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1.
ABSTRACT:   Lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the gonads of skipjack tuna were examined to evaluate effective utilization of the processing of by-products. The predominant phospholipids in the ovaries were phosphatidylcholine (PC; 47.9%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 19.3%) and lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC; 19.1%). In contrast, those in the testes were PC (40.1%), PE (29.3%) and phosphatidylserine (PS; 9.6%). The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was markedly high at more than 50% in LPC of the ovaries, and PE and PS of the testes were also high. The percentages of DHA at sn-position 2 of the predominant phospholipids, except for PC in the testes, were more than 60%, in particular PE in the testes was remarkably high at 81.9%. After storage for 2 days at 5°C, the LPC content in the ovaries increased twofold and the DHA level of LPC was the same as before, though the contents of other phospholipids decreased.  相似文献   

2.
Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) have much greater vertical mobility than yellowfin (T. albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas, due to an apparent greater tolerance of the changes in ambient temperature and oxygen occurring with depth. In an attempt to identify physiological processes (e.g., effects of temperature on cardiac function) responsible for these behavioral differences, we examined enzyme activities (at 12 °C, 17 °C, and 25 °C) of cardiac muscle in all three species. Contrary to our expectations, we found few differences and no clear explanatory patterns in maximum enzyme activities (Vmax) or enzyme activity ratios. For example, citrate synthase (CS) activity was the same in bigeye and skipjack tunas, but 40% lower in yellowfin tuna, whereas carnitine palmotoyltransferase (CPT) activity in skipjack tuna was approximately double that in the other two species. The ratio of CPT to pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, a measure of the tissues preference for fatty acids as metabolic substrates, was the same in bigeye and yellowfin tunas, but elevated skipjack tuna. The ratios of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to CS activity and of PK to CS activity (anaerobic–aerobic enzyme activity ratios – taken as measures of the tissues ability to tolerate hypoxia) were both elevated in yellowfin tuna cardiac tissue relative to the other two species. We also found no differences in temperature sensitivity (Q10 values) when comparing cardiac enzyme activities across species, nor effects of temperature on the substrate affinity (Km) of LDH. In sum, our results do not suggest any clear metabolic difference in the cardiac muscle that would explain the apparent greater tolerance of bigeye tuna to acute hypoxia and ambient temperature changes or their substantially greater vertical mobility.  相似文献   

3.
We investigated the effects of open- and closed-system temperature changes on the O2 affinity of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) blood using in vitro methods essentially identical to those previously employed on tropical tuna species. Bluefin tuna blood has a general O2 affinity (P 50 = 2.6–3.1 kPa or 19–23 mm Hg at 0.5% CO2) similar to that of skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, and kawakawa blood (P 50 = 2.8–3.1 kPa at 0.5% CO2) but significantly above that of bigeye tuna blood (P 50 = 1.6–2.0 kPa at 0.5% CO2). We therefore hypothesize that bluefin tuna are less tolerant of hypoxia than bigeye tuna. Further, we found the P 50 of bluefin tuna blood to be slightly reduced by a 10°C open-system temperature increase (e.g., from 4.83 kPa at 15°C to 3.95 kPa at 25°C) and to be completely unaffected by a 10°C closed-system temperature change. Bluefin tuna blood, therefore, had a significantly reduced Bohr effect when subjected to the inevitable changes in P CO 2 and plasma pH that accompany closed-system temperature shifts (0.04–0.09 Δlog P50ΔpH−1) compared with the effects of changes in plasma pH accomplished by changing P CO 2 alone (0.81–0.94 Δlog P50 Δ pH−1). This response is similar to that of skipjack tuna blood, but different from yellowfin or bigeye tuna blood. During closed-system temperature changes at oxygen levels above P 50, however, bluefin tuna blood showed a reversed temperature effect (i.e., P O 2 decreased in response to an increase in temperature). Unlike in other tuna species, temperature effects on O2 affinity of bluefin tuna whole blood were similar to those previously reported for hemoglobin solutions, suggesting that red cell-mediated ligand changes are not involved.  相似文献   

4.
To characterize the 22:6 n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) levels of the oriental bonito Sarda orientalis, a coastal migratory tuna species, total lipids (TL) of white muscle, dark muscle, liver, pyloric cecum, gonad, and other viscera were separated into lipid classes, the constituents of TL were quantified, and the fatty acid composition of TL, triacylglycerols (TAG), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine was analyzed. The crude lipid contents of muscle and other organs were 0.8–3.2% and 2.3–9.1%, respectively. DHA was found in TL of various organs at levels ranging from 19.2% to 27.6% in muscle and 16.3% to 28.5% in other organs. The levels of DHA in muscle TAG (8.2–16.0%) were lower than or comparable to those in visceral TAG (6.9–24.0%). These findings did not coincide with those observed in active-migratory tuna species, which accumulate DHA in their muscle TAG during migration. These findings suggest that the DHA distribution of S. orientalis is different from that observed in active-migratory tuna species, and that the differences may be due to migration type of the fish.  相似文献   

5.
A phospholipase A2 was purified 55,000-fold in a yield of 10% from the lipid-free extract of powder of the pyloric caeca of red sea bream to near homogeneity by sequential column chromatography on S-sepharose fast flow, butyl-cellulofine, Asahipak ES-502C cation-exchange HPLC, TSK gel G3000SW gel-filtration HPLC, and Asahipak ODP-50 reversed-phase HPLC. The final preparation showed a single band with the apparent molecular mass of 14 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and an estimated specific activity was 717 µmol min-1 mg-1 protein. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum in the range of pH 8.0–9.0 and required the presence of both 8 mM of Ca2+ and from 2 to 10 mM of sodium deoxycholate for its maximal activity, using 2 mM of phosphatidylcholine as a substrate. The purified enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed the 2-acyl ester bonds of both phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine in the presence of sodium deoxycholate, followed in order by phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyl-serine. In contrast to porcine pancreatic PLA2, pyloric caeca PLA2 hydrolyzed mixed-micellar phosphatidylcholine substrate effectively, regardless of the kinds of bile salts used. These results indicate that Ca2+-dependent low molecular mass PLA2, so called secretory PLA2, occurs in the pyloric caeca of red sea beam.  相似文献   

6.
Two phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms, tentatively denoted as DE-1 and DE-2 PLA2s, were purified from the hepatopancreas of red sea bream (Pagrus major) to near homogeneity by sequential column chromatography on S-Sepharose fast flow, DEAE-Sepharose fast flow and butyl-Cellulofine, and by ion-exchange, gel-filtration and reversed-phase HPLC. The purified DE-1 and DE-2 PLA2s both showed a single band with the apparent molecular mass of approx. 13.5 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and were found to be both related to group I PLA2 based on the N-terminal amino acid sequences. DE-1 PLA2 had a pH optimum in the alkaline region at around pH 10 and required approximately 10 mM of Ca2+ and 4-10 mM of sodium deoxycholate for its maximal activity, using 2 mM of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as substrates. DE-2 PLA2 also had a pH optimum in the alkaline region at around pH 8-9 and required >10 mM of Ca2+ and approximately 6 mM of sodium deoxycholate for its maximum activity with 2 mM of phosphatidylcholine as a substrate; its enzymatic activity towards phosphatidylethanolamine was greatly inhibited by the addition of sodium deoxycholate. The results demonstrate that red sea bream hepatopancreas contains two enzymatically distinct group I PLA2 isoforms.  相似文献   

7.
王晓旭  王昕岑  梁栋  宋雨  徐杰  薛长湖 《水产学报》2016,40(7):1123-1132
为探究凡纳滨对虾磷脂(PL)在贮藏过程中的水解机理,本研究建立了磷脂相关酶与磷脂酰胆碱(PC)的体外模型,模拟凡纳滨对虾磷脂水解反应。实验分别从凡纳滨对虾体内分离纯化得到磷脂相关酶与PC,进行体外反应,并采用"鸟枪"脂质组学法及气相色谱—质谱法分析水解反应前后PC、溶血磷脂(LPL)及游离脂肪酸(FFA)的组成和含量变化,进而推断磷脂的水解机理。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾体内磷脂水解酶包括脂肪酶、磷脂酶A_1(PLA_1)、磷脂酶A_2(PLA_2)、磷脂酶C(PLC)及磷脂酶D(PLD),其中PLA2活力最高,可达177.87 U。体外模拟反应中,凡纳滨对虾PC含量由516.45显著降至146.14 mg/g,总FFA含量由36.42上升至568.57 mg/g,其中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)显著增加了280.5 mg/g。通过相关性分析水解前后磷脂水解酶活力变化与PC含量变化,发现PC的变化与PLA2显著相关(R=0.91)。研究表明水产品中PC变化是磷脂相关酶催化的水解反应,其水解产物主要为FFA与LPC,且PLA_2对水产品贮藏过程中磷脂的水解影响最大。本实验建立了新型的体外水解模型,并初步探究了磷脂的水解机理,为水产品贮藏及磷脂酶的研究及应用奠定了理论基础。  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Changes in the fatty acid composition of 13 bled and blast-frozen U.S. West Coast albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) were determined following custom-canning and 5 weeks of canned storage. In accordance with typical custom-canning procedures, no additional packing materials were used, and the product did not undergo a precooking step. Raw albacore tuna was found to be rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with an average of 9.1% (% wt of total fatty acids) EPA and 33.8% DHA. Canning and short-term storage did not cause major fluctuations in the fatty acid profiles of the albacore tuna, with no significant changes in the total fractions of saturated fatty acids (30–31%), monounsaturated fatty acids (19%), PUFAs (50%), or n-3 PUFAs (46–47%). On a tissue weight basis, U.S. West Coast albacore tuna was found to contain high levels of total n-3 PUFAs, with 3.3 g/100 g tissue in raw tuna and 4.0–4.1 g/100 g tissue in products that were canned and stored for 5 weeks.  相似文献   

9.
Cooking is an important step in the tuna canning process; it usually produces functional solubilized proteins and lipids. The objective of this study was to recover and increase the concentration of functional n−3 fatty acids from the lipids in cooking juice. The lipids contained 12.98% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) after ethyl esterification and increased to 37.4% with subsequent urea adduct fractionation. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was further used to increase the concentration of EPA and DHA ethyl esters. The ratio of EPA+DHA ethyl esters (high-molecular-weight components) to that of C16 and C18∶1 fatty acid ethyl esters (low-molecular-weight components) was used as a separation index for evaluating the process variables. Experimental results indicated that a high CO2 density caused a low separation factor. At 1500 psig and 328.2 K, the extraction collected over 600 L CO2, displaying an accepted concentration factor of EPA+DHA ethyl esters herein. About 80% yield of EPA and DHA was obtained and the ethyl esters increased from 37.4% to 54.3%.  相似文献   

10.
The composition of tail muscle fatty acids from wild and cultured bluefin tuna reared on a diet based on herring and sardine, along with the plasma lipid profile of the farmed individuals, was determined. The total lipid content of farmed bluefin in this study was 0.922 g/100 g or 3.49 g of saturated fatty acids (SAFA), 4.48 g of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 2.58 g polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n‐3 and 0.37 g of PUFA n‐6 fatty acids; for wild specimens, it was 0.920 g/100 g, or 2.85 g of SAFA, 4.82 g of MUFA, 2.78 g PUFA n‐3 and 0.27 g of PUFA n‐6 fatty acids. The major fatty acids in this study were 16:0; 16:1, n‐7; 18:1, n‐9 and DHA 22:6, n‐3 acids. The sum of these major components accounted for more than 57% and 80% of the total fatty acids in all the samples of farmed and wild tuna respectively. No significant differences in the proximate composition were demonstrated between farmed and wild samples, except for the energy value, in favour of the farmed tuna. Statistically, glucose tends to increase together with cholesterol (CHOL) and plasma triglyceride, as for these pairs, it showed positive correlation coefficients and P>0.05. Some measured tuna metabolites demonstrated strong mutual correlations, especially GLU, CHOL and TRIG, which are crucial factors in the lipid profile of animals.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

Pepsin enzyme from skipjack tuna was extracted for the production of kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) fish protein hydrolysate. Using ultra-fractionation, Kawakawa protein hydrolysates were separated into four different fractions, including fractioned protein hydrolysate I (FPH I) (< 1 kDa), FPH-II (1–3 kDa), FPH-III (3–10 kDa), and FPH-IV (> 10 kDa). The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation, reducing power tests, and chelating activity of metal ions. Results indicated that FPH II fraction peptides had higher antioxidant activity in comparison with the other fractions, followed by FPH I. Further, the fractions were evaluated for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, and IC50 value ranged from 0.45 to 1.86 mg/ml with higher activity in FPH I (IC50 0.45). Finally, the amino acid profile of different fractions was analyzed. The fractions exhibited significant amounts of hydrophobic amino acids, which could perform as hydrogen donors, frustrate the free radicals, and inhibit the ACE. The recovered pepsin from the viscera was used to produce hydrolysates with good biological activities. Peptides lower than 3 KDa had antioxidant activity as positive controls and significant ACE activity. These are very important findings that could be used to conduct further research in a preclinical study of these peptides.  相似文献   

12.
探究不同规格黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)肌肉营养成分及品质差异,实验以野捕的 3种规格黄鳍金枪鱼J1 (4.2±1.2) kg、J2 (22.5±2.5) kg和J3 (50.8±3.9) kg为研究对象,通过常规生化分析方法对金枪鱼肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质元素进行比较分析。结果显示,(1) J1组水分含量显著高于J2、J3组;J2、J3组粗蛋白含量显著高于J1组(P<0.05);J3组粗脂肪含量显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。(2)检出19种常见氨基酸,氨基酸含量最高的为谷氨酸(3.04~ 3.25 g/100 g),必需氨基酸中含量最高的为赖氨酸(2.02~2.15 g/100 g),最低的为色氨酸(0.31~ 0.45 g/100 g)。非必需氨基酸含量J3>J2>J1 (P<0.05);必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量J1组显著低于J3组(P<0.05)。依据氨基酸评分(AAS),缬氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸;以化学评分(CS)为评分标准,J1、J2组第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸,J3组为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸。(3)各组共检出25种脂肪酸,以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为主,含量最高的为二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),占总脂肪酸含量的37.46%~39.18%。DHA含量J3组显著高于J1、J2组;二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量J2、J3组显著高于J1组;DHA∶EPA比值J1组显著高于J2、J3组(P<0.05)。单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量J3>J2>J1;PUFA含量J3组显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。PUFA/饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸/n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3/n-6)比值J2、J3组显著高于J1组(P<0.05)。h/H比值J3组显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。(4) J2、J3组Na、Ca含量显著高于J1组,J1组K含量最高且显著高于J2、J3组(P<0.05)。4种重金属元素均低于食品中建议的最大允许限量,其中Fe含量最大的为J3组,且J3>J2>J1 (P<0.05);Cu含量最大的为J3组,且显著高于J1组(P<0.05)。综合分析,大规格黄鳍金枪鱼具有更好的营养质量,本研究为居民膳食的选择及黄鳍金枪鱼人工配合饲料的配制提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

13.
We evaluated the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (T. obesus) associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. A total of 30 skipjack [34.5–65.0 cm in fork length (FL)], 43 yellowfin (31.6–93.5 cm FL) and 32 bigeye tuna (33.5–85.5 cm FL) were tagged with coded transmitters and released near two drifting FADs. At one of the two FADs, we successfully monitored the behavior of all three species simultaneously. Several individuals remained around the same FAD for 10 or more days. Occasional excursions from the FAD were observed for all three species, some of which occurred concurrently for multiple individuals. The detection rate was higher during the daytime than the nighttime for all the species, and the detection rate for bigeye tuna was higher than for yellowfin or skipjack tuna. The swimming depth was deeper during the daytime than nighttime for all species. The fish usually remained shallower than 100 m, but occasionally dived to around 150 m or deeper, most often for bigeye and yellowfin tuna during the daytime. The swimming depth for skipjack tuna was shallower than that for bigeye and yellowfin tuna, although the difference was not large, and is probably not sufficient to allow the selective harvest of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by the purse seine fishery. From the detection rate of the signals, bigeye tuna is considered to be more vulnerable to the FAD sets than yellowfin and skipjack tuna.  相似文献   

14.
A cDNA encoding a novel phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which was named IN PLA2, was cloned from the intestine of the red sea bream. The amino acid sequence of IN PLA2 showed 49–75% homology with those of red sea bream group IB sPLA2, hepatopancreas DE-1 and DE-2 PLA2, and gill G-3 PLA2. IN PLA2 consists of a prepropeptide of 24 amino acid residues, followed by a mature protein. IN PLA2 contains 14 cysteines, and includes Cys11, the calcium binding loop and the pancreatic loop that are commonly conserved in group IB sPLA2 enzymes. In addition, IN PLA2 is a cationic protein with a pI of 8.52. Therefore, IN PLA2 was identified as a novel group IB sPLA2 isoform in red sea bream. IN PLA2 mRNA was found by northern blot analysis to be expressed mainly in the pyloric caeca and the intestine, and was detected in the goblet cells of the intestine by in situ hybridization. The expression level of IN PLA2 mRNA was elevated by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide—the outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria. These results suggest that IN PLA2 is secreted from the goblet cells of the intestine in response to stimulus such as bacterial infection, and that it contributes to antimicrobial defense in addition to the digestion of dietary phospholipids in the gastrointestinal tract.  相似文献   

15.
Lates calcarifer, commonly known as the Asian sea bass or barramundi, is an interesting species that has great aquaculture potential in Asia including Malaysia and also Australia. We have investigated essential fatty acid metabolism in this species, focusing on the endogenous highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis pathway using both biochemical and molecular biological approaches. Fatty acyl desaturase (Fad) and elongase (Elovl) cDNAs were cloned and functional characterization identified them as ∆6 Fad and Elovl5 elongase enzymes, respectively. The ∆6 Fad was equally active toward 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6, and Elovl5 exhibited elongation activity for C18–20 and C20–22 elongation and a trace of C22–24 activity. The tissue profile of gene expression for ∆6 fad and elovl5 genes, showed brain to have the highest expression of both genes compared to all other tissues. The results of tissue fatty acid analysis showed that the brain contained more docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) than flesh, liver and intestine. The HUFA synthesis activity in isolated hepatocytes and enterocytes using [1-14C]18:3n-3 as substrate was very low with the only desaturated product detected being 18:4n-3. These findings indicate that L. calcarifer display an essential fatty acid pattern similar to other marine fish in that they appear unable to synthesize HUFA from C18 substrates. High expression of ∆6 fad and elovl5 genes in brain may indicate a role for these enzymes in maintaining high DHA levels in neural tissues through conversion of 20:5n-3.  相似文献   

16.
Rotifer cultures of Brachionus Nevada and Cayman were grown semi‐continuously, fed live Rhodmonas baltica algae, and cultures were diluted daily (20% day?1). The enrichment diets Marol E (triacylglycerol‐rich) and PL (cod roe emulsion, phospholipid‐rich) were added to both cultures (Nevada 40 ng ind?1 day?1 and Cayman 25 ng ind?1 day?1, respectively). After 4 days of enrichment (dilution rate: 20% day?1), Cayman rotifers–fed Marol E had comparable (P > 0.05) quantitative amounts of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n‐3) to natural harvested copepods, which were analysed for comparison, and the Cayman strain had generally more efficient incorporation of HUFAs (highly unsaturated fatty acids) than the Nevada strain. However, the percentage DHA of the total fatty acids in copepods were much higher than in enriched rotifers (P < 0.05). The PC‐DHA (DHA in phosphatidylcholine) and PE‐DHA (DHA in phosphatidylethanolamine) levels of copepods were up to 50%, which was highly unlikely for rotifers to reach. The increase of DHA in total phospholipids of rotifers was mainly due to an increase of DHA in PC, whereas the PE‐DHA was only weakly affected by dietary lipids. The per cent PC‐DHA levels in rotifers were positively related to the total dietary DHA levels (P < 0.0001), independent of the PC‐DHA content in the diets.  相似文献   

17.
中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物组成分析   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1  
根据 2 0 0 4年 7月 2 8日至 9月 1日在中西太平洋海域的金枪鱼围网生产调查结果 ,以及“金汇 2号”2 0 0 3年全年的生产数据 ,对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物组成进行了初步分析。结果显示 ,渔获物种类有鲣鱼 (Katsuwonuspelamis)、黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnusalbacares)和大眼金枪鱼 (Thunnusobesus)等 19种 ;渔获物重量组成中鲣鱼占 70 .5 1% ,黄鳍金枪鱼占 2 6 .92 % ,其它鱼类占 2 .5 6 % ;鲣鱼的叉长范围为 2 7～ 81cm ,优势叉长组为 4 0～ 5 0cm ,占 4 1% ;黄鳍金枪鱼叉长范围为 32～ 16 5cm ,优势叉长组为 5 0～ 70cm ,占 33% ,另一优势叉长组为 110～ 130cm ,占 2 0 % ;渔获物重量组成存在海域差异 ,在 16 2°E以东海域鲣鱼比例高于以西海域 ,黄鳍金枪鱼则是在 16 2°E以西海域的比例较高。  相似文献   

18.
We have studied the location and the ontogeny of the digestive enzyme, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) immunohistochemically in the adult and larvae/juvenile of the red sea breamPagrus major by using an antiserum against theNaja naja venom PLA2. The antiserum reacts with at least one enzyme among the PLA2s purified from the fish hepatopancreas or intestine. Although the reactivities were comparatively low, it labelled zymogen granules of the pancreatic acinar cells and secretory materials of certain epithelial cells in the depths of epithelial crypts in the pyloric caeca of the adult. The immunoreactivities of PLA2s were investigated in the viscera of larvae and juveniles of the 0 to 85th day after hatch. In the larvae of the 13th day, accumulation of PLA2-positive zymogen granules in the pancreatic acinar cells were first recognized by the immunostaining. The intensity of the labelling subsequently became stronger and dramatically increased between the 20th and 30th day. This increase appeared to be one of the physiological changes associated with the transition to a new benthic life as juveniles. Lack of PLA2 in the pancreas before the 13th day may suggest the possibility that larvae utilized exogenous PLA2, inherent in their prey, to digest the phospholipids. On the other hand, no reactivity was found in the intestine until the 85th day.  相似文献   

19.
  1. Although the frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion in the large-sized dolphinfish and tunas taken by the Hawai'i longline fishery is very low (frequency of occurrence < 5% of sampled individuals), the ingestion of plastic in smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line gear by commercial and recreational fishers has not been investigated.
  2. This study examined ingestion of >0.25 mm marine plastic debris (MPD) by four predatory fish species caught by commercial fishers around the Main Hawaiian Islands, and documented ingestion in three species: 85.7% of albacore tuna (n = 7), 40.0% of skipjack tuna (n = 10) and 12.5% of dolphinfish (n = 8).
  3. Yellowfin tuna (n = 10) did not contain any MPD, probably owing to the high proportion of empty stomachs (60%).
  4. For skipjack tuna, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was significantly higher for the smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line (40%), compared with the larger-sized specimens caught with longlines (0%).
  5. For dolphinfish, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was similar for the similar-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line and with longlines.
  6. The ingested MPD items were micro–meso plastics, between 1 and 25 mm. While most ingested items were fragments, albacore also ingested line and skipjack also ingested sheets.
  7. The predatory fishes ingested light MPD items that float in sea water, but there were species-specific differences in their polymer composition: albacore contained more polypropylene and polyethylene, and skipjack contained more elastomers, characterized by a high percentage of ester plasticizers.
  8. Altogether, these results suggest that albacore and skipjack tunas ingest plastic of different types and polymers. Yet more research is needed to understand how differences in vertical distribution, foraging ecology and diet influence the MPD sampled by these predatory fish species.
  相似文献   

20.
The digestive enzyme activities of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis were evaluated for specific activity and characterized for pH and temperature optima in crude extracts of stomach, caecal mass, and proximal, middle and distal intestine. A higher level of alkaline proteolytic activity was detected in the caecal mass than in the proximal intestine. Total alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were tested. The temperature and pH analyses showed that proteolytic activity as well as lipase were maximal in the alkaline range, with a maximum at pH 9.0 and at temperatures between 35 and 60°C, except for the pepsin, which showed maximum activity at the same temperatures but in the acid range (pH 3.0). The α-amylase activity showed a broader range in activity, both for pH and temperature, with higher activity over the alkaline pH values and higher temperature. The lipase activity seems to be nondependent on bile salts under our assay conditions, resulting in a significant activity reduction in the presence of bile salts. This knowledge will allow the development of a gastrointestinal model (everted intestine) where food or feed will be hydrolysed with the fish’s own enzymes, a project that is being undertaken in our laboratory as a contribution to the development of novel diets for tuna fish.  相似文献   

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