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Global food supply. Linking policy on climate and food 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Godfray HC Pretty J Thomas SM Warham EJ Beddington JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6020):1013-1014
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Carmen Diana Deere 《Agriculture and Human Values》1993,10(3):35-51
Cuba's National Food Program aims to assure its population a minimum degree of food security during the current period of transition from dependency upon the ex-Socialist trading bloc. A number of important elements of the Food Program, however, were conceived before the demise of COMECON in an effort to deepen food import substitution. This paper reviews the degree of Cuba's food import dependence before the breakup of the Socialist bloc, the initial targets of the National Food Program, and how these have been modified due to the severe reduction in Cuba's normal level of imports of petroleum and other agricultural inputs. It is argued that Cuba's reliance upon scientific advances combined with a return to traditional, ecologically-benign agricultural practices and large-scale labor mobilizations have allowed it to overcome a drastic shortfall in production as a result of the reduced level of imports of modern agricultural inputs. At the same time, it has been exceedingly difficult for the country to maintain production levels at the trend of the late 1980s or to continue to aspire to meet the ambitious targets of the initial Food Program plan.Carmen Diana Deere is Professor of Economics and Director of Latin American Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. The author has been carrying out field research in Cuba since the mid 1980s, in recent years, in a collaborative study with colleagues at the University of Havana. She is grateful to Carollee Bengelsdorf, Ernel Gonzales, Cristobal Kay, Mieke Meurs, Lupo Nuñez, Niurka Pérez, Brian Pollitt, and José Luís Rodríguez for their comments on earlier drafts. This article is an updated and condensed version of Institute of Social Studies Working Paper Series #124 (The Hague, 1992). 相似文献
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Molly D. Anderson 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(4):593-608
Food security, health, decent livelihoods, gender equity, safe working conditions, cultural identity and participation in
cultural life are basic human rights that can be achieved at least in part through the food system. But current trends in
the US prevent full realization of these economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) for residents, farmers, and wageworkers
in the food system. Supply chains that strive to meet the goals of social justice, economic equity, and environmental quality
better than the dominant globalized food value networks are gaining popularity in the US. However, achieving important human
rights has become conflated with other goals of food system reform over the past decade, such as being “community-based,”
local, and sustainable. This conflation confuses means, ends, and complementary goals; and it may lead activists trying to
help communities to regain control of their food system choices into less productive strategies. This paper introduces a new
concept, rights-based food systems (RBFS), and explores its connection with localization and sustainability. The core criteria
of RBFS are democratic participation in food system choices affecting more than one sector; fair, transparent access by producers
to all necessary resources for food production and marketing; multiple independent buyers; absence of human exploitation;
absence of resource exploitation; and no impingement on the ability of people in other locales to meet this set of criteria.
Localization and a community base can help achieve RBFS by facilitating food democracy and reducing environmental exploitation,
primarily by lowering environmental costs due to long-distance transportation. Sustainability per se is an empty goal for
food system reform, unless what will be sustained and for whom are specified. The RBFS concept helps to clarify what is worth sustaining and who is most susceptible to neglect in attempts
to reform food systems. Localization can be a means toward sustainability if local food systems are also RBFS.
Molly D. Anderson consults on science and policy for sustainability in the food system through Food Systems Integrity. She manages a national project based in the Henry A. Wallace Center at Winrock International to establish indicators of good food, and is a contributor to the International Assessment of Agricultural Science & Technology for Development. She was a 2002–2004 Food & Society Policy Fellow and a University College of Citizenship & Public Service Faculty Fellow at Tufts University. She was appointed as a Wallace Fellow in 2007. She earned a PhD in Ecology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has dedicated her professional life to exploring how society can encourage changes in human behavior to promote ecological integrity and social justice simultaneously. 相似文献
| Molly D. AndersonEmail: |
Molly D. Anderson consults on science and policy for sustainability in the food system through Food Systems Integrity. She manages a national project based in the Henry A. Wallace Center at Winrock International to establish indicators of good food, and is a contributor to the International Assessment of Agricultural Science & Technology for Development. She was a 2002–2004 Food & Society Policy Fellow and a University College of Citizenship & Public Service Faculty Fellow at Tufts University. She was appointed as a Wallace Fellow in 2007. She earned a PhD in Ecology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has dedicated her professional life to exploring how society can encourage changes in human behavior to promote ecological integrity and social justice simultaneously. 相似文献
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Phil Mount 《Agriculture and Human Values》2012,29(1):107-121
“Scaling-up” is the next hurdle facing the local food movement. In order to effect broader systemic impacts, local food systems
(LFS) will have to grow, and engage either more or larger consumers and producers. Encouraging the involvement of mid-sized
farms looks to be an elegant solution, by broadening the accessibility of local food while providing alternative revenue streams
for troubled family farms. Logistical, structural and regulatory barriers to increased scale in LFS are well known. Less is
understood about the way in which scale developments affect the perception and legitimacy of LFS. This value-added opportunity
begs the question: Is the value that adheres to local food scalable? Many familiar with local food discourse might suggest
that important pieces of added value within LFS are generated by the reconnection of producer and consumer, the direct exchange
through which this occurs, and the shared goals and values that provide the basis for reconnection. However, these assertions
are based on tenuous assumptions about how interactions within the direct exchange produce value, and how LFS are governed.
Examination shows that existing assumptions do not properly acknowledge the hybridity, diversity, and flexibility inherent
in LFS. A clear analysis of the potential of scale in LFS will depend on understanding both how value is determined within
LFS, and the processes through which these systems are governed. Such an analysis shows that, while scaled-up LFS will be
challenged to maintain legitimacy and an identity as “alternative”, the establishment of an open governance process—based
on a “negotiation of accommodations”—is likely to enhance their viability. 相似文献
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REYNOLDS GS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1963,139(3557):838-839
Pigeons peck more frequently on the left key of two keys when food is presented more frequently during the stimulus that reinforces pecks on that key than during the stimulus that reinforces pecks on the right key. This preference can be annulled and reversed by punishing each peck on the left key during the stimulus that reinforces pecks on the left key. 相似文献
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《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2015,(1)
The major source of energy comes from fossil fuels.The current situation in the fi eld of fuel and energy is becoming more problematic as world population continues to grow because of the limitation of fossil fuels reserve and its pressure on environment.This review aims to fi nd economic,reliable,renewable and non-polluting energy sources to reduce high energy tariffs in Russian Federation.Biofuel is fuel derived directly from plants,or indirectly from agricultural,commercial,domestic,and/or industrial wastes.Other alternative energy sources including solar energy and electric power generation are also discussed.Over 100 Mt of biomass available for energy purposes is produced every year in Russian.One of the downsides of biomass energy is its potential threatens to food security and forage industries.An innovative approach proved that multicomponent fuel(80%diesel oil content for motor and 64%for in stove fuel)can remarkably reduce the costs.This paper proposed that the most promising energy model for future is based on direct solar energy conversion and transcontinental terawatt power transmission with the use of resonant wave-guide technology. 相似文献
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This paper offers one explanation for the institutional basis of food insecurity in Australia, and argues that while alternative food networks and the food sovereignty movement perform a valuable function in building forms of social solidarity between urban consumers and rural producers, they currently make only a minor contribution to Australia’s food and nutrition security. The paper begins by identifying two key drivers of food security: household incomes (on the demand side) and nutrition-sensitive, ‘fair food’ agriculture (on the supply side). We focus on this second driver and argue that healthy populations require an agricultural sector that delivers dietary diversity via a fair and sustainable food system. In order to understand why nutrition-sensitive, fair food agriculture is not flourishing in Australia we introduce the development economics theory of urban bias. According to this theory, governments support capital intensive rather than labour intensive agriculture in order to deliver cheap food alongside the transfer of public revenues gained from rural agriculture to urban infrastructure, where the majority of the voting public resides. We chart the unfolding of the Urban Bias across the twentieth century and its consolidation through neo-liberal orthodoxy, and argue that agricultural policies do little to sustain, let alone revitalize, rural and regional Australia. We conclude that by observing food system dynamics through a re-spatialized lens, Urban Bias Theory is valuable in highlighting rural–urban socio-economic and political economy tensions, particularly regarding food system sustainability. It also sheds light on the cultural economy tensions for alternative food networks as they move beyond niche markets to simultaneously support urban food security and sustainable rural livelihoods. 相似文献
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《农业科学学报》2017,(12)
Air pollution negatively impacts food security. This paper reviews the current literature on the relationship between air pollution and food security from the perspective of food system. It highlights that agricultural emissions which substantially contribute to air pollution could happen at every stage along the food supply chain. Meanwhile, air pollution can not only affect plant growth and animal health but also shift market equilibrium of both agro-inputs and outputs in the food supply chain and thereby affect food security indirectly. Furthermore, this study evaluates the effects of agricultural policy and energy policy on food security and air pollution, respectively, and provides an overview of potential policy instruments to reduce air pollution while ensuring food security. Finally, we identify the remaining research and policy issues for further studies, mainly focusing on the study of household's bounded rational behaviors and the issue of rural aging population. 相似文献
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Lois Wright Morton Ella Annette Bitto Mary Jane Oakland Mary Sand 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):107-119
Reciprocity and redistribution economies are often used by low-income households to increase access to food, adequate diets,
and food security. A United States study of two high poverty rural counties and two low-income urban neighborhoods reveal
poor urban households are more likely to access food through the redistribution economy than poor rural households. Reciprocal
nonmarket food exchanges occur more frequently in low-income rural households studied compared to low-income urban ones. The
rural low-income purposeful sample was significantly more likely to give food to family, friends, and neighbors and obtain
food such as fish, meat, and garden produce from friends and family compared to the urban low-income group. Further, 58% of
the low-income rural group had access to garden produce while only 23% of the low-income urban group reported access. In a
rural random sample of the whole population in the two high poverty counties access to garden produce increased chances of
attaining recommended vegetable and fruit servings controlling for income, education, and age. Access to a garden also significantly
increased the variety of fruits and vegetables in diets.
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| Lois Wright MortonEmail: |
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通过分析1980年以后中国食品产业发展路径与主要特征和中国食品产业发展过程中的需求特征,认为从食品产业对人才的需求来看,现代食品产业需要的不仅仅是食品工程技术类的人才,更迫切需要食品经营管理人才,尤其是需要既掌握食品科学技术知识又具有经营管理技能复合型经营管理人才。同时,探讨了中国现代食品产业的人才需求特征,提出了全球一体化下中国食品产业的展开与人才培育的必要性。 相似文献
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Brady NC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,218(4575):847-853
Much of the unprecedented increase in developing countries' food production in the past two decades is due to chemical-based technologies and to the use of agricultural chemicals. However, these successes were won under generally favorable conditions of soil, climate, and irrigation water availability. The challenge of the future is to broaden the base of increased food production to include areas less well endowed with natural and economic resources. Chemistry and chemicals must play vital roles in this venture. Innovative chemical and biochemical approaches must be called upon to produce crop varieties, animal strains, and associated technologies to overcome constraints such as insects and diseases, acid and alkaline soils, and drought conditions. Genetic engineering will probably be a primary mechanism to achieve this goal. 相似文献
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