2. Tissue residue profiles (liver, kidney, lung and muscle) and plasma were also studied after multiple intramuscular and oral administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
3. Following intravenous injection, plasma concentration–time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model.
4. After intramuscular and oral administration of moxifloxacin, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 2.14 and 1.94 μg/ml and were obtained at 1.40 and 1.87 h (Tmax), post administration, respectively.
5. The systemic bioavailabilities following intramuscular and oral administration, respectively, of moxifloxacin were 92.48 and 87.94%.
6. Tissue concentrations following i.m. and p.o. administration were highest in liver and kidney, respectively, and decreased in the following order: plasma, lung and muscle. No moxifloxacin residues were detected in tissues and plasma after 120 h after i.m. or oral administration. 相似文献
2. Intra-abdominal (IA) injection of LPS significantly suppressed feeding behaviour and significantly increased mRNA expression of IL1β and IL8 in the diencephalon when compared to the control group, while IL6 tended to be increased.
3. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 200 ng IL1β significantly decreased food intake at 60 min after the injection while IL6 and IL8 had no effect.
4. IA injection of these ILs (200 ng) had no effect on food intake in chicks.
5. ICV injection of 200 ng IL1β did not affect water intake and plasma corticosterone concentration, suggesting that central IL1β might not be related to the regulation of drinking behaviour and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis.
6. The present study demonstrated that central IL1β but not IL6 and IL8 might be related to the inhibition of feeding in chicks. 相似文献
2. A total of 20 one-day-old Leghorn chicks (slow-growing) and 20 broiler (Ross 508) chicks (fast-growing) were reared to 100 and 45 d, respectively.
3. A small percentage of GF was seen in pre rigor muscle samples even at 3 min post mortem in both genotypes and in all muscle types studied.
4. From 3 min to 24 h post mortem GF increased both in Leghorn and broiler chickens but to a different extent according to muscle type and genotype.
5. The highest GF 24 h post mortem value was found in the PM muscles belonging to the fast-growing broiler line.
6. It was concluded that every type of muscle can develop GF, but this phenomenon is more evident in the PM especially in animals selected for increased growth rate. 相似文献
2. A total of 8424 Ross 708 broiler eggs were divided over three light exposure treatments during incubation: No light (DARK), a light emitting diode (LED) light with high levels of blue light (BLUE), or a LED light with high levels of red light (RED). Hatchability, embryo mortality and chick quality were assessed at hatch.
3. DARK had a higher percentage of chicks with unhealed navels (21.1 ± 1.3%) and fewer overall chicks with no defects (77.0 ± 1.2%) compared to both the BLUE (9.9 ± 0.9% and 88.4 ± 1.1%) and RED treatments (7.7 ± 0.8% and 90.2 ± 1.0%).
4. Both the BLUE (80.9 ± 1.0%) and RED treatments (82.9 ± 1.4%) had higher hatchability of fertile eggs than the DARK treatment (76.0 ± 2.2%).
5. These results indicate that either of these LED fixtures could be used to improve hatchability and chick quality in broiler chickens. Utilising these types of lightings in commercial hatcheries will improve the efficiency via increased hatchability and quality of the chicks hatched. 相似文献
2. Growth rate, food intake, food utilisation and proportion of dietary nitrogen retained were much poorer in chicks receiving salseed meal.
3. The chicks receiving salseed meal developed pathological lesions in liver and kidney.
4. The red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume of the chicks receiving salseed meal were lower than those of chicks receiving maize.
5. The apparent metabolisable energy value of salseed meal was determined as 6.83 MJ/kg. 相似文献
2. Food intake and body weight were not affected, while rectal temperature was significantly increased by short-term HT exposure.
3. Several free amino acid concentrations increased in the blood, brain and muscle even with short-term HT, whereas levels of a few amino acids declined significantly. As well as the nonessential amino acids, essential amino acids also significantly increased with exposure to HT.
4. 3-Methylhistidine, a marker of proteolysis, significantly declined in the muscle of HT chicks, implying a reduction of protein breakdown under HT.
5. These results indicate that alteration of protein metabolism may occur in chicks even with short-term heat exposure. 相似文献
2. Taurine contents of thigh and breast muscle increased linearly with increasing dietary taurine.
3. Taurine supplementation for 1, 2 and 3 weeks significantly increased the taurine content of breast muscle. The taurine contents of liver and thigh meat were significantly increased by taurine supplementation for 3 weeks. The taurine contents of thigh and breast meat from broilers given a diet supplemented with 4 g/kg taurine for 3 weeks increased to 1.89 times the concentrations of the control group.
4. There were no detrimental effects on growth performance, breast or thigh muscle yield, pH value or drip-water loss, and taurine supplementation did not affect the serum carbonyl content.
5. Serum malondialdehyde concentration was significantly decreased by taurine supplementation for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. 相似文献
2. Salmonellae were not isolated from the empty, cleaned and fumigated houses and only on one occasion from the foodstuffs.
3. Salmonellae were isolated from the environment of the chicks and spasmodically from the litter, water troughs and dust.
4. The incidence of infection of the chicks did not influence the number of isolations of salmonellae from the environment of the birds during rearing.
5. Water in the water troughs rather than foodstuffs appeared to be the major oral route of infection or re‐infection of birds during rearing. 相似文献
2. TEX-OE® is a patented total extract of the fruit of Opuntia ficus indica, which has been demonstrated to accelerate the development of HSPs in several animal species.
3. One-day-old commercial broiler chicks were treated with TEX-OE®; HSP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a large commercial field trial investigated key performance indicators (KPIs) in treated versus untreated controls chicks.
4. TEX-OE® significantly increased HSP concentrations in treated chicks versus controls. Final cumulative mortality, liveweight and percentage factory-rejects were better than in controls.
5. The accelerated HSP response may enable chicks to cope with early stressors, which is reflected in improved KPIs. 相似文献
2. Lower body weights and lower feed consumption were observed in 4-week-old poults given 10 and 20 g/kg of AT-402 compared to poults given 0 or 5 g/kg.
3. Floor-reared poults, given either 5 or 10 g/kg AT-402 to 4 weeks of age, were significantly heavier than controls (0 g/kg AT-402), and feed conversion ratios for AT-402 given poults were improved.
4. Xylose uptake in 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults was significantly greater than in poults given AT-402 at 0 and 10 g/kg, reflecting increased body weights of 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults.
5. Delayed access by poults to the AT-402 until 10 d of age also improved 4-week body weights, suggesting that the AT-402 might improve performance as soon as it is given.
6. AT-402 at 5 g/kg was most efficacious as demonstrated by improved body weights and feed conversions. 相似文献
2. A total of 225 Ross-308 commercial broiler chicks were used. Within the 2-week experimental period, chicks were divided into 5 main groups according to the days of decapitation which were 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 d after hatch. Each main group had 45 chicks. The main groups were further divided into three subgroups (15 chicks each), which included control chicks (no injection), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and LPS-injected chicks. Spleen samples were collected 1-, 3-, 6-, 12- and 24-h after the PBS or LPS administrations. Tissue sections were stained using streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex staining method.
3. From 1 d of age, TLR4 positivity was found in the spleen in diffuse granular form. The cells showing intense TLR4 positivity were observed in periellipsoidal lymphoid tissue in 4-d-old chicks. The same cells were determined in the germinal centre of the spleen in 7-d-old chicks. LPS stimulation led to an increase in the intensity of TLR4 positivity in 14-d-old chicks.
4. From 1 d of age, MHC class II positivity was found in both white pulp and red pulp. This was higher in 14-d-old chicks injected with LPS than in the controls and the chicks injected with PBS.
5. The findings indicate that, from 1 d of age in chicks, the spleen has both non-specific defence elements and the molecules having the information to induce adaptive immunity. In addition, at the end of the 2-week experimental period, it was determined that the spleen had the capacity to recognise antigens. 相似文献
2. The analytes were extracted from yolk, albumen and whole egg by phosphate buffer and ethyl acetate. Following purification, samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
3. Fifty laying hens were divided into 5 groups, and each hen received doses of 20 mg/kg FF: Group 1 (received a single oral dose by gavage); Group 2 (a single intramuscular dose); Group 3 (a single subcutaneous dose); Group 4 (multiple oral doses for 3 d) and Group 5 (multiple oral doses for 5 d).
4. Limits of detection and of quantitation values were 1.94 and 6.45 g/109 g (ppb) for FF, respectively, and 0.48 and 1.58 ppb for FFA, respectively. Relative standard deviation values of intra-day and inter-day variation below 11% also confirmed the usefulness of the method for analysing FF and FFA in eggs.
5. From the first day of both oral and parenteral administration, FF and FFA were detected at 0.1% and 0.08% of dosage, respectively, and 57% of the drugs were eliminated from the egg yolk. Elimination time of FF was 8 d in Groups 1, 2 and 3; 9 d in Group 4 and 10 d in Group 5. 相似文献
2. Addition of 10 g ascorbic acid/kg to the control diet (without excess tyrosine) produced no beneficial effects on performance. Excess dietary tyrosine caused depressions in all measures of performance.
3. Adding 0.1, 1, 10 or 20 g ascorbic acid/kg to the diet containing excess tyrosine tended to improve performance.
4. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg ascorbic acid/bird d to chicks receiving excess tyrosine brought about a significant improvement in body‐weight gain.
5. The elevation of plasma free tyrosine caused by excess dietary tyrosine decreased as dietary ascorbic acid increased.
6. Ascorbic acid can alleviate, though not completely counteract, the adverse effect of excess dietary tyrosine. 相似文献
2. Time of day of injection did not modify the response to corticosterone of 3‐week‐old chicks kept under natural daylight nor of 7‐week‐old broilers receiving additional illumination.
3. Pure White Rock chicks and Cornish x White Rock crossbred chicks responded similarly to corticosterone injections at 3 weeks of age.
4. Seven‐week‐old female birds treated with corticosterone had significantly larger abdominal fat pads than similarly treated males.
5. Corticosterone injection was more effective in increasing the proportion of liver fat in 7‐week‐old birds than in 3‐week‐old ?hicks.
6. The increased amount of abdominal and liver fat due to corticosterone injections administered at 3 weeks of age disappeared after 3 weeks, but growth depression was still evident. 相似文献
2. A total of 216 geese were either naturally (114) or artificially (102) hatched and reared in intensive or free-range production systems (4 replicates each) until 18 weeks of age.
3. Weights of naturally hatched goslings (NHG) were significantly higher than artificially hatched goslings (AHG) at 2 weeks (644 vs. 536 g); however, weights of AHG were significantly higher than NHG at both 6 weeks (3245 vs. 3010 g) and 18 weeks (5212 vs. 4353 g).
4. AHG had better feed conversion ratios (FCRs) than NHG (6.21 vs. 6.46 at 18 weeks). Feed consumption of naturally hatched geese was found higher in first 4 weeks when compared to artificially hatched geese and artificially hatched geese consumed more feed than naturally hatched geese after 8 weeks.
5. Production system had insignificant effects on feed consumption, FCRs, viability and mutilation rates.
6. Slipped wings were more frequent in NHG than AHG (8.32% vs. 1.68% at 6 weeks; 23.84% vs. 5.12% between 7 and 18 weeks) and in free-range production when compared to intensive production (17.88% vs. 11.08% over the course of the production period).
7. The study results indicate that both artificially and NHG can be reared in free-range production systems without any loss in performance and in deference to animal welfare. 相似文献
2. Male and female day-old Ross 308 chicks were fed on a standard commercial diet containing 0, 2.5, 5 or 10 g/kg feed ground M. officinalis for 84 d before slaughter.
3. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in the broilers receiving either 5 or 10 mg M. officinalis/kg feed.
4. Inclusion of M. officinalis did not affect muscle chemical and fatty acid composition.
5. On the basis of microbiological and sensory experimental data and subsequent extension of meat shelf life, M. officinalis did not reduce the microbial populations of the meat, but was effective in limiting lipid oxidation. 相似文献
2. The birds were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets during rearing and production and on a fast- or slow-feed allocation programme from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space (FS) either remained similar or was increased.
3. Eggs produced at 33 weeks were incubated, eggshell conductance (G) was determined and a sample of 14 chicks from each treatment combination was taken to obtain bone traits at hatching.
4. Diet type did not influence G, yolk-free body weight (BW), residual yolk weight or relative asymmetry (RA) of any bilateral traits of leg bones of hatchlings. However, breeder diet type was involved on two-way and three-way interaction effects on progeny leg bone traits.
5. Breeders feed restricted according to the slow-feeding programme laid eggs with greater G compared to those managed with the fast-feeding programme, but there was no effect of feeding programme on progeny bone traits at hatching.
6. Eggs from breeders given more FS at photostimulation had greater G than those from breeders provided with similar FS. Maternal FS change did not influence hatchling yolk-free BW; however, breeders given more FS produced progeny with heavier tibias and shanks and longer femurs compared with those provided with similar FS, but only when breeders were fed on maize. Moreover, increased maternal FS at photostimulation was associated with an increased RA of femur length in the progeny.
7. It was concluded that breeder FS change at photostimulation influenced eggshell conductance and consistently affected bone development of the broiler progeny. 相似文献
2. Poults fed on diets with no supplementary riboflavin had poor gait scores, decreased times to sit and higher rates of culling compared to poults fed on the control diet (20 mg biotin and 0.3 mg riboflavin/kg diet). Histologically, riboflavin deficiency was associated with a peripheral neuropathy similar to that described previously in chicks and, unexpectedly, in growth plate abnormalities.
3. Tibiae of poults fed on the control diet were larger, more dense, stronger and stiffer than the diets with no supplementary riboflavin.
4. Increasing supplementary biotin in poults fed on diets with no supplementary riboflavin was associated with a decrease in tibia weight, density, strength and stiffness.
5. The results demonstrated that riboflavin deficiency in fast-growing turkey poults was associated with growth retardation, growth plate disturbance and peripheral nerve dysfunction leading to an inability to walk. 相似文献
2. Data were analysed for species differences in food consumption, body weight, food utilisation, mortality and liver pathology.
3. There were no significant effects of aflatoxin in broiler and Leghorn chicks. Aflatoxin at 0.7 mg/kg decreased the body weight of turkey poults but tended to increase the growth rate of goslings. At 1 ‐4 mg aflatoxin/kg food consumption, body weight and weight gain of goslings were adversely affected.
4. Liver damage occurred in goslings and quail chicks at all inclusions of aflatoxin and was extensive at 2.1 mg/kg.
5. Poults and goslings appeared to be the most sensitive, quail were intermediate and domestic chicks were most resistant. 相似文献
2. Fertile eggs (n = 150) were injected into the air sac or yolk sac with 0.5 ml normal saline solution or normal saline and pure RJ. The eggs were randomly divided into 5 groups of 30 eggs each: NC, control eggs receiving no injection; ASA, air sac–injected eggs given normal saline solution; ARJ, air sac–injected eggs injected with pure RJ; YSA, yolk sac–injected eggs receiving normal saline solution and YRJ, yolk sac–injected eggs given pure RJ.
3. Injection of RJ significantly decreased hatchability (46.7%) compared with injection of saline solution (68.3%). Hatchability was lower in ARJ (33.3 %) and YRJ (60.0%) groups than in the NC group (90.0%). Hatchability in ASA (70.0%) and YSA (66.66%) groups were comparable to the NC group.
4. In ovo injection of RJ into both sacs increased chicks’ absolute and relative body, heart, liver and testes weights compared to the control group whereas plasma testosterone concentration was similar among the different groups.
5. It was concluded that in ovo injection of RJ may be an effective method to increase the body weight of hatched chicks as an absolute value (CWT) and chicks' internal organ weights. 相似文献