soil and approximately 500–1,000-fold greater in surface soil than sub-surface soil. In general, the FACE soil contained more DOC than ambient soil, particularly in the surface soil layer. These findings suggest that FACE treatment exerted long-term positive effects on CH4 production and increased organic C content in this paddy soil, particularly in the surface soil layer.  相似文献   

5.
施肥对菜园土壤养分淋溶流失浓度的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
利用盆栽种植空心菜和菜心并收集测定土壤渗漏水氮磷钾养分浓度,研究了不同施肥水平对土壤氮磷钾淋溶流失浓度的影响。试验表明,在较大施肥量或化肥当季损失量范围内,土壤渗漏水硝态氮、总磷和钾浓度与氮、磷、钾施肥量或损失量之间呈非线性关系,但在中低施肥量时则表现为线性关系。化肥当季损失量与土壤渗漏水养分浓度呈显著水平的线性正相关,由此提出“双速率转折点”概念用以评价土壤养分流失潜力。当施肥量或化肥当季损失量超过双速率转折点X0后,土壤淋溶排水养分浓度将以非线性形式急剧增加。因此,从环保角度看,施肥量不应超过X0。盆栽试验表明,以化肥当季损失量为基础的灰泥土、灰黄泥土和黄泥土的氮肥X0分别为每盆N 0.35、0.32和0.34 g,磷肥X0分别为每盆P 0.06、0.06和0.09 g,灰泥土和灰黄泥土的钾肥X0则分别为K 0.17和0.18 g;与土壤渗漏水养分浓度为基础所确定的氮、磷、钾X0有显著水平的线性正相关。以环保为目标的氮磷钾用量X0大多数低于以产量为目标的经济施肥量。化肥当季损失量参数较易获得,可作为环保施肥的依据。  相似文献   

6.
The effect of a single cut (simulated grazing) and regrowth of Lolium perenne on CO2 efflux from soil (loamy Haplic Luvisol), on below-ground C translocation and on the distribution of plant C among different soil particle size fractions was investigated under controlled conditions with and without N fertilization by pulse labelling with 14C 7 times (four before and three after the cutting). The amount of 14C respired from the rhizosphere of Lolium decreased by a factor of about 3 during 1 month of growth. At the same time the amount of 14C stored in soil increased. Cut and non-fertilized plants respired less C in the rhizosphere compared to the uncut plants and cut fertilized plants. About 80% of the root-derived CO2 efflux originated from the C assimilated after defoliation, and 20% originated from the C assimilated before cutting. N fertilization decreased the below-ground C losses (root respiration and exudation) during regrowth. The shoot is the main sink of assimilated C before and after the defoliation. N fertilization led to higher C incorporation into the shoot parts growing after defoliation compared to unfertilized plants. A lower incorporation of 14C was observed in the roots of N fertilized plants. The relative growth rates (expressed as 14C specific activity) of roots and stubble were minimal and that of shoot parts growing after defoliation was maximal. Twelve percent of 14C was found in the newly grown leaves after regrowth; nevertheless, 4.7% and 2.4% of 14C in the new shoot parts were translocated from the root and shoot reserves of unfertilized and fertilized plants, respectively. Most of the C retranslocated into the new Lolium leaves originates from the stubble and not from the roots. Between 0.5% and 1.7% of 14C recovered in shoots and below-ground C pools was found in the soil microbial biomass. Cutting and fertilization did not change 14C incorporation into the microbial biomass and did not affect xylanase, invertase, and protease activities. Tracing the assimilated C in particle size fractions revealed maximal incorporation for the sand and clay fraction.  相似文献   

7.
The mineralisation of green manure from agroforestry trees was monitored with the objective to compare the temporal dynamics of mineralisation of litter from different species. Green manures from five agroforestry tree species were used on a fallow field during the long rainy season of 1997 (March-August) and from two species in the following short rainy season (September-January) in western Kenya. Different methods, i.e. measurements of isotopic ratios of C in respired CO2 and of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions, soil inorganic N and mass loss from litterbags, were used in the field to study decomposition and C and N mineralisation. Soil respiration, with the separation of added C from old soil C by using the isotopic ratio of 13C/12C in the respired CO2, correlated well with extractable NH4+ in the soil. Mineralisation was high and very rapid from residues of Sesbania sesban of high quality [e.g. low ratio of (polyphenol+lignin)/N] and low and slow from low quality residues of Grevillea robusta. Ten days after application, 37% and 8% of the added C had been respired from Sesbania and Grevillea, respectively. Apparently, as much as 70-90% of the added C was respired in 40 days from high quality green manure. Weight losses of around 80%, from high quality residues in litterbags, also indicate substantial C losses and that a build-up of SOM is unlikely. For immediate effects on soil fertility, application of high quality green manure may, however, be a viable management option. To achieve synchrony with crop demand, caution is needed in management as large amounts of N are mineralised within a few days after application.  相似文献   

8.
In order to investigate the effect of soil water and texture on C and N mineralisation of applied organic matter, sheep manure was sandwiched between two halves of intact soil cores and incubated at 20°C. The soils contained 10.8% (L1), 22.4% (L3) and 33.7% (L5) clay, respectively, and were drained to seven different matric potentials in the range -15 to -1,500 hPa. Evolution of CO2-C was determined during 4 weeks of incubation. Contents of NO3--N, 15N and microbial biomass N were determined at the end of the incubation. The net release of CO2-C from the manure (estimated as the difference between soils with and without manure) and the total CO2-C evolution from soils with manure was not related to soil water content. Most CO2-C evolved from manure-amended soils in the least clayey L1 soil. The manure caused immobilisation of soil NO3--N but the soil matric potential had no major effects on the net NO3--N production. Less than 1% of the manure 15N was found as NO3--N at the end of the incubation. When unamended, the sandy L1 soil held the least N in microbial biomass but the largest increases in biomass N caused by manure application were found in this soil. Despite the higher increases in microbial biomass N in the L1 soil, the total content of microbial biomass N in soils with manure application peaked in the most clayey soil (L5). The recovery of manure 15N at the end of the incubation ranged from 89% to 102%. The variation in 15N recovery was not related to soil clay content nor to soil matric potential. The experimental set-up was designed to mimic field conditions where manure is left as a discrete layer surrounded by structurally intact soil. In this situation the soil clay content and the soil water level appeared to have little influence on the C and N turnover in the manure layer.  相似文献   

9.
福建早稻测土配方施肥指标体系研究   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13  
根据近年来完成的135个氮、磷、钾肥效试验结果,建立福建早稻测土配方施肥指标体系。结果表明,土壤对稻谷的平均贡献率为73.5%,施用氮、磷、钾平均增产18.1%、5.4%和8.6%,土壤贡献率和氮、磷、钾增产效果与肥力等级成正比。山区早稻高产临界指标分别为碱解氮212 mg/kg、Olsen-P26 mg/kg和速效钾116 mg/kg,沿海早稻则分别为碱解氮203 mg/kg、Olsen-P 22 mg/kg和速效钾104 mg/kg,明显低于山区稻田。早稻最高施肥量平均为N166 kg/hm2、P2O569 kg/hm2和K2O 113 kg/hm2,经济施肥量平均为N 134 kg/hm2、P2O535 kg/hm2和K2O 78kg/hm2,但不同生产区域和土壤肥力等级的氮、磷、钾推荐用量有一定差异。建立了土测值与氮、磷、钾推荐用量的回归方程式,从而达到因土施肥的目的。  相似文献   

10.
水氮互作对小麦土壤硝态氮运移及水、氮利用效率的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
为给强筋小麦(Triticum aeativum L.)高产优质栽培的水、氮合理运筹提供理论依据,在高产地力条件下,选用强筋小麦品种济麦20,设置不施氮（N0）、施氮180 kg/hm2 （N1）、240 kg/hm2 （N2）3个施氮水平,每个施氮水平下设置不灌水（W0）、底墒水+拔节水+开花水（W1）、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水（W2）、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水（W3）4个灌水处理,每次灌水量均为60 mm,研究了水氮互作对麦田耗水量、土壤硝态氮运移、氮素利用效率和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,（1）增加施氮量,开花期和成熟期0—140 cm各土层的土壤硝态氮含量显著升高;增加灌水时期,土壤硝态氮向深层的运移加剧,成熟期0—80 cm各土层的土壤硝态氮含量降低,120—140 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量升高。N1W1处理在开花期0—60 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量较高,成熟期土壤硝态氮向100—140 cm土层运移少,有利于植株对氮素的吸收。（2）随施氮量的增加,子粒产量先升高后降低,以N1最高。N1水平下,W1处理获得了较高的子粒产量、子粒氮素积累量、氮素利用效率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力;在此基础上增加冬水(W2),上述指标无显著变化;再增加灌浆水(W3),上述指标显著降低。（3）施氮提高了小麦对土壤水的利用能力,随施氮量增加,土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例显著升高。N1水平下,W1处理获得了最高的水分利用效率;再增加灌水时期,水分利用效率显著降低,开花至成熟阶段的耗水模系数显著升高,灌水量占总耗水量的比例升高,降水量和土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例降低。本试验条件下,施氮为180 kg/hm2,灌底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水3水的N1W1处理,是兼顾高产、高效的水氮运筹模式。  相似文献   

11.
Use of renewable N and C sources such as green manure (GM) and crop residues in rice-wheat cropping systems of South Asia may lead to higher crop productivity and C sequestration. However, information on measurements of gaseous N losses (N2O+N2) via denitrification and environmental problems such as N2O and CO2 production in rice-wheat cropping systems is not available. An acetylene inhibition-intact soil core technique was employed for direct measurement of denitrification losses, N2O and CO2 production, in an irrigated field planted to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an annual rotation. The soil was a coarse-textured Tolewal sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) and the site a semi-arid subtropical Punjab region of India. Wheat residue (WR, C:N=94) was incorporated at 6 t ha-1 and sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L.) was grown as GM crop for 60 days during the pre-rice fallow period. Fresh biomass of GM (C:N.=18) at 20 or 40 t ha-1 was incorporated into the soil 2 days before transplanting rice. Results of this study reveal that (1) denitrification is a significant N loss process under wetland rice amounting to 33% of the prescribed dose of 120 kg N ha-1 applied as fertilizer urea-N (FN); (2) integrated management of 6 t WR ha-1 and 20 t GM ha-1 supplying 88 kg N ha-1 and 32 kg FN ha-1 significantly reduced cumulative gaseous N losses to 51.6 kg N ha-1 as compared with 58.2 kg N ha-1 for 120 kg FN ha-1 alone; (3) application of excessive N and C through applying 40 t GM ha-1 (176 kg N ha-1) resulted in the highest gaseous losses of 70 kg N ha-1; (4) the gaseous N losses under wheat were 0.6% to 2% of the applied 120 kg FN ha-1 and were eight- to tenfold lower (5-8 kg N ha-1) than those preceding rice; (5) an interplay between the availability of NO3- and organic C largely controlled denitrification and N2O flux during summer-grown flooded rice whereas temperature and soil aeration status were the primary regulators of the nitrification-denitrification processes and gaseous N losses during winter-grown upland wheat; (6) the irrigated rice-wheat system is a significant source of N2O as it emits around 15 kg N2O-N ha-1 year-1; (7) incorporation of WR in rice and rice residue (C:N=63) in wheat increased soil respiration, and increased CO2 production in WR- and GM-amended soils under anaerobic wetland rice coincided with enhanced rates of denitrification; and (8) with adequate soil moisture, most of the decomposable C fraction of added residues was mineralized within one crop-growing season and application of FN and GM further accelerated this process.  相似文献   

12.
A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of N fertilization on soil N pools and associated microbial properties in a 13-year-old hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantation of southeast Queensland, Australia. The treatments included: (1) control (without N application); (2) 300 kg N ha-1 applied as NH4NO3; and (3) 600 kg N ha-1 as NH4NO3. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Soil samples were taken approximately 5 years after the N application. The results showed that application of 600 kg N ha-1 significantly increased concentrations of NH4+-N in 0-10 cm soil compared with the control and application of 300 kg N ha-1. Concentrations of NO3--N in soil (both 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) with an application rate of 600 kg N ha-1 were significantly higher compared with the control. Application of 600 kg N ha-1 significantly increased gross N mineralization and immobilization rates (0-10 cm soil) determined by 15N isotope dilution techniques under anaerobic incubation, compared with the control. However, N application did not significantly affect the concentrations of soil total C and total N. N application appeared to decrease microbial biomass C and N and respiration, and to increase the metabolic quotient (qCO2) in 0-10 cm soil, but these effects were not statistically significant. The lack of statistical significance in these microbial properties between the treatments might have been associated with large spatial variability between the replicate plots at this experimental site. Spatial variability in soil microbial biomass C and N was found to relate to soil moisture, total C and total N.  相似文献   

13.
为探讨CO2浓度升高能否减缓高浓度NH4+-N对番茄根系的毒害作用,本试验在营养液栽培条件下,以番茄为材料,在CO2生长箱中研究2个CO2浓度与5个不同NH4+/NO3-配比的交互作用对生长介质的pH、根系生长及根系活力的影响。结果表明,随着生育期的推进与CO2浓度的升高,pH变化幅度增大。两个CO2浓度均表现为全NO3--N含量营养液的pH呈上升趋势,其它处理营养液的pH均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,下降的幅度随NH4+/NO3-比例的增加而增加;而且全NH4+-N引起pH值下降的程度大于全NO3--N引起pH增加的程度。CO2浓度升高增加了低NH4+/NO3-比例供应处理的蕃茄幼苗冠干重、根干重、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积。这些指标对CO2的响应随NH4+/NO3-比例的降低而加强,冠干重、根干重、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积增加分别高达65.8%、78.0%、18.9%、12.9%与18.9%。说明在CO2浓度升高条件下,番茄幼苗根生长潜力在全NO3--N处理中最大,但不能减弱全NH4+-N对番茄根系的毒害作用。  相似文献   

14.
Our objectives were to quantify the effect of abiotic factors on CO2 emissions in the Humid Pampa of Argentina and estimate the potential increase in CO2 fluxes from this agricultural soil as a consequence of climate change. The experimental site was located at Pergamino (33°56'S, 60°34'W), on a fine, illitic, thermic Typic Argiudoll soil. In situ CO2 production presented an exponential relationship with air temperature. C liberated annually by mineralization was estimated by integration of monthly respiration measurements and amounted to 8.4 t C ha-1 year-1. Future monthly CO2 fluxes were calculated for the climate change scenario (doubled atmospheric C concentration) using mean monthly temperatures predicted for Pergamino. An increase of around 50% in CO2 emission from agricultural soils in the Humid Pampa could be expected as a consequence of climate change. The effect of the climate change scenario projected by the global climate models for the Humid Pampa indicates a reduction of the biomass production of cereal crops. Consequently, the predicted decrease in C inputs to soil for this region and an important increase in soil C mineralization would result in marked future C losses.  相似文献   

15.
Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of easily oxidizable C (glucose) and mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) on N2O emission, evolution of CO2 and consumption of O2. A flush of N2O was always observed during the first few hours after the start of soil incubation, which was significantly higher with NH4+ compared to NO3- applications. The increase in N2O emission was attributed mainly to enhanced soil respiration and subsequent O2 limitation at the microsite level. Application of NH4+ helped to develop denitrifying populations since subsequent additions of NO3- and a C source significantly enhanced N2O emissions. In soils treated with NH4+, N2O emissions declined rapidly, which was related to decreasing concentrations of easily oxidizable C. Addition of glucose in different amounts and pre-incubation of soil for different lengths of time (to create variation in the amount of easily oxidizable C) changed the pattern of N2O emissions, which was ascribed to changes in soil respiration.  相似文献   

16.
东北黑土玉米单作体系氨挥发特征研究   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：9  
采用通气法测定了东北黑土玉米单作体系田间土壤的原位氨挥发。试验设5个氮肥用量处理,即:施氮量（N）分别为0、150、225和300 kg/hm2（用N0、N1、N2 和N3表示）,基施氮肥和拔节期追肥各1/2,其中N3为习惯施肥;同时设置优化施肥处理N4,用量为N 225 kg/hm2,基施氮肥、拔节期和孕穗期追肥各1/3。结果表明,来自肥料的氨挥发持续时间较短,一般发生在施肥后的7 d内。由于追肥期高温低湿,追肥期氨挥发量显著高于基施氮肥。随施氮量增加,氨挥发损失增加;优化施肥（N4）的氨挥发损失量明显低于习惯施肥,N1、N2、N3和N4处理来自氮肥的氨挥发依次为N 5.09、9.18、13.47和7.14 kg/hm2,相当于施氮量的3.39%、4.08%、4.49%和3.17%。可见,优化施肥对于我国东北集约化农区节省氮肥和提高氮肥利用率有重要意义。  相似文献   

17.
Besides increased growth, plants cultivated under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) show reduced transpiration and improved water use efficiency due to decreased stomatal conductances. While growth profits from the longer availability of soil water under CO2 enrichment, increased canopy temperature may counteract these positive effects. Here we report on time series of soil temperatures and moistures from six years in which spring crops were cultivated in free-air CO2 enrichment (Mini-FACE) experiments. Besides air and soil climate, temperature and relative humidity were determined in wheat canopies. Measurements rested on five replicates per treatment, representing a control (CON), an ambient air (AMB) and a FACE treatment. While the CON and AMB plots did not receive additional CO2, concentrations were moderately elevated by 150 μl l?1 in the FACE plots. Plant growth differed among years due to the different climate and duration of individual experiments. Total biomass production was increased in the FACE treatments but significant effects were found only in one out of six years. In most of the years, soil temperatures tended to be reduced and soil moistures remained higher under elevated CO2. Because the observed differences recurred during the growing season, we conclude that CO2 enrichment was responsible for changes of the soil microclimate. At the same time vapour pressure deficit in the canopy significantly differed between the treatments for some days. While canopy heating due to CO2 enrichment occurred in the early growing season these effects disappeared later suggesting that the stronger increase in leaf area index in the FACE treatments mitigated heating effects over time. The results support the supposed effects of CO2 enrichment on the canopy climate and indicate a ‘microclimatic paradox’ with higher soil water availability due to the reduced transpiration and stronger canopy heating in FACE plots at least early in the season.  相似文献   

18.
Experimentation with dynamics of soil carbon pools as affected by elevated CO2 can better define the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester global carbon. In the present study, 6 N HCl hydrolysis and stable-carbon isotopic analysis (δ13C) were used to investigate labile and recalcitrant soil carbon pools and the translocation among these pools of sorghum residues isotopically labeled in the 1998-1999 Arizona Maricopa free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, in which elevated CO2 (FACE: 560 μmol mol−1) and ambient CO2 (Control: 360 μmol mol−1) interact with water-adequate (wet) and water-deficient (dry) treatments. We found that on average 53% of the final soil organic carbon (SOC) in the FACE plot was in the recalcitrant carbon pool and 47% in the labile pool, whereas in the Control plot 46% and 54% of carbon were in recalcitrant and labile pools, respectively, indicating that elevated CO2 transferred more SOC into the slow-decay carbon pool. Also, isotopic mixing models revealed that increased new sorghum residue input to the recalcitrant pool mainly accounts for this change, especially for the upper soil horizon (0-30 cm) where new carbon in recalcitrant soil pools of FACE wet and dry treatments was 1.7 and 2.8 times as large as that in respective Control recalcitrant pools. Similarly, old C in the recalcitrant pool under elevated CO2 was higher than that under ambient CO2, indicating that elevated CO2 reduces the decay of the old C in recalcitrant pool. Mean residence time (MRT) of bulk soil carbon at the depth of 0-30 cm was significantly longer in FACE plot than Control plot by the averages of 12 and 13 yr under the dry and wet conditions, respectively. The MRT was positively correlated to the ratio of carbon content in the recalcitrant pool to total SOC and negatively correlated to the ratio of carbon content in the labile pool to total SOC. Influence of water alone on the bulk SOC or the labile and recalcitrant pools was not significant. However, water stress interacting with CO2 enhanced the shift of the carbon from labile pool to recalcitrant pool. Our results imply that terrestrial agroecosystems may play a critical role in sequestrating atmospheric CO2 and mitigating harmful CO2 under future atmospheric conditions.  相似文献   

19.
《Applied soil ecology》2007,35(1):154-162
The atmospheric CO2 concentration is dramatically rising, and this rise may affect soil methanogens, methanotrophs, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers, which are important microorganisms for the processes of carbon and nitrogen turnover. An experimental platform of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) was established in mid-June of 2001 over a rice–wheat rotation ecosystem located in a suburb of Wuxi, China, and its CO2 fumigation was continued until mid-February of 2004. Using the most probable number (MPN) method, we measured the numbers of methanogens, methanotrophs, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers by sampling fresh soils from the fields exposed to the elevated and ambient CO2 during the rice-growing season in 2002. Our results show that the elevated CO2 significantly increased methanogen populations of the cultivated soil layers during the entire rice-growing season. This positive effect of elevated CO2 may be attributed to stimulated rice growth, which may provide more substrates for methanogens. The methanotroph population was decreased by elevated CO2 in the upper soil layer (0–5 cm) but was increased in the lower one (5–10 cm) in most rice-growing stages, and the effect of CO2 elevation was reversed at rice maturity. Elevated CO2 increased nitrifier and denitrifier populations in most rice stages, but it occasionally decreased the number of nitrifiers late in the growing season and that of denitrifiers early. The methanogen population gradually increased until the filling stage of rice growth but then declined under either elevated or ambient CO2. Meanwhile the numbers of methanotrophs and nitrifiers gradually decreased during the entire rice season. The number of denitrifiers in the wet/flooded soil during the growing season was also decreased as compared to the dry soil before rice season.  相似文献   

20.
Estimates of asymbiotic biological N fixation (BNF) in temperate grasslands are few with large variations. In the past six decades, European grasslands have been subjected to intensive management practices and presently it is not known how asymbiotic BNF is influenced by these practices. Our objective was to assess the impact of fertilizer application and mowing frequency on asymbiotic BNF in a Central European grassland. In 2008, we established a three-factorial experiment with two fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer application and combined nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization at 180–30–100 kg ha−1 yr−1), two mowing frequencies (cut once and thrice per year) and three sward compositions through the application of herbicides (control, monocot- and dicot-enhanced swards). Three years after the initial sward manipulation, there was no more difference in functional group composition. Between June 2011 and May 2012, we measured in-situ asymbiotic BNF using the acetylene reduction assay, calibrated with 15N2-fixation method. Across treatments, asymbiotic BNF rates in the 0–5-cm soil depth ranged from 1.7 (±0.2 SE) kg ha−1 yr−1 for fertilized plots cut once a year to 5.7 (±2.3 SE) kg ha−1 yr−1 for unfertilized plots cut thrice a year. Fertilization decreased asymbiotic BNF, suggesting that the potential positive effect of increased soil P levels might have been overruled by the negative effect of increased soil mineral N levels. Intensive mowing stimulated asymbiotic BNF, which was probably due to an increase in rhizodeposition. Our calibration of the acetylene reduction assay with the 15N2-fixation method resulted in a conversion factor of 0.61, which largely deviates from the theoretical conversion factor of 3. Furthermore, laboratory incubations under increased soil moisture and temperature conditions overestimated BNF rates compared to in-situ measurements. Thus, laboratory measurements with altered soil moisture, temperature or disturbed soil may lead to strong biases in estimates of asymbiotic BNF. Our results suggest that input of N through BNF may be considerable in temperate grasslands. We conclude that BNF studies should be conducted in-situ and that the acetylene reduction assay should be calibrated against 15N2-fixation calibration for reliable estimates.  相似文献   

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