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1.
翻耕和覆盖对我国黄土区麦田土壤水分的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy and rain-deficient years.Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in an experiment with five treatments:deep-loosening tillage(DLT),traditional tillage(TT),plastic mulch(PM),straw mulch(SM) and plastic plus straw mulch(PSM),All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300cm was determined before sowing,Results showed that the new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year,PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation.while in a rain-deficient year,the role was not significant,Due to evaporation.DLT did not promote the storage of soil moisture,SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture,In SM treatment the wheat yields increased by more than 20%. 相似文献
2.
不同秸秆还田方式对黄土高原坡耕地土壤呼吸的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取豫西黄土高原典型玉米坡耕地,设置常规耕作+秸秆不还田（CT）,常规耕作+秸秆还田（TSI）和常规耕作+秸秆覆盖（TSM）3种处理,采用LI-8100A土壤碳通量测定系统,研究非生长季不同秸秆还田方式对土壤呼吸时空变化的影响。结果表明:CT,TSI,TSM处理下土壤呼吸速率随时间变化趋势基本一致,变化范围分别为0.22～1.23,0.29～1.35,0.26～0.91 μmol/（m2·s）,在温度和水分较低时段3者差异不显著,在温度和水分较高的时段3种处理土壤呼吸差异显著,表现为TSI > CT > TSM。3种处理不同坡位土壤呼吸有明显差异,总体表现为坡下 > 坡中 > 坡上,TSM处理下土壤呼吸空间异质性明显低于其他两种处理;不同坡位土壤温度和水分呈现明显的差异性,表现为坡下 > 坡中 > 坡上,并随温度和水分的升高,空间差异性增大。不同处理下土壤呼吸与温度和水分都呈现出显著的线性相关关系（p < 0.01）。秸秆覆盖在非生长季能有效减少土壤呼吸量,而秸秆还田增加土壤呼吸量,因此秸秆覆盖从减少温室气体排放的角度是较合理的秸秆还田方式。 相似文献
3.
The effects of deep tillage, straw mulching, and irrigation on corn (Zea mays L.) yield on a loamy sand (mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Ustipsamment) were studied for early (high evaporativity) and normally sown (relatively low evaporativity) crop for 3 years in a semi-arid sub-tropical monsoon region at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Treatments included all combinations of two tillage systems (conventional tillage — harrowing the soil to a 10-cm depth; deep tillage — chiselling 40 cm deep, 35–40 cm apart), two irrigation regimes (75 mm irrigation when net open pan evaporation accumulated to 75 mm or 50 mm), and two straw mulch rates (0 and 6 Mg ha−1).
Deep tillage significantly reduced soil strength (cone index) and caused deeper and denser rooting than conventional tillage, more so in the dry season and with the infrequent irrigation regime than in the wet season and frequent irrigation regime. Mulch also improved rooting by influencing the hydrothermal regime of the soil. Better rooting with deep tillage and/or mulch helped the crop to extract stored soil water more efficiently, which was reflected in a favourable plant water status (indicated by canopy temperature). Averaged across years, irrigation, and mulch, deep tillage increased grain yield by 1.6 Mg ha−1 for the early season and 0.5 Mg ha−1 for the normal season crop over the yield of 2.0 Mg ha−1 achieved with conventional tillage regardless of season. Yield increase with mulching was also greater for the early season crop. Crop response to deep tillage and mulching was generally linked to the interplay between water supply (rain + irrigation) and demand (seasonal evaporativity) during the growing season. Increasing irrigation frequency increased crop yield when evaporativity exceeded rainfall early in the growing season. The results show that higher corn yields on coarse-textured soils in these regions may be achieved by advancing the seeding time and by using a proper combination of deep tillage, mulch, and irrigation. 相似文献
4.
深松条件下不同地表覆盖对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：11
水分不足是限制旱区作物生长的主要因素,覆盖耕作能够改善土壤的微环境,从而显著提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为探讨深松结合地表覆盖对土壤物理性状、马铃薯生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,2013-2015年在宁南旱区采用深松覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖地膜、深松不覆盖3种覆盖耕作模式,以传统耕作不覆盖为对照,对土壤体积质量、团聚体、水分、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松结合地表覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤体积质量,改善土壤孔隙状况,以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,深松覆盖秸秆处理0~40 cm平均土壤体积质量较传统耕作降低17.1%。与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖地膜和深松覆盖秸秆处理可使0~40 cm土层0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量显著增加30.7%和17.4%。深松结合不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,深松覆盖地膜对作物生育前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,深松覆盖秸秆对生育中后期土壤水分状况的改善效果最佳。深松结合不同覆盖方式下马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于传统耕作。作物生育前期以深松覆盖地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以深松覆盖秸秆处理促进作用明显。深松结合地表覆盖能明显提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,深松覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量、商品薯率和水分利用效率分别较传统耕作处理平均提高37.3%、93.3%和41.2%。通过两年试验研究,在宁南旱区采用深松结合地表覆盖措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,以深松覆盖秸秆处理的增产和提高水分利用效率效果最为显著。 相似文献
5.
Soil porosity and organic matter content influence the hydrology, thermal status and productivity of agricultural soils. Shape, size and continuity of soil pores are determined by tillage practices. Thus appropriate tillage and mulch management can conserve residual soil moisture during the post rainy season. This can play a key role in enhancing productivity under the rainfed ecosystem of subhumid region in eastern India. A field study was carried out on a fine loamy soil from 1993–1994 to 1995–1996. Two tillage treatments were conventional ploughing (150 mm depth) and shallow ploughing (90 mm) depth. Each tillage practice was tested with three mulch management viz., no mulch, soil dust mulch and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw mulch. Soil organic carbon, bulk density, moisture retentivity, soil temperature with productivity and water use pattern of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) were measured.Reduction in ploughing depth resulted in nominal increase in profile (0.0–1.2 m) moisture status, yield, and soil thermal status at 14:00 and water use efficiency (WUE). However, it decreased the magnitude of soil temperature in the morning (07:00). Straw mulch conserved 19–21 mm of moisture in the profile (1.2 m) over the unmulched condition. Both soil dust and rice straw mulching elevated soil thermal status at 07:00 as compared to unmulched condition, but this trend was reversed at 14:00. Straw mulching significantly increased grain yield and WUE over soil dust mulch and unmulched condition. Impact of straw mulch was more pronounced under shallow ploughing depth. Shallow tillage with rice straw mulching is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher level of yield and water use efficiency. 相似文献
6.
科学耕作与留茬改良小麦-玉米两熟农田土壤物理性状及增产效果 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对农田土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响,该试验研究了免耕、常规2种耕作方式和4种留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田处理,对麦-玉两熟农田土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:在0～40cm土层内,秸秆还田的集雨和保水效果显著,免耕留茬0.5m还田处理的含水率比免耕无覆盖处理增加了15.95%。秸秆还田量对0～40cm内土壤贮水量的影响不同。耕作措施显著影响了土壤容重,小麦播种前常规留茬1m还田、常规全量还田处理容重低至1.0g/cm3左右。秸秆还田能增加土壤总孔隙度、降低毛管与非毛管孔隙度的比值。单一免耕处理降低了作物产量,而免耕覆盖能增产,其留茬1m还田处理比无还田处理增产22.44%,比常规留茬0.5m还田处理高3.64%。因此,免耕留茬1m还田处理在改善农田土壤物理性状和增加作物产量方面显著,该研究可为农田管理过程中耕作措施和秸秆还田量的选择提供参考依据。 相似文献
7.
基于宽窄行种植模式下稻秸非均匀性覆盖对土壤特性及小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究宽窄行种植模式下稻秸非均匀性覆盖还田对土壤理化特性和小麦产量的影响,在大田条件下,本研究通过前期不同行间距配置试验筛选出30 cm+15 cm的优势宽窄行组合,并在此基础上设置5个不同梯度的宽窄行稻秸分布比例处理(T1:0、T2:25%、T3:50%、T4:75%、T5:100%),分析窄行(苗带)土壤理化性质和小麦产量变化情况。结果表明,0~10 cm为土壤温度和含水率变化敏感层。随着窄行稻秸覆盖量的升高,小麦生育前期土壤增温幅度增大,中后期降温效果更明显,土壤保墒性能增强,拔节期各处理间土壤含水率差异增大(增加1.2%~3.4%)。窄行稻秸覆盖量增加可在一定程度上降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,这种增减效应与覆盖量呈一定正比关系,但与生育时期无关;开花期和成熟期,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随窄行稻秸覆盖量增加呈先升后降趋势,总体上表现出适量稻秸覆盖(T3:窄行秸秆覆盖量为均匀覆盖时窄行秸秆量的1/2)更有利于增加土壤养分含量。小麦产量及其构成因素均随窄行稻秸覆盖比例的不断增加呈降低趋势,其中有效穗数和产量(降幅为4.0%~31.7%)均显著降低(P<0.05)。可见,在稻秸全(大)量非均匀还田和晚播情形下,只有合理配比宽窄行秸秆覆盖量,并适当增加小麦播种量,保证足够基本苗,才能达到稳产肥地的协同效应。 相似文献
8.
Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion in the submontaneous tract of Punjab, India 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The submontaneous tract of Punjab comprising 10% of the state, is prone to soil erosion by water. Soils of the area are coarse in texture, low in organic matter and poor in fertility. High intensity rains during the monsoon season result in fertile topsoil removal. There is an urgent need to control soil erosion in this region so as to improve soil productivity. A field study was conducted to estimate the effect of tillage and different modes of mulch application on soil erosion losses. Treatments comprised two levels of tillage, viz. minimum (Tm) and conventional (Tc) in the main plots and five modes of straw mulch application, viz. mulch spread over whole plot (Mw), mulch spread on lower one-third of plot (M1/3), mulch applied in strips (Ms), vertical mulching (Mv) and unmulched control (Mo), in subplots in a replicated split plot design. Rate of mulch application was 6 t ha−1 in all modes. Compared with Mo, Mw reduced runoff by 33%. Runoff and soil loss were 5 and 40% higher under Tc than under Tm. Though other modes of straw mulch application (M1/3, Ms and Mv) controlled soil loss better than Mo, their effectiveness was less than Mw. Tm was more effective in conserving soil moisture than Tc. Compared with Mo, Mw had 3–7% higher soil moisture content in the 0–30 cm soil depth under Tm. Minimum soil temperature of the surface layer was 1.4–2.4 °C lower under Mw than under Mo. Straw mulching reduced maximum soil temperature and helped in conserving soil moisture. Minimum tillage coupled with Mw was highly effective in reducing soil erosion losses, decreasing soil temperature and increasing moisture content by providing maximum surface cover. 相似文献
9.
为了探讨培肥和耕作措施下红壤旱地的土壤剖面水分变化和产量对季节性干旱的响应规律,本研究在大田试验条件下系统分析了稻草覆盖、有机肥和常免耕对土壤剖面含水量、表层土壤温度及作物产量变化趋势。结果表明,在猪粪施用、常耕和免耕处理的土壤含水率不存在显著差异。而在相同耕作和猪粪条件下,稻草覆盖与否对土壤含水量影响较大,在春玉米和秋玉米季中连续干旱条件下,稻草覆盖处理下0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土壤含水量均高于不覆盖处理,稻草覆盖处理下0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土壤含水量均高于不覆盖处理,春玉米季的增幅分别为27.93%,5.91%,1.41%,秋玉米季分别为15.74%,7.71%,2.59%。同时,稻草覆盖可以显著影响表层土壤的温度变化,在春玉米开花期,0—10 cm和10—20 cm的土壤温度覆盖比不覆盖分别降低了13.92%和2.26%。在秋玉米开花期0—10 cm和10—20 cm的土壤温度覆盖比不覆盖分别降低了0.30%和2.69%。在所有处理中,春玉米和秋玉米季均表现出稻草覆盖+施猪粪+常耕的秸秆和籽粒产量最高。 相似文献
10.
为了探讨在寒旱盐灌区覆盖秋浇后冻融土壤的冻融特性及水热盐协同调控机制,在盐渍土壤进行覆盖后秋浇田间冻融试验,设5个处理,秸秆覆盖量1.2kg/m~2(F1.2)、秸秆覆盖量0.9kg/m~2(F0.9)、秸秆覆盖量0.6kg/m~2(F0.6)、秸秆覆盖量0.3kg/m~2(F0.3)、未覆盖(CK)。结果表明:秸秆覆盖影响了土壤冻结融化推进过程,改变了土壤温度对气温变化的响应关系,影响了水分、盐分在土壤剖面(特别是土壤表层和耕作层)的重新分配,提高了翌年春季水分可利用量,抑制了表层及耕作层春季返盐,提高了秋浇的灌水效果。秸秆覆盖处理的最大冻结深度小于CK处理4~26cm,初冻时间滞后0~12d,融化时间滞后0~21d;秸秆覆盖的各处理由于覆盖层的存在,消融水蒸发受到抑制,表层积盐现象较弱;消融期结束后,在土壤表层0—10cm,F0.9的土壤含水率最高,处理F1.2较秋浇前脱盐率为81.18%,脱盐效果最好;在耕作层0—40cm,F0.9的土壤含水率最高,处理F0.6较秋浇前脱盐率为75.65%,脱盐效果最好;为保证在翌年春播时的适宜含盐量及含水率,以覆盖量0.6~0.9kg/m~2为宜。研究结果可为河套灌区秋浇制度的优化提供参考。 相似文献
11.
The influence of tillage, herbicide (paraquat), evaporation retardents (white opaque polythene and hexadecanol) and straw mulch, applied in the post-monsoon pre-seeding period, on soil moisture conservation and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was studied in a 2-year field experiment. These practices all proved to be useful in conserving more soil moisture in the 180 cm deep soil profile. Opaque polythene conserved most moisture, followed by straw mulch with an average increase of 47 mm (24%) and 32 mm (16%) over the control. Polythene and straw mulch greatly improved moisture in the seeding zone; tillage, hexadecanol and paraquat were also useful. Soil moisture conservation treatments improved plant stand, profile water use, yield and yield components. The effect of treatments varied with crop season rainfall. In the first year, with low rainfall (51 mm), polythene and straw mulch significantly increased the grain yield over other treatments. Hexadecanol, tillage and herbicide also tended to increase yields. In the second, wetter crop season (rainfall 139 mm), the differences in yield between treatments were not significant though the trend was similar to the dry year. Polythene and straw mulch increased yields over the control by 690 and 536 kg/ha in the first year and 399 and 281 kg/ha in the second year. Polythene and hexadecanol being costly, straw mulch, tillage and herbicide offer scope for adoption at field scale. 相似文献
12.
为探讨保护性耕作和秸秆还田有机结合对春玉米休闲期蓄水保墒效果、生育期土壤水分时空变化、贮水量季节变化、产量及水分利用效率的影响,设置不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、翻耕)结合秸秆还田(100%秸秆还田、秸秆不还田)6个处理组合,2016-2018年在山西晋中连续2年进行定位试验研究。结果表明:(1)春玉米冬闲期不同耕作处理下土壤贮水量差异显著,且随着时间推移贮水量都有降低趋势,免耕和深松处理分别较翻耕土壤贮水量平均增加10.4,9.3 mm。在玉米的整个生育时期,免耕和深松处理土壤贮水量分别比翻耕提高4.8%,1.2%。(2)平均2年土壤含水量大小顺序为免耕>深松>翻耕,各处理平均土壤含水量分别为23.0%,21.8%,21.5%。丰水年不同耕作方式土壤含水量垂直变化在各生育时期差异较大,干旱年其变化的差异较小。(3)免耕与100%秸秆还田组合下玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,2年平均产量和WUE(水分利用效率)分别为12 679.9 kg/hm2和25.8 kg/(hm2·mm),翻耕与100%秸秆还田处理组合最低。无论是否秸秆还田,免耕和深松处理在春玉米冬闲期土壤蓄水保墒效果、生育期土壤水分状况、产量与水分利用效率均优于翻耕处理;在秸秆还田下免耕和深松耕作方式对玉米田水分的集蓄保用有良好的效果,以免耕秸秆还田效果最佳,可在晋中地区春玉米生产中推广应用。 相似文献
13.
黑土区覆混耕作中玉米秸秆还田对土壤水分入渗性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
覆盖混埋耕作主要通过联合整地机对秸秆进行切碎并均匀混入土壤,对降低风蚀水蚀、提高耕层土壤蓄水能力及构建优质种床具有重要作用。为探究覆混耕作中玉米秸秆对土壤水分入渗性能的影响,该研究利用Design Expert软件,根据Box-Behnken试验原理通过室内土柱模拟试验,以覆混耕作中秸秆混埋深度、秸秆混埋量、秸秆长度为影响因素,以渗水量为指标进行三因素三水平二次回归正交试验。通过建立响应面数学模型,分析了各因素对土壤水分入渗性能的影响,并对影响因素进行了综合优化。试验结果表明:对渗水量影响主次顺序为秸秆混埋深度、秸秆长度、秸秆混埋量;当秸秆混埋深度为20 cm、秸秆混埋量为80%、秸秆长度为9 cm时,渗水量达到最优值0.249 L。利用优化后的参数进行试验验证,土壤渗水量为0.247 L。研究结果可为覆混耕作中联合整地机的作业参数调整提供参考和土壤水分入渗性能研究提供参考。 相似文献
14.
不同秸秆还田方式对滨海盐渍土水盐运动的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探究不同秸秆还田方式对滨海盐渍土水盐调控机制,设置4种处理方式:秸秆覆盖（P）,秸秆深埋（S）,秸秆覆盖+深埋（T）,常规耕作（CK）,以CK为对照,通过大田试验研究不同处理下冬小麦生育期内土壤水盐运动及其对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田增加了土壤储水量,P,S和T处理0-70 cm土层生育期储水量均值高于CK处理8.28 mm,6.86 mm和13.76 mm;冬小麦前中期对0-30 cm土层保墒效果明显,随生育期的推移各处理间差异及土壤含水率均逐渐减小。秸秆还田抑制了土壤盐分表聚,T处理可显著降低0-50 cm土层土壤含盐量,生育期含盐量均值低于P,S和CK处理41.24%,32.08%和52.77%,淡化土壤耕层效果明显;S处理对0-30 cm土层脱盐效果优于P处理。秸秆还田改善土壤水盐状况,显著增加了冬小麦产量,产量表现出T > P > S > CK的顺序。T处理改善土壤水盐状况和提高产量表现较优,为试验的最佳处理方式。 相似文献
15.
耕作方式对华北冬小麦.夏玉米周年产量和水分利用的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
在冬小麦季设置秸秆不还田翻耕(CT)、秸秆还田翻耕(CTS)、秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种处理,研究耕作方式对华北小麦-玉米两熟区作物周年产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:耕作方式对当季冬小麦产量和水分利用影响显著,对夏玉米产量和水分利用影响不大,但秸秆还田提高了夏玉米产量。RTS、CTS、CT 3个处理小麦季产量差异不显著,而NTS由于有效穗数不足,产量显著低于其他处理;与CT相比,NTS周年产量平均减产5.13%,RTS增产2.69%,CTS增产2.33%。耕作方式对当季小麦土壤水分含量影响大,而对后茬夏玉米土壤水分含量的影响较小。NTS提高了小麦季土壤水分含量,增加了土壤储水量,与CT相比,0~60 cm土壤储水量2010年和2011年分别增加39.07 mm和26.65 mm。从耗水构成来看,土壤水在冬小麦耗水中所占比例最大,其次为灌水和降水;而夏玉米耗水以降水为主,且降水中有一部分转化为土壤水储存起来。NTS提高了冬小麦季土壤储水量,降低了土壤水分的消耗,冬小麦季耗水最少。与CT相比,NTS小麦季平均节水22.40 mm,周年耗水量也以NTS最少;但NTS冬小麦产量降低导致其小麦季和周年水分利用效率均最低。从作物周年产量和水分利用的角度来看,如何提高免耕秸秆覆盖小麦季产量,进而提高周年产量,发挥其节水优势,是该耕作模式在华北地区冬小麦?夏玉米两熟区推广应用亟需解决的关键问题。 相似文献
16.
稻草覆盖对红壤旱坡地水力性质及水分状况的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明红壤旱坡地应用稻草覆盖的雨季和旱季保水作用,在湖北省咸宁市第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红壤8°坡地上开展田间试验,以不覆盖为对照,研究稻草覆盖对红壤的持水性、水分有效性、供水性、导水性、含水量及储水量的影响。结果表明:稻草覆盖改善了土壤的持水性和水分有效性,覆盖当年土壤田间持水量、凋萎系数和有效水容量分别比对照提高6.0%、7.3%和4.4%;稻草覆盖显著减缓了雨季红壤表层饱和导水率的下降幅度,尤其是大雨期间保护地表饱和导水性的作用更明显,102.8 mm的降雨结束之后,稻草覆盖的土壤平均饱和导水率是对照的2.7倍;稻草覆盖对土壤的供水性及非饱和导水性的影响表现为低吸力段增强,高吸力段减弱;土壤储水量在集中降雨阶段的上升幅度和在降雨间歇期的下降幅度都表现为稻草覆盖对照。总体上,土壤储水量均表现为稻草覆盖对照;稻草覆盖增加雨季土壤储水量主要通过增加入渗,而增加旱季土壤储水量主要通过减少蒸散发;稻草覆盖增加雨季土壤储水量的作用有限,且保水作用雨季旱季。因此,稻草覆盖在红壤旱坡地上的雨季和旱季的保水途径、特点及作用大小都不同。 相似文献
17.
地膜秸秆复合覆盖改善龟裂碱土水盐特性提高油葵产量 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了提高盐碱地降水利用率,抑制化学(脱硫石膏)改良碱土过程中土壤盐分表聚及板结问题,该文以宁夏平罗县西大滩盐碱地试验站为例,设置了地膜秸秆复合覆盖(plastic and straw dual mulching,PSM)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,PM)、秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)和无覆盖常规种植(no mulching,CK)4个处理,探讨改良龟裂碱土过程中不同覆盖措施下旱地油葵的土壤水盐结构特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明,PSM处理有效提高了30~100 cm土层土壤贮水、持水能力,推迟油葵消耗相对深层60~100 cm土壤水分的时间;在30~90 cm土层,其水分活跃性显著高于其他处理;比单一覆盖抑盐效果佳,土壤盐分缓冲性增强,盐分表聚程度显著降低;同时能显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度。PSM处理提高了油葵苗期存活率和产量,其较PM、SM处理和CK分别增产35.45%,120.15%,87.80%(P0.05);PSM处理较PM、SM处理和CK的降水利用效率分别提高了14.71%、86.45%和59.05%(P0.05),其水分利用效率分别比SM和CK提高了10.80%和32.71%。综上,地膜秸秆复合覆盖(PSM)可增强土壤保墒抑盐能力,改善作物根区土壤水盐环境,提高天然降水的生产潜力;促进碱土改良初期的保苗增产,提高经济效益。 相似文献
18.
耕作措施对土壤特性及作物产量的影响 总被引：59，自引：9，他引：59
通过夏玉米田间试验研究了不同耕作措施及秸秆覆盖对土壤特性、水分状况、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验处理包括常规耕作、深松、秸秆覆盖、垄作、浅坑及免耕。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可显著提高土壤蓄水量、作物产量及水分利用效率。其保水增产效果在干旱年份更加明显。深松可有效打破犁底层降低其密度,可增加作物根深、根长及根重,提高作物产量和水分利用效率。免耕可提高夏玉米早期田间土壤含水率,保持相同产量。 相似文献
19.
覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索半湿润偏旱区不同覆盖栽培模式夏玉米田土壤蓄水保墒和增产效果,于2014年6-10月在陕西杨凌节水灌溉试验站,通过设置垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆（PSM）、全覆膜平作（PM）、覆秸秆平作（SM）、露地平作（CK）4种栽培模式进行玉米种植试验,对0-200cm土壤不同深度土层含水率进行全生育期动态监测,分析比较各种模式下土壤含水率、土层贮水量以及作物耗水量的变化规律,并结合产量资料计算各种种植模式的水分利用效率。结果表明：一次30.5mm降水过程结束后,PSM处理的集水作用最明显,降水2d后,垄沟中40cm土层土壤含水率最高,达35.8%。与降水2d后相比,降水6d后,CK、PSM处理沟中（PSM-F）、PM和SM处理40cm土层土壤含水率分别下降10.3%、2.9%、1.8%和0.2%,而PSM处理垄下（PSM-B）含水率则提高10.4%。PSM处理在干旱季沟中和垄下土壤含水量差异明显,降雨较多时,沟垄土壤含水率基本达到平衡。PSM、PM和SM处理能显著提高玉米生育期0-20cm土层贮水量,其中以PSM处理最为显著;各处理苗期以后20-100cm土层贮水量均低于对照;100-200cm土层贮水量以SM处理最高,PSM处理最低。夏玉米产量与拔节-灌浆期耗水量呈显著正相关（r=0.98*）。PSM、PM和SM处理的玉米产量较CK分别提高95.3%、83.1%和55.4%,水分利用效率较对照分别提高75.7%、71.0%和58.8%。研究结果表明垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式能够显著提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,适宜在半湿润偏旱区夏玉米生产中应用。 相似文献
20.
少免耕与秸秆还田对极端土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：28，自引：7，他引：28
为了高效利用天然降雨,缓和农业水资源短缺,该试验在小麦、玉米一年两熟条件下,设置耕作措施和秸秆2个因素,其中耕作措施分为常规耕作、深松耕、耙耕、旋耕、免耕5种,秸秆因素分为玉米秸秆全量还田与不还田,共10个处理,研究了耕作措施与秸秆因素对极端土壤水分和冬小麦产量的效应。结果表明,无论秸秆还田与否,相对于常规耕作,深松耕能提高土壤水分充足期的土壤含水率,增加冬小麦产量,尤其是深松耕秸秆还田,比常规耕作无秸秆还田分别高25.74%和11.45%。秸秆因素在土壤水分充足时影响土壤含水率方面占主导地位,秸秆因素与耕作措施在土壤水分亏缺时影响土壤含水率和冬小麦产量方面均起着重要的作用。免耕、深松耕、耙耕与秸秆还田的交互效应能够增加集雨,提高冬小麦产量。研究结果还表明,冬小麦产量与土壤水分亏缺时土壤含水率相关不显著,而与土壤水分充足期土壤含水率相关显著。 相似文献