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2D25卧式柴油机冷却水套结构的CFD模拟优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对高效低污染卧式柴油机的技术要求,为了设计合理的冷却系统,结合冷却水流动试验,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)三维模拟的方法建立了冷却水流动仿真模型,分析了2D25卧式柴油机强制冷却闭式循环系统的冷却水套结构对冷却水流场的影响,优化了卧式两缸柴油机冷却水套结构。研究结果表明:合理布局缸体进水孔方案可以改善缸体水套内冷却水的流动和冷却效果,减少流动损失,降低水泵的功率损耗。合理设计和布置缸盖入水孔,可以大大提高缸盖水套内冷却水的整体流动速度,减小各缸冷却效果的差异,改善热负荷高的鼻梁区以及排气侧的冷却效果。对原冷却水套结构优化后,水套整体平均流速提高了40%,整体平均换热系数提高了41.7%,在公共水腔和缸体水套上方没有出现原方案的水流撞击和大漩涡,热负荷最高的缸盖底面和鼻梁区冷却水流速和换热明显增强,各缸均匀性变好。 相似文献
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交变磁场下磁纳米流冷却液强化柴油机缸盖微区域冷却 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为能实现柴油机缸盖鼻梁微区域高效冷却兼顾节能化的要求,该文提出了一种通过外部施加交变磁场的方式促进磁纳米流内粒子的微运动达到强化传热的方法,并与传统乙二醇冷却液、Cu-乙二醇纳米流冷却液进行了柴油机缸盖鼻梁微区域传热效果的对比研究。结果表明:在0.17 Hz的磁场交变频率影响下,磁纳米流中加热棒温度值最大下降幅度提升了29.3%,内部粒子运动涡数增加。缸盖鼻梁微区域试验表明:相比传统乙二醇冷却液,稳态工况下,最大扭矩工况点和标定工况点处测点温度值最大下降幅度分别约为12%、14.4%,外特性工况下测点平均温度值降幅为23.7℃,约为9.4%。瞬态工况测试结果表明,采用交变磁场影响下的磁纳米流冷却液,柴油机预热时间较采用传统乙二醇冷却液和Cu-乙二醇纳米流冷却液分别缩短了9.8%和8.2%,柴油机急加速工况下能保持冷却液温度波动性小。能耗率计算结果表明,采用外部施加交变磁场加强磁纳米流冷却液高效传热的方式在达到相同冷却液温度时,可实现节能幅度为7.2%。该研究为柴油机乃至其他高温部件的节能化高效冷却提供科学参考。 相似文献
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非圆缸套下的活塞环-缸套油膜分布 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为研究缸套变形对活塞环与缸套摩擦学性能的影响,提出缸套内径实际非圆轮廓的缸套与活塞环间油膜厚度周向分布的理论和计算方法。采用连续梁三弯矩方程,通过求解燃气压力、活塞环张紧力与油膜支反力共同作用下的活塞环变形平衡方程,获得油膜厚度沿活塞环周向的非均匀分布。结果表明：缸套与活塞环间润滑油膜厚度的周向分布既与作用在活塞环上的载荷有关,也与缸套的变形大小及轮廓形态密切相关。吸气冲程的上死点位置,4个缸的缸套与活塞环之间周向油膜厚度的最小值、最大值和均值的最大比值分别达到1.08、1.78、1.37。非圆缸套下轴向各截面油膜周向均值较相应的理想圆形缸套的油膜厚度大一些。 相似文献
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航空活塞式风冷发动机由于结构紧凑、体积小、质量轻等优势,在通用航空、农业等领域得到广泛运用。针对航空活塞式风冷发动机热负荷问题,该研究以某水平对置四缸四冲程航空活塞风冷汽油机为研究对象,试验测试了标定功率工况下发动机缸内压力,结合缸压试验数据与风冷发动机缸体的结构与传热特性,搭建一维仿真模型,计算获得了缸内燃气侧边界条件。采用热电偶法测试了标定功率工况下缸体关键区域的工作温度,结合缸体温度测试数据与缸内各位置的温度和传热系数,建立流固耦合仿真模型。选择翅片厚度、翅片间距、翅片长度3个主要结构参数分析其对缸体结构强度及传热性能的影响。结果表明,翅片结构对缸体的强度及传热性能影响较大,翅片厚度增大使得温度最大下降19.8℃、应力最大下降33.0 MPa。以翅片厚度、翅片间距、翅片长度3个翅片主要结构参数为因素设计正交试验,计算结果表明,翅片长度变化对缸体温度影响最大;选取最优值优化后与原机相比温度最大下降18.2℃。翅片厚度对翅片强度影响最大,选取最优值优化后与原机相比热应力最大下降50.1 MPa。研究结果可为航空活塞风冷发动机散热翅片的设计与优化提供参考依据。 相似文献
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纳米流冷却液射流方式强化缸盖局部冷却的试验分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为解决柴油机缸盖高热密度区域的冷却问题,本文采用射流方式的纳米流对其进行强化冷却 。通过配置不同体积比的Cu、MgO、Al2O3纳米流,对自制的带有射流装置的柴油机缸盖进行传热性能对比研究。结果表明,与传统冷却液水相比,射流方式下3种纳米流冷却液均能不同程度地提升缸盖高热密度区域的传热性能,局部最大增加比率超过110%;在体积比≤2%时,3种纳米流冷却液射流传热系数都呈现出随粒子浓度的增加而增加的趋势,但随浓度的进一步增加反而降低;3种纳米流冷却液的射流传热系数随射流速度的增加而增加,但MgO纳米流在低射流速度下的射流传热系数最小,甚至比传统冷却液低2%～4%;3种纳米流冷却液的射流传热系数随射流高度的增加而增加,但射流高度过高会减小射流传热系数;随射流角度的增加射流传热系数也增加,射流角度的降低不仅降低射流传热系数还会加重测试点温度不一致的现象,过低射流角度时测试点温度值最大差距近30℃;射流传热系数随射流初始温度的增加而增加,但65℃之后,传热系数则随着射流初始温度的升高而下降;随着粒子浓度增高,电动泵消耗功率随之增加,本试验最大功率损耗为115 W。本文的研究成果是一种柴油机冷却技术的应用基础研究,可为实现缸盖局部高热密度区域的良好散热提供一种新的科研思路。 相似文献
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为了降低活塞热负荷,降低活塞热疲劳失效概率,以一款高压共轨柴油机活塞作为研究对象,结合活塞温度试验测试,建立了活塞传热仿真分析模型,采用单因素扫值法和正交试验分析了活塞销座长度、活塞销孔直径、第一环岸厚度以及回油孔距离4个结构参数对活塞温度场分布的影响。研究发现,活塞结构对活塞传热与温度场分布有一定的影响,第一环岸厚度对活塞传热与温度场的影响最大。活塞的最高温度随着第一环岸厚度增加而升高,最多升高13.8℃。第一环槽的温度随着第一环岸厚度增加而降低,最多降低16℃。销座和回油孔结构对活塞温度场影响较小。最优方案是销座长度72.5 mm、销孔直径35 mm、火力岸厚度8 mm、回油孔相距53 mm的活塞,可以使活塞最高温度降低至374.3℃。为优化活塞传热提供参考。 相似文献
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为解决立筒仓中纵向通风方式储粮效果不佳,在储粮机械通风过程中存在通风不均匀等问题,该研究结合纵向通风与横向通风的优点建立了环流通风仓模型,应用EDEM-Fluent流固热耦合方法,对相同工况下,储粮仓两种风道结构在机械通风时的速度场、温度场进行仿真对比分析。结果表明：环流通风速度均匀性指数为0.92,纵向通风速度均匀性指数为0.88,相同工况下环流通风气流在粮仓内分布更均匀。在温度场仿真分析中,纵向通风初期入风口附近区域粮堆温度呈梯度下降,明显低于初始温度,上层粮堆由纵向通风引起的热量传递不明显,受仓顶环境温度影响,粮面温度较粮堆内部低;环流通风初期,上层粮堆在环流通风影响下已经开始进行热量交换,产生温度梯度,通风结束后,纵向通风在粮层高度H=0.5 m处,温度维持26.85℃,H=0.8 m处温度降到27.85℃,整体平均温度降至24.77℃,环流通风仓在这两处温度分别为24.85和25.85℃,整体平均温度降至23.43℃,环流通风整体降温效果优于纵向通风;在颗粒温度场仿真分析中,相较于纵向通风,环流通风仓上下部颗粒温度相差较小,整体降温均匀。在不同通风形式下的粮仓各层温度变化规律... 相似文献
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装设均匀送风管道对冷藏库气流流场特性的改善 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
果蔬冷藏环境对库内温湿度及速度场的均匀性有较高要求,采用冷风机加均匀送风管道的形式可以更好地满足果蔬贮藏的条件。该文针对某200 t苹果冷藏库,研究了库内装设与不装设均匀送风管道时库内的温度场、速度场及相对湿度场的分布情况。文中建立了冷风机(加均匀送风管道)-货物-库内空气环境的气体流动、传热与传质的三维耦合数学求解模型。在冷风机送风速度为5.24 m/s,送风温度为271.15 K,送风相对湿度为90%的条件下,数值模拟研究了冷藏库内速度场、温度场及相对湿度场,并通过计算不均匀系数及空气分布特性指标(air diffusion performance index,ADPI)对流场特性进行了评价。结果显示,当库内装设均匀送风管道时货物区速度不均匀系数比不设送风管道时降低22.65%,温度不均匀系数降低20%,相对湿度不均匀系数降低22.73%,空气分布特性指标增大11.13%。因此,装设均匀送风管道时库内速度场、温度场及相对湿度场均更加均匀。 相似文献
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永磁式缓速器转子鼓的瞬态温度场分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
该文运用传热学原理建立了车用永磁式缓速器转子鼓瞬态温度场的计算模型，确定了合理的边界条件，同时考虑了对流换热和辐射换热。利用Galerkin法推导温度场的有限元方程，采用无条件稳定的Galerkin格式离散时间微分项，迭代控制采用新型的变时间步长法，分析了转子鼓的瞬态温度场，同时分析了径向和轴向方向的温度与时间的分布规律，并对轴向温度分布进行了试验研究，结果表明试验值与采用有限元计算的理论值吻合较好。采用温度场分析可以优化转子鼓设计，减小转子鼓温度和温度梯度，从而降低转子鼓的热应力与热变形，有效地提高了永磁式缓速器的制动稳定性。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献