2. Food passage in the crop was significantly reduced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of LPS while it did not affect the number of defecations, suggesting that LPS may affect food passage only in the upper digestive tract.
3. Similar to LPS, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), one of the mediators of LPS, also reduced crop-emptying rate in chickens while it had no effect on the number of defecations.
4. Pretreatment with indomethacin, which is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), a prostaglandin synthase, had no effect on LPS-induced inhibition of crop emptying.
5. IP injection of LPS did not affect the mRNA expression of COX2 in the upper digestive tract of chickens.
6. It is therefore likely that LPS and PGE2 reduced food passage rate in the crop by a prostaglandin-independent pathway in chickens. 相似文献
2. Intra-abdominal (IA) injection of LPS significantly suppressed feeding behaviour and significantly increased mRNA expression of IL1β and IL8 in the diencephalon when compared to the control group, while IL6 tended to be increased.
3. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 200 ng IL1β significantly decreased food intake at 60 min after the injection while IL6 and IL8 had no effect.
4. IA injection of these ILs (200 ng) had no effect on food intake in chicks.
5. ICV injection of 200 ng IL1β did not affect water intake and plasma corticosterone concentration, suggesting that central IL1β might not be related to the regulation of drinking behaviour and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis.
6. The present study demonstrated that central IL1β but not IL6 and IL8 might be related to the inhibition of feeding in chicks. 相似文献
2. IGF1 mRNA expression in breast muscle in Taihu geese was significantly higher than that in Wanxi geese and the MSTN mRNA level in leg muscle in Taihu geese was significantly higher than that in Wanxi geese.
3. There was no significant difference in breast muscle MSTN or leg muscle IGF1 mRNA expression between the two breeds.
4. Within the same breed, the IGF1 mRNA expression in leg muscle of male geese was significantly higher than that in female geese, and MSTN mRNA expression in leg muscle was significantly higher than that in breast muscle.
5. There was no difference in the IGF1 mRNA expression between tissues.
6. There was a positive correlation between IGF1 mRNA and MSTN mRNA and a negative correlation between IGF1 mRNA expression of breast muscle and leg muscle ratio.
7. In Wanxi geese, MSTN mRNA expression in leg muscle was negatively associated with body weight and leg muscle weight. 相似文献
2. A total of 20 one-day-old Leghorn chicks (slow-growing) and 20 broiler (Ross 508) chicks (fast-growing) were reared to 100 and 45 d, respectively.
3. A small percentage of GF was seen in pre rigor muscle samples even at 3 min post mortem in both genotypes and in all muscle types studied.
4. From 3 min to 24 h post mortem GF increased both in Leghorn and broiler chickens but to a different extent according to muscle type and genotype.
5. The highest GF 24 h post mortem value was found in the PM muscles belonging to the fast-growing broiler line.
6. It was concluded that every type of muscle can develop GF, but this phenomenon is more evident in the PM especially in animals selected for increased growth rate. 相似文献
Objective: The aim is to identify the genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant or -susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MRSP and MSSP, respectively) from healthy dogs.
Animals and methods: From 119 healthy dogs, 29 isolates consisting of 20 MRSP and 9 MSSP were collected from June 2013 to February 2014. Phenotypic features, antibiogram, multilocus sequence type (MLST), Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type and spa gene type were analyzed.
Results: MLST showed 24 sequence types (STs), including 20 new STs that were genetically distinct from the previous STs in other geographic areas. SCCmec typing revealed that all isolates had SCCmec type V, a predominant type in North America. spa gene typing was successful in only 13 isolates (10 MRSP and 3 MSSP) and revealed two known types (t02 and t06), as well as one novel type (t73).
Conclusion: Our cumulative data indicate the presence of various populations of S. pseudintermedius in clinically normal dogs in Seoul metropolitan area. 相似文献
2. Four different alkaliphilic microbes were isolated and shown to degrade poultry feathers.
3. Two of the isolates were phylogenetically identified as Lysinibacillus and the others were identified as Nocardiopsis and Micrococcus.
4. The best microbial co-culture for white and black feather degradation was optimised for pH, temperature and relative population of the isolates to achieve almost 96% of degradation compared with a maximum of 31% when applying each isolate individually.
5. The maximum activity of keratinase was estimated to be 1.5 U/ml after 3 d for white feathers and 0.6 U/ml after 4 d for black feathers in a basal medium containing feather as the main carbon source. Additionally, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed 4 and 3 protease activity bands for white and black feather, respectively.
6. This study provides a robust method to develop potential new mixtures of microorganisms that are able to degrade both white and black feathers by applying a Central Composite Design. 相似文献
2. The Sinai produced significantly fewer, smaller eggs, resulting in lower egg mass output (g/bird d), than the Leghorn and the crossbreds.
3. Egg weight of both crossbreds was intermediate between Sinai and Leghorn but laying rate was closer to that of the Leghorn.
4. Differences in egg mass output apparent at 8 to 10 months of age decreased considerably with age.
5. These findings suggest that selection or crossbreeding of the Sinai might improve productive performance while maintaining improved eggshell quality. 相似文献
2. Increments of 25 g grass meal/kg and 7.3 g maize oil/kg replaced a mixture of soyabean, wheat and barley meals in the control diet.
3. Gain: food ratio (y) of the birds decreased linearly as dietary grass meal content (x) increased such that y = 0.4295 ? 0.0032x.
4. Carcass analyses indicated that the decrease in gain : food ratio was caused by less deposition of body fat.
5. Skin colour became significantly yellower as the dietary grass meal content increased. 相似文献
2. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between BMP7 gene expression, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and growth traits in chickens. Here, a SNP (c.1995T>C) in the chicken (Gallus gallus) BMP7 gene was identified, that was associated with growth and carcass traits.
3. Genotyping revealed that the T allele occurred more frequently in breeds with high growth rates, whereas the C allele was predominant in those with low growth rates. The expression level of BMP7 in the thigh bone of birds with the TT genotype was significantly higher than in those with the CC genotype at 21, 42 and 91 d of age.
4. These findings suggest that selecting the birds with the TT genotype of SNP c.1995T>C could improve bone growth, could reduce leg disorders in fast-growing birds. The SNP c.1995T>C may serve as a selective marker for improving bone growth and increasing the consistency of body weights in poultry breeding. 相似文献
2. A questionnaire about the rearing period was completed and caecal samples were collected from 121 broiler flocks in Brittany, France, during 2008.
3. Campylobacter was isolated in 87 out of 121 flocks – a prevalence of 71.9% (95% CI, 63.7–80.1%), including 40.5% of Campylobacter jejuni and 29.8% of Campylobacter coli.
4. The average concentration, in positive flocks, was 7.96 log10 cfu/g and ranged from 3.15 to 10.32 log10 cfu/g.
5. The average concentration by species was: 7.57 log10 cfu/g for C. jejuni and 8.44 log10 cfu/g for C. coli.
6. There was a seasonal effect, with increased risk of Campylobacter colonisation in June, July and August (odds ratio (OR) = 9.59, 95% CI 1.15–79.75).
7. The other factors, associated with lower risk of Campylobacter colonisation, were the acidification of drinking water (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.13–0.86), antibiotic treatment at the beginning of the rearing period (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.07–0.55) and rodent control around the house (OR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.03–0.95).
8. The results show that hygiene practices and biosecurity measures could lead to a reduction in Campylobacter colonisation. 相似文献
2. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary BP on laying performance, egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens.
3. The dietary BP used in this experiment was a mixture of individual BP targeting Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella derby and Staphylococcus aureus.
4. A total of 360 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 32 weeks of age were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with 6 replicates in a completely randomised design. The basal diet was prepared, and 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg BP mixture was supplemented to the basal diet. Diets were fed to hens for 8 weeks.
5. Laying performance and egg quality were not affected by dietary treatments. As inclusion levels of BP mixture in diets were increased, the DNA copy numbers for Salmonella spp. in the caecal contents decreased linearly, whereas the DNA copy numbers for Escherichia coli in the caecal contents increased linearly.
6. Results indicate that dietary supplementation of BP mixture decreases the target Salmonella spp. populations but increases Escherichia coli populations in the gastrointestinal tract of laying hens with little impact on laying performance and egg quality. 相似文献
2. A total of 750 one-day-old Cherry Valley Pekin ducks were randomly divided into 5 groups with three replicates of 50 ducks each in a completely randomised experiment. Each group was fed on a basal diet supplemented with 0, 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg probiotics/kg.
3. Body rate and feed conversion ratio were highest and abdominal subcutaneous fat % was lowest at 1000 mg probiotic/kg.
4. The mRNA levels of LXRα and CYP7α1 in liver tissue was estimated by RT-PCR; serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations were measured by ELISA.
5. The expression levels and enzyme activity of LXRα and CYP7α1 increased in conjunction with decreases in TG and TC concentrations following probiotic supplementation to a maximum at 1000 mg probiotics/kg and decreased thereafter.
6. It is concluded that dietary probiotics can enhance LXRα and CYP7α1 enzyme activities in the liver and reduce lipid concentrations and fat deposition in ducks. 相似文献
2. In a completely randomised design, different probiotic strains were injected into the amniotic fluid of the 480 live embryos (d 18 of incubation), with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. Ileal MUC2 gene expression, microbial profile, growth performance and immune response were determined.
3. Injection of probiotic strains, especially B. subtilis, had significant effect on expression of the MUC2 on d 21 of incubation and d 3 post-hatch, but not on d 19 of incubation.
4. Injection of the probiotic strains decreased significantly the Escherichia coli population and increased the lactic acid bacteria population during the first week post-hatch.
5. Inoculation of probiotics had no significant effect on antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus, antibody titres against sheep red blood cell and cell-mediated immune response of chickens compared to control.
6. In ovo injection of the probiotic strains had no significant effect on growth performance of broiler chickens.
7. It was concluded that injection of probiotic bacteria especially B. subtilis into the amniotic fluid has a beneficial effect on ileal MUC2 gene expression and bacteria population during the first week post-hatch, but has no effect on growth performance and immune response in broiler chickens. 相似文献
2. The open-reading frame of goose Pax7 is composed of 1509 bp, which encodes a protein of 503 amino acids and shares high homology with Pax7 of other birds.
3. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the genomic DNA sequence, 8 located in the intron region and two located in the exon region.
4. Association analysis showed the C122T locus was significantly associated with the body weight of Zhedong-White geese in week 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12.
5. It was concluded that the goose Pax7 gene may be an important candidate gene for goose growth traits and marker-assisted selection. 相似文献
2. Appreciable reductions occurred in total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of surface swab samples treated with dry ice (maximum difference 3.92 log cfu/100 cm2).
3. After dry-ice treatment, Listeria spp. were detected on surfaces of pluckers and chiller cylinders, whereas Salmonella spp. were totally inhibited.
4. A dry-ice spraying application was more effective than a dry-ice immersing application on total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast and mould counts on poultry carcases.
5. Dry-ice treatment has advantages over conventional processes. Unlike other decontamination techniques, there are no residues, so no need to wash off chemical residues from surfaces as it removes contaminants effortlessly and is environmentally friendly.
6. Dry-ice blasting of production equipment can reduce the microbial load and has potential for use in the poultry industry. 相似文献
2. Egg, yolk, albumen and shell plus membrane weights increased, whereas the egg shape, specific gravity and shell thickness decreased between 49 and 154 days of age.
3. Yolk, albumen and shell plus membrane comprised 32–59%, 53–57% and 7–80%, respectively of the total egg weight.
4. Regression between the quail's age and the characteristics of eggs were derived and correlation coefficients ranged from —0–42 to — 0–86. The albumen weight was more highly correlated with egg weight than yolk weight.
5. Relationships were also derived between egg shape and specific gravity, and egg shape and albumen weight.
6. It was concluded that the eggs’ characteristics were modified as the quails aged, and the best criterion of the shell's strength was the egg shape. 相似文献
2. DNA was extracted from 65 confirmed APEC E. coli from chicken, 100 presumptive commensal E. coli from healthy turkey and 35 from healthy chicken. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and virulence factors genotyping was performed to characterise genetic features.
3. Carbon source utilisation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed to characterise phenotypic features of isolates.
4. The genetic divergence between E. coli strains tested by ERIC-PCR profiles and virulence-associated genes showed a clear genetic separation between E. coli APEC and turkey E. coli strains.
5. The carbon utilisation profile of turkey isolates was different from chicken and APEC strains; whereas antimicrobial susceptibility was highest for turkey isolates (53%), and lowest for APEC strains (33.8%).
6. The study showed a significant negative correlation between utilisation of arabitol and adonitol with different virulence determinants tested, which suggests that the ability to utilise some uncommon carbon sources may be used to discriminate between presumptive commensal E. coli and APEC. 相似文献
2. Relative water vapour conductance, i.e. the ratio between the water vapour conductance as determined in a desiccator and the actual water vapour conductance, as well as relative humidity in the desiccator are influenced by the total rate of water loss of the eggs in the desiccator.
3. The total rate of water loss is influenced by the number of eggs in the batch, their average actual water vapour conductance, desiccator temperature and barometric pressure.
4. Therefore water vapour conductance is easily underestimated, in particular when determined in still air at a small surface area of desiccant.
5. All the above effects are considerably reduced by convection.
6. Further improvements in technique are suggested, particularly for practice where determinations have to be made for a relatively large batch of eggs. 相似文献