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The first Mesoamerican civilization, the Gulf Coast Olmec, is associated with hierarchical society, monumental art, and an internally consistent ideology, expressed in a distinct style and salient iconography. Whether the Olmec style arose in just one area or emerged from interactions among scattered contemporaneous societies remains controversial. Using elemental analysis, we determined the regional clay sources of 725 archaeological ceramic samples from across Mesoamerica. Exported Olmec-style ceramics originated from the San Lorenzo region of the Gulf Coast, supporting Olmec priority in the creation and spread of the first unified style and iconographic system in Mesoamerica. 相似文献
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Carlson JB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1975,189(4205):753-760
Considering the unique morphology (purposefully shaped polished bar with a groove) and composition (magnetic mineral with magnetic moment vector in the floating plane) of M-160, and acknowledging that the Olmec were a sophisticated people who possessed advanced knowledge and skill in working iron ore minerals, I would suggest for consideration that the Early Formative artifact M-160 was probably manufactured and used as what I have called a zeroth-order compass, if not a first-order compass. The data I have presented in this article support this hypothesis, although they are not sufficient to prove it. That M-160 could be used today as a geomagnetically directed pointer is undeniable. The original whole bar may indeed have pointed close to magnetic north-south. The groove functions well as a sighting mark, and the slight angle it makes with the axis of the bar appears to be the result of calibration rather than accident. A negative supporting argument is that M-160 looks utilitarian rather than decorative, and no function for the object other than that of a compass pointer has been suggested by anyone who has examined it critically. Whether such a pointer would have been used to point to something astronomical (zeroth-order compass) or to geomagnetic north-south (first-order compass) is entirely open to speculation. The observation of the family of Olmec site alignments 8 degrees west of north is a curiosity in its own right, and the possibility that these alignments have an astronomical or geomagnetic origin should be explored. I also believe that it is constructive to compare the first millennium Chinese, who used the lodestone compass for geomancy, with the Gulf Coast Olmec since both were agrarian-terrestrial societies. The Olmec's apparent concern with orientation and skillful use of magnetic minerals also stimulates one to draw cross-cultural parallels. The evidence and analysis offered in this article provide a basis for hypotheses of parallel cultural developments in China and the Olmec New World. If the Olmec did discover the geomagnetic orienting properties of lodestone, as did the Han Chinese, it is most reasonable to speculate that they would have used their compass for comparable geomantic purposes. It should, however, be recognized that the Olmec claim, if documented, predates the Chinese discovery of the geomagnetic lodestone compass by more than a millennium. At present, M-160 is a unique artifact and San Lorenzo a unique site: "The first civilized center of Mesoamerica and probably of the New World" (19, p. 89). Further documentation of the Olmec claim must await the discovery of similar artifacts in museums, private collections, or as yet undiscovered Olmec sites. I would welcome communications from anyone possessing information relating to such artifacts. Regardless of shape, purposefully grooved and highly polished specimens of magnetic minerals are of particular interest. It would also be useful for the archeologist excavating Olmec burials and offerings to carefully note their alignments and consider them in a geomantic context. In addition to the discovery of supporting artifacts, establishment of Olmec primacy of the lodestone compass depends on the acquisition of the archeomagnetic data for the Early Formative period. I appeal to archeologists who find good archeomagnetic samples (burned hearths and post-holes) from the Formative periods to convey this information to R. DuBois of the University of Oklahoma. In a few years, the archeomagnetic data should be available for the last three millennia and the possibilities are very exciting. 相似文献
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Grove DC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,164(3878):421-423
A cave in Guerrero, Mexico, investigated in 1968, contained previously unreported Olmec paintings. These paintings, some of the oldest known in Mesoamerica, are stylistically similar to Olmec art from the site of LaVenta, on Mexico's Gulf Coast, but contain several important glyphic motifs never previously known to have existed at this time level. The iconography of the paintings confirms several important hypotheses concerning basic concepts of Olmec religion; the cave itself was probably a shrine to water and fertility. Several pre-Hispanic textile fragments found in the cave are probably from a later culture period. 相似文献
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Research at La Venta, a major Olmec center on a low salt dome 12 kilometers from the Gulf Coast has revealed evidence of initial occupation (about 1750 to 1400 B.C.) along levees of the silted-in Río Barí, north of the site core in a transitional estuarine-riverine environment. Between 1400 and 1150 B.C. settlement expanded to nearby La Venta itself, which between 1150 and 800 B.C. developed into a major temple-town complex. Local development peaked at La Venta and along the river levees between 800 and 500 B.C. In this span La Venta headed a local three-tiered site hierarchy as social distinctions expanded to the peripheral Río Barí sites. New excavations show that growth in population size and density at La Venta preceded the development of sociopolitical complexity. These data contradict the traditional organizational reconstruction of Olmec society, the "vacant ceremonial center" model, and provide qualified support for a model that presents riverine resource concentration as a significant factor in the evolution of Olmec civilization. 相似文献
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Archeological excavations at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Veracruz, show that the Olmec sculptures of this zone are associated with the San Lorenzo phase, which can be placed in the Early Formative period (1500-800 B.C.) on the basis of ceramic comparisons. Five of six radiocarbon dates for the San Lorenzo phase fall within the 1200-900 B.C. span. The San Lorenzo phase therefore marks the beginning of Olmec civilization, and the sites forming the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan group represent the oldest civilized communities known in Mexico or Central America. 相似文献
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参照国家有关科技文章写作、编辑和出版的标准与规定,结合自身写作和编辑实践,阐述了科技文章的编写标准和规范,包括题名、作者署名、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、参考文献等的撰写格式、写作方法和注意事项,图表、数字和计量单位的使用和表述规范等。 相似文献
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对英语专业写作现状进行了调查,通过问卷的发放与收集讨论了以下问题：学生对英语写作所持态度;学生的写作习惯;学生在英语写作中的困难;学生视角下的写作教学。对数据统计分析后得出以下结论：学生虽然喜欢英语写作但学生对英语写作教学的满意度低,学习兴趣不高,对英语写作缺乏信心。学生尚未形成良好的写作习惯,有待教师在教学中有针对性地帮助其培养、加强。在写作教学中教师除训练学生语言应用能力外还应引导他们进行语篇分析,强化其体裁意识。 相似文献
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周玲 《安徽农业大学学报》2002,(3):121-123
成功的英文写作对于目的语学习者来说并非易事，这需要目的语学习者掌握一定的方法，从最基本的段落写作开始。段落写作成功则意味着文章写作的成功。本文主要探讨段落写作成功要从写好主题句和支持句开始，以引起目的语学习者的重视。 相似文献
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覃云 《农业图书情报学刊》2007,19(6):135-136,147
阅读学术期刊不仅可以获取相关学术信息，而且可从中捕捉大量的写作信息，这对于论文写作和发表都有很大帮助．出于论文写作需要去阅读学术期刊可从研究期刊目录、分析刊文题目、挖掘潜在信息，总结文章结构等方面入手．寻找到最佳选题，增强写作灵感，悟出写作技巧，从而潜移默化地提高论文写作水平，增加发表机率。 相似文献
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应用文写作是大学中学生们必修的课程,但由于学科性质的关系,这门课内容相对较枯燥,学生学习的兴趣不高.在历年的教学中,我们认真探索应用文教学的新规律,力争让学生喜欢应用文的写作,力争让原本枯燥的课程变得生动活泼一些,我们认为在讲授应用文的各种文种时,结合当今社会发展的实际情况,适时地加入一些秘书案例,通过对案例的分析,讲解各种文种的写法及其重要性,效果极佳. 相似文献
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主要针对目前大学生英语写作的现状,立足提高大学生英语写作水平,提出了利用校园网络教学平台来辅助大学英语写作教学的一些构思。首先介绍了写作课堂中常见的问题,然后论述了理论依据和数字化教学系统的创建,最后采用教学实践、问卷调查等实证性研究方法,分析了利用校园网络数字化教学平台对学习者英语写作能力的影响,以及学习者对此教学方法的态度。研究表明,利用上述方法可以提高大学生的英语写作水平。 相似文献
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在激烈的招生竞争中,农业院校迫切需要建设优秀生源基地,并实施高中与大学教育的衔接,争取优秀生源。由于英语写作的重要性,它是衔接高中与大学教育的重要一环,但目前中学及大学英语写作水平不容乐观。由于各地学生写作水平相似,英语写作适合作为衔接中学与大学英语教育的突破口。应根据签约高中学生英语写作水平,适当选择符合大学英语初级阶段要求的教学内容,扩大阅读量,以读促写;通过作文批改网收集语病语料,进行针对性训练,提高纠错能力;以理论指导写作实践,在师生合作下提高学生英语写作遣词造句和组段谋篇的全方面能力。这样能提高高中生英语写作水平,更快适应大学英语教学要求;改善了的生源质量也能促使大学英语教育更上一层楼。 相似文献
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随着计算机网络的发展,写作环境发生了很大变化。论述了网络对写作带来好处的同时,也对写作道德产生冲击,出现一些不良现象。论文在此基础上提出了如何适应网络下的写作环境,提高写作道德的策略。。 相似文献
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黄彦红 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,(2):102-107
以152名大学非英语专业一年级学生为研究对象,通过实验组实行同伴反馈＋教师反馈教学模式,控制组完全采用教师反馈模式,考察同伴反馈教学模式对英语写作焦虑和写作能力的影响.结果表明：同伴反馈有利于降低学生的英语写作焦虑,其课堂教学焦虑和自信忧虑因子会因实施同伴反馈发生显著性改变,而这种显著性在构思焦虑和回避行为因子上消失;其次,同伴反馈和教师反馈一样有助于促进学生英语写作能力发展.因此,写作教学中同伴反馈应和教师反馈相结合,以降低学生写作焦虑,增强写作自主性,提高写作能力. 相似文献
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吴桂辉 《信阳农业高等专科学校学报》2011,21(1):100-102
在新兴的消费主义文化写作模式中,文学创作出现了"戏拟经典"躯体写作"两大写作特征,许多古今中外的文学经典遭戏拟、拼帖或改写,呈现出肉体化、欲望化的写作特征。分析这一文学现象的内外部原因,有利于审视这一特定时代背景下文学创作转型的合理性及局限性。 相似文献
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逯艳 《信阳农业高等专科学校学报》2012,22(1):152-155
大学生英语作文语言表达不地道,词语搭配错误,语篇缺乏连贯性是一个长期存在的问题。本文运用语块理论,试分析学生作文中出现的语块错误类型,探讨造成语块运用错误的主要原因,并提出对策,以期提高学生写作水平。 相似文献
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互联网环境下应用文写作在写作工具、写作过程、思维方式、传递途径等多个方面均有差异。相应的,五年制高职应用文写作课堂教学内容和学生写作能力培养也应与时俱进,作出革新,以帮助学生适应现代社会对人的素质要求。 相似文献
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熊晶晶 《吉林农业科技学院学报》2014,(3):106-107
基于元认知策略,改变传统的大学英语写作评价模式。通过建立电子写作档案对学生的写作过程进行客观、有效地评价,以评促教,使学生成为写作评价的主体,从而提高学生的英语写作水平。 相似文献