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1.
SUMMARY Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) induced in sheep was compared with the disease found in naturally occurring cases. Blood biochemical indicators measured were pyruvate, lactate, glucose, erythrocyte transketolase (TK) and stimulation of TK by addition of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP effect). Faeces and rumen contents were assayed for thiaminase activity. The effect of treating affected sheep with thiamine was also noted. It was found that amprolium treatment could induce thrombocytopenia, but once the sheep became accustomed to amprolium in the diet they seemed to be resistant to this effect. In sheep receiving amprolium significant weight losses preceded the onset of clinical signs. Further weight loss continued throughout the recovery period despite removal of amprolium from the diet and treatment with thiamine. Blood glucose was variable, and was elevated only when marked clinical signs were present. Pyruvate and lactate levels showed marked variation throughout the trial. TK values were depressed and TPP effects increased well before the onset of clinical signs, although some naturally occurring cases had normal levels. Faecal thiaminase activity was negligible in all the sheep on the amprolium trial but most field cases had a high level. High faecal thiaminase was observed in about 5% of clinically normal animals from affected flocks. Depression of erythrocyte TK activity coupled with the presence of faecal thiaminase appeared to be the most reliable diagnostic biochemical parameters for PEM. Treatment of PEM affected sheep with thiamine rapidly brought the biochemical status of the animals to normal. However where advanced brain lesions were present the damage was permanent and such sheep treated with thiamine remained partially decorticate.  相似文献   

2.
Blood samples were obtained for determination of the activities of lactate, pyruvate and erythrocyte transketolase, and faeces as samples for estimation of thiaminase, from 190 apparently healthy sheep from 19 flocks in which at least one animal had been diagnosed with polioencephalomalacia (PEM), from 59 control animals and from 7 affected by PEM. Feed and pasture grass samples were collected for thiaminase analysis and thiaminase was assayed in ryegrass and fescue. Decreased erythrocyte transketolase activity, accompanied by a corresponding rise in the thiamin pyrophosphate effect, and estimation of the thiaminase content in faeces, may be useful diagnostic procedures by which to identify periods of greater risk, during which animals could develop PEM. The changes in the diet probably acted as a primary factor for microbial production of thiaminases in replacement ewes. In these, the prevalence was higher in the spring months.  相似文献   

3.
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in ruminants has been recognized as a consequence of excess sulphur intake. The present study describes clinical, gross and histopathological findings of PEM following an abrupt change of diet in two ranches housing 2750 dairy and 2300 beef cattle. As a result of severe PEM, 256 cattle died or were slaughtered. Clinical findings included circling, hypersensitivity, excessive salivation, hypermetria, incoordination, blindness and death. The first clinical signs occurred in beef calves (6-8 months old) at a holding facility. Clinical signs of the disorder continued intermittently during the 5-month period in both ranches and were more evident in calves and lactating dairy cows. The affected cattle did not respond to thiamine injections. Clinical signs disappeared gradually following removal of barley malt sprouts from the diet. Although macroscopic lesions were not apparent in the brain tissues of some animals, histopathology typical of PEM was found in most cases: spongiosis in the neuropil and neuronal necrosis, haemorrhage, capillary hyperplasia, fibrinoid degeneration in arterioles, multifocal liquefaction necroses in the grey matter and abundance of gitter cells with vacuolar large cytoplasm. Sulphide in rumen fluid of a clinically affected animal was measured as 1.55 mg/dl, which is considerably higher than that collected from two control cows (mean 0.21 mg/dl). The total sulphur content of the diet containing barley malt sprouts was estimated to be 0.45%, which is also higher than the National Research Council (NRC) maximum tolerable levels. In conclusion, PEM can result from excess barley malt sprout intake because of its higher sulphur content. Clinical signs may occur shortly after the intake of barley malt sprout as outbreaks with a higher number of deaths or as an ongoing periodic condition.  相似文献   

4.
Nine 115- to 180-kg, hay-adapted, Holstein steers were fed an experimental diet with added sodium sulfate that induces polioencephalomalacia (PEM). Five calves developed the disease. Thiamine concentrations in blood, CSF, brain, and liver were not indicative of thiamine deficiency. The odor of hydrogen sulfide in eructated rumen gas was associated with the onset of PEM. Sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid were measured 1 or 2 times a week by 2 techniques. Sulfide concentrations progressively increased in all 9 calves after the feeding of the PEM-inducing diet commenced. The highest concentrations coincided with the onset of clinical signs of PEM and were significantly higher in the calves that developed PEM than in those that did not. This suggests that PEM can result from sulfide toxicosis following excess production of sulfide in the rumen.  相似文献   

5.
Three experiments were conducted to study the clinical and pathological findings associated with poisoning in cattle due to ingestion of young oak leaves (OL) and the main factors responsible for toxicosis. In Experiment 1, six 1.4 year-old bulls were fed up to 5 kg of young OL per animal per day and showed no signs of toxicity, apart from a slight proteinuria. In Experiment 2, another six 1.4 year-old bulls were first subjected to severe feed restriction for eight days and then fed a higher amount of OL (approx. 10 kg) daily. A marked increase of serum creatinine and blood urea (BUN) was detected in urine as well as clinical signs consistent with renal failure. At necropsy, animals showed gastrointestinal ulcers and kidney tubular necrosis. Since these results suggested a crucial role of the feed restricting period, a third experiment was conducted administering the same amount of young OL as in Experiment 1, but adding the severe feed restricting period as in Experiment 2. There was a wide variation in clinical signs, with one bull showing clinical signs and lesions, another recovering after showing mild clinical signs and high levels of creatinine and BUN, and the third appearing clinically normal. The relevance of restriction access to food in the development of OL toxicosis appears to be critical because the intoxication was only elicited when the OL administration was preceded by a severe feed restricting period.  相似文献   

6.
Bull calves (n = 143) were obtained from two strains of Angus and two strains of Hereford cattle for which replacements were selected on the basis of superior feedlot growth performance on either high- or medium-energy diets. From weaning to slaughter at 15 mo of age, bulls were fed either the high-energy (80% grain + 20% forage) or medium-energy diet (100% forage) corresponding to their strain. Bulls in high-energy diet groups had a greater (P less than .05) scrotal circumference at 12 mo, but not 15 mo of age, than bulls in medium-energy diet groups. Compared with Hereford bulls, Angus had greater (P less than .01) scrotal circumference (36.1 vs 33.9 cm) and greater (P less than .05) paired testes weight (570 vs 464 g) at 15 mo of age. Daily sperm production per gram testicular parenchyma (DSP/g) was affected by strain-diet (P less than .01) but not by breed. Bulls in medium-energy diet groups had 12% greater DSP/g than did high-energy diet bulls (17.4 X 10(6) vs 15.5 X 10(6)). Daily sperm production (DSP) was 9% and 30% greater (P less than .01) for medium-energy diet bulls in 1980 (8.2 X 10(9) vs 7.5 X 10(9)) and 1981 (8.0 X 10(9) vs 6.2 X 10(9)), respectively, compared with high-energy diet bulls. The effect (P less than .01) of breed on DSP was attributed to breed differences in paired testes weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) was induced in calves by feeding a semipurified, low-roughage diet of variable copper and molybdenum composition. Two formulations resulting in Cu-insufficient and Cu-sufficient forms of the diet were fed (n = 10 and 4 calves, respectively); both diets induced PEM. Clinical signs of disease developed as early as 15 days after transition to the experimental diets and included impaired vision, decreased response to external stimuli, and abnormal gait. Grossly evident cerebrocortical lesions consisted of laminar areas of cavitation and/or autofluorescence seen under UV illumination. Hepatic Cu concentration was decreased in calves fed the Cu-insufficient diet, but not below normal range. During the course of feeding either diet, rumen pH decreased, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations increased, rumen and blood lactic acid concentrations increased, and rumen and plasma thiamine concentrations increased. The thiamine pyrophosphate effect on erythrocyte transketolase activity was unaltered in calves of either diet group. This nutritionally induced form of PEM does not appear to be related to Cu deficiency or reduction in plasma or rumen thiamine concentration.  相似文献   

8.
The carcasses and meat and fat properties of a group of five bulls fed a basal diet with an addition of 0.80 kg of dried pig excrements for 135 days were compared with a group of five control bulls fed the basal diet. The pre-mortal examination of the clinical state of the animals, the post-mortal veterinary inspection of the meat and internal organs, and the comparison of blood transaminase activity did not reveal any signs of health disorders ascribable to the experimental diet. The organoleptic examination and determination of the basic and some other technological characteristics and other properties of the meat and fat did not show any significant differences in quality to justify a decision by which the meat of the experimental bulls would be treated as less valuable or non-edible.  相似文献   

9.
Blood Thiamin Concentrations in Bovine Polioencephalomalacia   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
Thiamin concentrations were determined by the thiochrome method in blood from 16 cattle with polioencephalomalacia (PEM) or other apparent central nervous disorders. The mean blood total thiamin concentration of the five cattle with PEM (20.5 ± 5.1 µg/100 ml blood) was not significantly different from concentrations in the cattle with the other disorders, despite evidence of a thiamin diphosphate deficiency reported in cattle with PEM.  相似文献   

10.
The transition from a high forage to a high concentrate diet is an important milestone for beef cattle moving from a stocker system to the feedlot. However, little is known about how this transition affects the rumen epithelial gene expression. This study assessed the effects of the transition from a high forage to a high concentrate diet as well as the transition from a high concentrate to a high forage diet on a variety of genes as well as ruminal papillae morphology in rumen fistulated Jersey steers. Jersey steers (n = 5) were fed either a high forage diet (80% forage and 20% grain) and transitioned to a high concentrate diet (20% forage and 80% grain) or a high concentrate diet (40% forage and 60% grain) and transitioned to a high forage diet (100% forage). Papillae from the rumen were collected for histology and RT‐qPCR analysis. Body weight had a tendency for significant difference (p = .08). Histological analysis did not show changes in papillae length or width in steers transitioning from a high forage to a high concentrate diet or vice versa (p > .05). Genes related to cell membrane structure (CLDN1, CLDN4, DSG1), fatty acid metabolism (CPT1A, ACADSB), glycolysis (PFKL), ketogenesis (HMGCL, HMGCS2, ACAT1), lactate/pyruvate (LDHA), oxidative stress (NQO1), tissue growth (AKT3, EGFR, EREG, IGFBP5, IRS1) and the urea cycle (SLC14A1) were considered in this study. Overall, genes related to fatty acid metabolism (ACADSB) and growth and development (AKT3 and IGFBP5) had a tendency for a treatment × day on trial interaction effect. These profiles may be indicators of rumen epithelial adaptations in response to changes in diet. In conclusion, these results indicate that changes in the composition of the diet can alter the expression of genes with specific functions in rumen epithelial metabolism.  相似文献   

11.
Six Belgian Blue bulls (double-muscled type) and six Friesian bulls were offered a fattening diet for 34 weeks. Plasma samples were obtained once a week and also every 20 min over a 24 h period, 7 weeks before slaughter.No differences were observed between the breeds in plasma glucose, urea and free amino nitrogen concentrations, while creatinine was significantly higher in the Belgian Blue bulls. Tri-iodothyronin, tetra-iodothyronin, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin and testosterone concentrations were higher in the Holstein group. In contrast, the Belgian Blue bulls appeared to produce more growth hormone. The slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage and proportion of lean meat were significantly higher in the Belgian Blue group. The characteristics of muscle mass (carcass weight, dressing percentage and proportion of lean meat) were positively correlated with creatinine and with the total peak area or peak amplitude of growth hormone. The insulin concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of adipose tissue in the carcass and negatively correlated with the proportion of muscle. There were no correlations between the carcass characteristics and insulin-like growth factor 1 or testosterone. No further information was provided when the ratios of the hormones were correlated with carcass characteristics.  相似文献   

12.
The use of reticulo-rumen temperature boluses to detect bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was investigated in young bulls following their entry into a fattening unit. Twenty-four bulls received a bolus at entry and were observed for 40 days. As soon as a reticulo-rumen hyperthermia (RH) episode was detected using the bolus, clinical examination was performed by a veterinarian and then repeated every 12-24h until the end of RH episode. Fifty-two RH episodes were detected in 22 animals. High rectal temperatures (40.1±0.6°C) were observed during these episodes. BRD was diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination during 38/52 RH episodes in 21 animals (positive predictive value 73%). The onset of BRD signs always occurred after the onset of RH episodes, with a time-lag from 12 to 136 h, depending on BRD signs. Monitoring reticulo-rumen temperature permits early detection of BRD; however, clinical examination is required to confirm BRD.  相似文献   

13.
Clinical manifestations of anasarca, left displacement of the abomasum, abortion, and incoordination appeared in a group of heifers fed a vitamin A-deficient diet. Older heifers and heifers late in pregnancy were more affected. All clinical signs of disease disappeared within 14 days after vitamin A treatment was begun, and the diet was changed. Although vitamin A deficiency in dairy cows has been documented, this report differs from others in the main clinical manifestations of disease.  相似文献   

14.
Monitoring body temperature of newly received cattle allows for identification of fever episodes not visually detected by feedlot personnel (FENO). Information concerning the occurrence, duration, and impact on performance of these FENO is not available in the literature. Such information is crucial to assess the potential benefit of the identification and treatment of FENO. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to describe the occurrence and duration of FENO and to evaluate their impact on ADG. One hundred twelve beef bulls (initial BW = 346 ± 36 kg) were studied for 40 d after arrival at 3 French fattening operations. At d 1, each animal was administered orally a reticulo-rumen bolus, which allowed continuous measurement and recording of reticulo-rumen temperature. Animals were weighed on d 1 and 40. Bulls were observed twice daily by personnel for visual signs of apparent disease. Bulls that appeared ill, had a rectal temperature ≥39.7°C, and demonstrated symptoms consistent with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were treated with antibiotics. After d 40, data obtained from the boluses were retrospectively analyzed using a cumulative sum test to detect significant increases in reticulo-rumen temperature considered as fever episodes. Numerous fever episodes (n = 449) were retrospectively detected in 110 bulls. Of these 449 fever episodes, 74% were not associated with any visually detected clinical signs of disease and thus were identified as FENO. These FENO were often transitory (75% lasted less than 47 h). However, 25% lasted from 47 to 263 h. Of the 112 bulls, 88 were treated for BRD with 20 and 7 animals treated, respectively, 2 and 3 times. In treated animals, fever episodes began 4 to 177 h (mean = 50 h) before BRD treatment. The duration of FENO was associated (P = 0.002) with a lesser ADG (d 1 to 40): -33 g/d for daily FENO duration. Our results demonstrated that FENO occurred frequently in bulls during the first weeks after entrance into a fattening operation and can last up to 11 d. The impact of FENO observed on ADG in this study indicated a potential benefit of treating affected animals, specifically those with FENO of long duration. However, further research is needed to determine the medical and economic relevance of such treatment.  相似文献   

15.
Effects of dietary supplementation of thiamin-HCl (1 g daily) and a feed grade double sulfate of magnesium and potassium (Dynamate, added at 1.8% of diet dry matter; referred to as sulfate) on ruminal passage of thiamin and site of digestion in dairy steers (464 kg initial weight) fed a 77% concentrate diet were determined in a 4 X 4 Latin square experiment. Sulfate supplementation tended to reduce duodenal thiamin flow with (P less than .08) and without (P greater than .10) added thiamin. Supplementation with thiamin alone decreased ruminal disappearance of fed organic matter and nitrogen (P less than .03) and total tract disappearance of starch (P less than .06) and nitrogen (P less than .02), and increased ruminal microbial efficiency (P less than .04). Sulfate addition to the high thiamin diet alleviated these effects but depressed microbial efficiency (P less than .05). Sulfate included in the diet without added thiamin affected plasma thiamin positively, whereas sulfate added to the diet with supplemental thiamin changed plasma thiamin negatively (interaction, P less than .06). In conclusion, a marked depression of ruminal digestion induced by dietary thiamin-HCl supplementation disappeared upon dietary addition of sulfate and sulfate depressed the quantity of thiamin passing from the rumen. Because preventing thiamin deficiency and optimizing site of digestion in feedlot cattle are desired, these changes deserve further study.  相似文献   

16.
Samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were used to evaluate pulmonary cytology in 59 feedlot calves with clinical signs of respiratory disease (cases) and 60 clinically normal comparison calves (controls). Many calves in both case and control groups had inflammatory changes in the lower respiratory tract, as determined by changes in proportions in the BAL differential cell count. Approximately 35% of cases and 40% of controls showed a normal differential cell count. It therefore appeared that the criteria used to select cases for treatment, which were similar to those often used in the field, were poor predictors of lower respiratory tract disease. A positive association was found between an increased proportion of neutrophils in BAL fluid and isolations of Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma bovis from BAL fluid.  相似文献   

17.
Eight of 28 cats presenting with chronic vomiting and/or diarrhoea were diagnosed as suffering from chronic enteropathy. All cats had undergone a complete diagnostic work-up, including endoscopy. Histopathology findings varied from normal, eosinophilic, to lymphoplasmacytic gastroenteritis. On the basis of findings, the cats were diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or an adverse reaction to food. A hydrolysed protein diet was used as sole therapy, and clinical signs resolved within 4-8 days in all eight cats. After 2 months the cats had gained weight. A challenge trial with their previous diet resulted in recurrence of the clinical signs, which resolved in seven cats when the test diet was reintroduced. We conclude that the hydrolysed protein diet used in the current study was effective in managing these cases.  相似文献   

18.
Two 4 x 4 Latin square design experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, four mature Anglo-Nubian x Fiji local goats, pre-experimental body weight 25.0 +/- 0.6 kg, 22-24 months old, were used to study the effect of supplementation of a basal diet of maize stover with Erythrina variegata (EV), Gliricidia sepium (GS) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) on dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrient digestibility. Maize stover treated with urea was used as a control diet. E. variegata was higher in crude protein content than LL or GS. The DMI of the urea treated stover diet was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the diets of untreated stover supplemented with forage legumes. The DMI was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the GS diet than in the EV or LL diets. Significant (p < 0.05) differences existed between the urea-treated stover and the diets of stover supplemented with forage legumes in the digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), organic matter (OM) and energy. In experiment 2, four mature goats, pre-experimental body weight 27.0 +/- 0.3 kg, 24-28 months old, were used to measure their response when the urea-treated maize stover and the maize stover and forage legume diets were sprayed with molasses. The intake of the urea-treated stover diet sprayed with molasses was significantly lower (p < 0.05) that that of the maize stover/forage legume diets sprayed with molasses. The DMI of the diets improved with the addition of molasses. The DMI among the goats offered the maize stover/forage legume diets + molasses did not differ significantly. (p > 0.05). Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were obtained in this second study between the urea-treated stover and the stover supplemented with forage legumes in the digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, OM and energy. The stover supplemented with forage legumes had a higher (p < 0.05) nutrient digestibility. The present studies demonstrated that the use of forage legumes as protein supplements improved the feed quality of maize stover in the diets of mature goats. It is suggested that molasses should be sprayed on fresh leaves of Gliricicia sepium and other forage legumes that are initially rejected, in order to improve acceptance and DMI when fed to ruminant animals in confinement or in a cut-and-carry system of production.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
A questionnaire, in which 7 cases of udder disease were described, was distributed to 890 veterinarians in Norway. They were requested to classify the cases according to the diagnostic alternatives listed in the Norwegian Health Card System for Cattle (NHCSC). The NHCSC recordings are used for progeny testing of bulls, for disease monitoring, and for research purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the recordings for udder diseases. The questionnaire was answered by 633 veterinary surgeons. Four cases of clinical mastitis (CM) with abnormal secretion as well as other clinical signs of inflammation were correctly classified as CM by almost 100% of the veterinary surgeons. A cow in the final stage of lactation, showing no clinical signs except for clots in the milk, was considered not to be a clinical case by more than 25% of the veterinary surgeons. A typical case of subclinical mastitis (SM) was reported as SM by 83% of the veterinary surgeons, and as CM by 16%. A subclinical case with a recent history of clots in the secretion was classified as SM by 66% of the veterinary surgeons, but almost 40% either reported CM as their sole diagnosis or considered the case to be CM in combination with SM. Of the clinical cases, those exhibiting marked local signs of inflammation and a systemic reaction were correctly classified as acute clinical mastitis (ACM) by 96%-98% of the veterinary surgeons. In the NHCSC, the diagnostic alternatives for cases of CM are ACM and chronic clinical mastitis (CCM). One case, for which the diagnosis subacute clinical mastitis was appropriate according to standard definitions, was classified as CCM by 66%, and as ACM by 6%. Based on the information given in the questionnaire, the diagnosis for 2 of the clinical cases could have been either ACM or CCM, and for both cases each of these 2 alternatives was reported by more than 43% of the veterinary surgeons. A teat lesion, which was present together with ACM in one cow, was reported by 91% of the veterinary surgeons.  相似文献   

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