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1.
The goal of the present study is to do a long term simulation and to derive a source receptor-relation using a comprehensive Eulerian acid deposition model coupled with a dynamic meteorological model. The selected modeling period is from March 1 to April 30, 1996. A dynamic meteorological model named MM5 was first used to calculate meteorological fields and then STEM preprocessors were invoked to generate dry deposition velocities and eddy diffusivities. Finally, a multi-scale STEM was applied to simulate both wet and dry acid deposition phenomena. The source-receptor relations were also estimated for sulfate and nitrate species using a counter species method. The model results for SO2 and O3 agree very well with measurements. However the model under-predicts the NO2 concentration due to insufficient grid resolution as well as due to inaccurate field measurement. The transport contribution for total mass and wet deposition is much larger than that of dry deposition.  相似文献   

2.
The climatological variability in historical and projected S deposition levels for Europe have been simulated using a simple source-receptor model that runs on a personal computer (RCDM) using an extended period of wind and precipitation data. The variability in historical temperature and precipitation data has been analyzed to assess the representativeness of the limited meteorological period used in the EMEP model (1978–1982). A match-up between 40 selected EMEP monitoring sites and the closest climatological station showed the 5-yr average for the EMEP period (1978–1982) and the 35-yr precipitation amounts in generally good agreement for the majority of sites. Comparisons between the RCDM model simulations using the IIASA base 1980 SO2 emissions and the 1978–1982 average precipitation amounts showed the model predictions were generally within a factor of two of the EMEP concentrations and depositions at 40 selected sites. The sensitivity of model evaluation results to ‘free parameter’ tuning and the appropriateness of the resulting ‘free parameters’ requires more analysis. The total S depositions at the IIASA receptors predicted by the RCDM model under base year 1980 emissions showed very small differences between the predicted total S depositions for the 1978–1982 EMEP period and the 1951–1985 normal period. The long-period variability in annual total S depositions simulated by the RCDM with constant emissions showed the largest fluctuations in the mid-1970s and showed that the means and C.V.s were not significantly different between the time periods of interest. It is recommended that additional source areas for the Soviet Union be added to the model and the sensitivity to country emission and area centroid locations be explored.  相似文献   

3.
Precipitation composition has been measured daily at five UK EMEP sites since 1987. Sulphur dioxide and sulphate aerosol concentrations are also measured daily at the sites. Back trajectories and wind sectors calculated by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute have been used to characterise the variation in wet deposition in terms of air mass source. Contributions to wet deposition from various source regions have been estimated for Eskdalemuir. Observations from the EMEP sites have been compared with output from the Hull Acid Rain Model (HARM). HARM is a Lagrangian model using simplified meteorology but straight-line trajectories. Results are compared on a site-by-site and sector-by-sector basis and the model reproduces the general features of pollutant concentration and wet deposition indicated by the measurements. The possible effects of future reductions in emissions of SO2 and NOx on precipitation concentrations by wind sector are described.  相似文献   

4.
In order to contribute to the analysis and solution of regional scale environmental problems in East Asia, we developed a tool for the comprehensive assessment of alternative policy options to improve air quality. This tool projects the future regional energy supply, calculates the emission levels of sulfur dioxide and estimates the geographical pattern of sulfur deposition resulting from emissions. Sulfur deposition in Japan through 2030 was forecasted for various energy supply and emission control scenarios using the analysis tool. Future sulfur depositions were calculated from the source-receptor matrix for 1995 and the growth rate of emission for the source subregion. In the case of the current legislation scenario, anthropogenic SO2 emissions in East Asia would grow by 34 percent and sulfur deposition in Japan would increase by approximately 20 percent between 1995 and 2030. This increase in sulfur deposition over these 35 years is sligthly less than the contribution from volcanic emission to sulfur deposition in Japan. In the case of the hypothetical dirty scenario for China, sulfur deposition in several grids which face the Sea of Japan would double by 2030.  相似文献   

5.
Woo  J.-H.  Baek  J. M.  Kim  J.-W.  Carmichael  G. R.  Thongboonchoo  N.  Kim  S. T.  An  J. H. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,148(1-4):259-278
Emissions in East Asia for 1993 by administrative units and source types are estimated to support regional emission assessments and transport modeling studies. Total emission of SOx, NOx, soil NOx, N2O, and NH3 are 24 150, 12 610, 1963, 908, and 8263 kton yr-1, respectively.China's emission contribution is the highest for every species.The area sources are the most significant source type for SOx and NOx, but the fraction due to mobile source is highest for NOx. Major LPSs are located from the middle to the east part of China, south and middle-west part of South Korea, and the east part of Japan. The area sources of SOx show a pattern similar to population density, whereas NH3 shows a strong landuse dependency. Detail emissions analysis reveals higher SOx emission `cores' within each province. The estimated emissions are used to estimate sulfur deposition in the regions. The seasonal average sulfur distribution amounts are estimated from the ATMOS2 chemical transport model. The results showed anti-correlation with temperature for sulfur (SO2 + SO4 -2) concentrations and a positive correlation with rainfall for deposition.  相似文献   

6.
A simple mass flux model was developed to simulate the response of SO4 2- concentrations in surface waters to past and anticipated future changes in atmospheric deposition of SO4 2-. Values of bulk (or wet) SO4 2- deposition and dry deposition of S determined from measured air concentrations and a deposition velocity were insufficient to balance watershed SO4 2- export at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH and for a regional survey of watersheds in the northeastern U.S. We propose two explanations for the unmeasured S source: 1) a significant underestimation of dry S deposition, and/or 2) internal watershed S sources, such as weathering and/or mineralization of soil organic S. Model simulations based on these two mechanisms agreed closely with measured stream SO4 2- concentrations at Hubbard Brook. Close agreement between measured and model predicted results precluded identification of which of the two mechanisms controlled long-term trends in stream SO4 2-. Model simulations indicated that soil adsorption reactions significantly delayed the response of stream water to declines in SO4 2- inputs since 1970, but could not explain the discrepancy in watershed S budgets. Extrapolation of model predictions into the future demonstrates that uncertainty in the source of the S imbalance in watersheds has important implications for assessments of the recovery of surface water acid neutralizing capacity in response to anticipated future reductions in SO2 emissions.  相似文献   

7.
Rain and snow in Alberta are seldom acid. The S content of snow is so low that the snow pack gives a deposition of less than 1 kg S ha?1, even downwind from large SO2 emission sources. Rainfall contributes at the most 4 kg S ha?1 yearly near SO2 sources, and only about 1 kg S ha?1 in clean areas. However, rain intercepted by forest trees exposed to SO2 emission becomes acid (pH 3.5 to 4.5) and has a S content of 3 to 4 times greater than rain. Soils absorb large amounts of S from emissions (up to 50 kg S ha ?1 annually) but much of the S is found in non-sulphate form. Soils are slowly acidified by the SO2 at a rate estimated at 1 pH unit in 10 to 20 yr. Water surfaces will absorb SO2 emissions at a rate of about 4 to 15 kg S ha?1 annually. Particulates deposit 3 to 4 times as much S as is deposited by rainfall.  相似文献   

8.
In order to estimate dry deposition, deposition velocity calculation and concentration measurement were carried out in Niigata, Japan. Deposition velocities of SO2 and HNO3 for some surfaces such as coniferous forest, deciduous forest, agricultural land, and water were calculated taking into account diurnal variations of meteorological elements using routine meteorological data. Deposition velocities of fine and coarse aerosols were also estimated respectively. Concentrations of SO2, HNO3, sulfate and nitrate in fine and coarse aerosols respectively were measured from July to December in 1998 using filter pack and denuder methods. The results indicate that HNO3 dry deposition for the high aerodynamic roughness surfaces such as forests is quite large. It is suggested that sulfate and nitrate aerosols depositions as well as the gases depositions should be taken into account to estimate dry deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. It is also indicated that dry depositions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds are unable to ignore compared with their wet depositions.  相似文献   

9.
The contributions of the anthropogenic sources of NOx from various combinations of contiguous U.S. states or Canadian provinces to integrated deposition across selected states or provinces are estimated with the Advanced Statistical Trajectory Regional Air Pollution (ASTRAP) model. The model assumes linearity between emissions and deposition, and uses the same parameterization methods, although with different rates, as in simulations of transport and deposition of SOX. Vertical distributions of emissions for the two classes of pollutants are substantially different in the gridded inventories used in simulations, with a weighted mean effective emission height of 160 m for NOX and 310 m for SOX. This might be expected to lead to an effective transport distance before deposition shorter for NOX than for SOX. However, the calculated fraction of NOX emissions deposited within the contiguous United States and Canada south of 60 deg N (57%) is not greatly different from the fraction calculated for SOX emissions (54%). This suggests that there may be compensating factors in the horizontal distribution of NOX emissions, and in the lower dry deposition velocities for NO/NO2 than for SO2 in ASTRAP.  相似文献   

10.
Sulphur budgets for Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces have been computed using the Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants model (LRTAP) which has been developed within the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada. Meteorological data from 1978 and a North American SO2 emissions inventory for 1970–1974 form the basic model input. The S budgets for the eastern Canadian regions were computed for large-scale emission scenarios. The budget shows the trans-boundary mass transport, S deposition and S concentrations within the regions for each scenario and shows the relative contribution to the deposition in each region. For eastern Canada, the model shows an annual S transboundary input of about 2 Tg S, an emission of about 1.8 Tg S, a deposition of about 2.4 Tg S and an output of about 1.4 Tg S. For southwestern Ontario, the model shows an annual average SO2 concentration of 25 to 30 μg m?3 (10 ppb), an annual sulphate concentration of about 8 μg m?3, an annual wet deposition of S of about 15 kg S ha?1 and an annual sulphate concentration in precipitation of about 5 to 6 mg l?1.  相似文献   

11.
Atmospheric deposition and above-ground cycling of sulfur (S) were evaluated in adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Georgia, U.S.A. Total atmospheric S deposition (wet plus dry) was 12.9 and 12.7 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the deciduous and coniferous forests, respectively, from October 1987 through November 1989. Dry deposition contributes more than 40% to the total atmospheric S deposition, and SO2 is the major source (～55%) of total dry S deposition. Dry deposition to these canopies is similar to regional estimates suggesting that 60-km proximity to emission sources does not noticeably impact dry deposition at PMRW. Below-canopy S fluxes (throughfall plus stemflow) in each forest are 37% higher annually in the deciduous forest than in the coniferous forest. An excess in below-canopy S flux in the deciduous forest is attributed to leaching and higher dry deposition than in the coniferous forest. Total S deposition to the forest floor by throughfall, stemflow and litterfall was 2.4 and 2.8 times higher in the deciduous and coniferous forests, respectively, than annual S growth requirement for foliage and wood. Although S deposition exceeds growth requirement, more than 95% of the total atmospheric S deposition was retained by the watershed in 1988 and 1989. The S retention at PMRW is primarily due to SO4 2- adsorption by iron oxides and hydroxides in watershed soils. The S content in white oak and loblolly pine boles have increased more than 200% in the last 20 yr, possibly reflecting increases in emissions.  相似文献   

12.
Data of the Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S) and the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) were utilized to develop wet deposition spatial distribution patterns for the eastern United States for 1979. The ions of SO4 ?, NO3 ?, H+, and NH4 + were selected for study since they are the most prominent ones found in precipitation. Total wet deposition for 1979 was normalized to one centimeter of precipitation and objectively analyzed using the Synagraphic Mapping System (SYMAP) technique. Gradients of SO4 ? and NO3 ? were found to be essentially uniform, both to the east and west of the major pollution regions. An increased gradient in normalized deposition for SO4 ?, NO3 ?, and H+ was found in the Appalachian Mountain region. Estimates of total wet deposition were obtained by using the normalized deposition values in conjunction with precipitation as reported by the National Climatic Center. SYMAP analyses of the estimated total wet deposition were localized in nature due to precipitation variations between sites.  相似文献   

13.
One-year field measurements were conducted in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forest, located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. On the basis of the meteorological and atmospheric concentration data, the dry deposition of SO2, HNO3, NO2 and HCl was estimated using the inferential method. The annual dry deposition of H+ was estimated at 721 eq ha?1yr?1, which was 40% larger than the measured annual wet deposition of H+ (514 eq ha?1yr?1). Therefore, dry deposition is an important pathway for the atmospheric input of H+ to the forest in the study site. The contribution of each gas to the dry deposition of H+ was as follows: SO2, 25%; HNO3, 32%; NO2, 10%; and HCl, 33%. The extremely high contribution of HCl appeared to be caused by the high emission intensity of HCl due to waste incineration in the site region. The differences between estimated deposition and throughfall and stemflow measurements indicated that about 80% of the total deposition of H+ was taken up by the canopy.  相似文献   

14.
A Gaussian-box modeling approach was presented in this paper to examine the urban air quality due to multiple point- and area-source emissions in the northern Chinese city of Fengnan, which is associated with a deteriorated air quality as a consequence of industrialization and rapid urban growth. A 3-D multi-box (3DMB) air quality model was developed to predict air quality due to area-source emissions. It improved upon the conventional box models by allowing consideration of more details in spatial variations of emission sources and meteorological conditions. The modeling domain was divided into various layers within the mixing height, while each layer was associated with a number of sub-boxes. A multi-source and multi-grid Gaussian modeling approach was then applied to predict the air quality in different sub-boxes that are associated with multiple point-source emissions. Thus the Gaussian-box modeling approach could effectively simulate impacts of both area- and point-source emissions but also reflect more details of the spatial variations in source distributions and meteorological conditions. This modeling approach was employed to predict daily average SO2, TSP and PM10 concentrations for each sub-box during the heating and non-heating seasons, respectively. The analysis of the mean normalized error of the modeling results demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the developed method, and the presented method could provide more useful and scientific bases for developing effective urban air quality control and management strategies.  相似文献   

15.
In this paper estimates of dry and wet deposition of acidifying substances in the Netherlands are presented. The deposition was estimated from measured concentrations in the atmosphere and in precipitation or if these were not available, from modelled concentrations. The method was applied for the Netherlands on a 5×5 km scale. The most important components are sulphur oxides and ammonia and their reaction products. It was estimated that the annual average deposition of SO x in the Netherlands decreased from 1570 to 670 mol ha?1 a?1 between 1980 and 1989. In 1989, the annual average NO y deposition was estimated to be 1220 mol ha?1 a?1 in 1980 and 1160 mol ha?1 a?1 in 1989. The annual average NH x deposition in the Netherlands was estimated to be 2330 and 2190 mol ha?1 a?1 in 1980 and 1989 respectively. HCI deposition was about 100 mol ha?1 a?1 in all years. Dry deposition contributes most to the total deposition for each component. The spatial distribution of the total deposition shows a gradient over the Netherlands with highest values in the South and lowest in the North of the country. Meteorological conditions are also of influence on the deposition fluxes for all components. During 1988 and 1989 meteorological conditions favoured low deposition. The estimated uncertainty in the average fluxes of SO x , NO y , and NH x for the Netherlands is 15, 25, and 30% respectively. The wet deposition fluxes can be estimated more accurately than the dry deposition.  相似文献   

16.
Daily measurements of the concentrations of major ions in ambient air and in precipitation at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada over the period May 1979 to December 1987 are used to estimate the wet, dry and total deposition to the watershed. Variations on three time-scales are apparent. The strongest variation, of up to two orders of magnitude occurs on a day to day basis resulting in a coefficient of variation in the range of 110 to 140%. Deposition is highly episodic with the highest 20% of the daily events accounting for 55 to 60% of the long-term deposition. The most systematic variation is the annual cycle observed for many of the species. The air concentration of SO2 has the most pronounced cycle with a winter maximum and a summer minimum. The SO inf4 sup= air concentrations show a smaller amplitude and are out-of-phase with SO2, showing a summer maximum. Air concentrations of HNO3 and particulate N0 inf3 sup- also have an out-of-phase annual cycle, with a summer maximum and summer minimum respectively. Wet deposition of SO inf4 sup= shows a broad maximum through the summer months, but for NO inf3 sup- no systematic cycle is evident. On an ion equivalent basis, NO inf3 sup- contributes as much as SO inf4 sup= to the acidity of winter precipitation, but only one-third as much in the summer months. Although 8.7 yr is too short a time-scale to establish long term variations with any certainty, there does appear to be an overall downward trend in S concentrations and deposition, but not for N. This is not inconsistent with the trends in the emissions of SO2 and NOX in the regions upwind of Nova Scotia. The fraction of the S input to the watershed as dry deposition is estimated to average 22% of the total.  相似文献   

17.
A eulerian grid photochemical transport and dispersion model was used to simulate the dry deposition rates of nitrogen (as HNO3) and sulfur (as SO2) in Hiroshima, west Japan. Seasonal patterns of predicted dry deposition fluxes reveal that HNO3 is most prevalent at more remote locations while SO2 is deposited near to and slightly downwind from the major emission sources. The predicted dry deposition rates of HNO3 and SO2 were compared to the values measured at Mt. Gokurakuji (located in Hatsukaichi) and in Hiroshima City. The simulation results show that the model under-predicted (about 44% and 80%, respectively) both nitrogen and sulfur deposition rates at Mt. Gokurakuji and in Hiroshima City, indicating that the acid deposition in Hiroshima prefecture is possibly affected by long-range transboundary transport of acidic pollutants. Comparison of wet to dry deposition ratios (4.5 and 8.7 for nitrogen and 4.6 and 7.0 for sulfur) from the two observation sites above indicates that wet deposition maybe the most important acid deposition pathway in Hiroshima, Japan.  相似文献   

18.
Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen species (NO2 and HNO3) coming from nitrogen oxides emissions in Buenos Aires city to surface waters of de la Plata River were estimated. Atmospheric dispersion models DAUMOD-RD (v.2) and CALPUFF were applied to area and point sources, respectively. These models were run considering 1 year of hourly meteorological data. Emission information included a typical diurnal variation of area source emissions. Annual atmospheric nitrogen (N–NO2?+?N–HNO3) deposition to 1,763 km2 of the river was 35,600 kg-N year?1. Dry deposition processes accounted for 89% of this value. The small contribution of wet deposition was a consequence of the very few cases (5%) of rain events during offshore wind conditions. Monthly dry deposition to 1,763 km2 of the river varied from 1,628 kg-N month?1 in February to 3,799 kg-N month?1 in December, following the monthly occurrence of offshore winds. Monthly wet deposition varied from 1 kg-N month?1 in June to 1,162 kg-N month?1 in February. These results came from the combination of favorable conditions for formation of HNO3 and the occurrence of precipitation during offshore wind situations. Spatial distribution of annual atmospheric N deposition showed a strong coastal gradient. Deposition values reached a maximum of 137.1 kg-N km?2 year?1 near the shoreline, which was reduced to the half at 4 km from the coast.  相似文献   

19.
UK data on sulphur deposition trends between the 1960's and 1990's are presented. Long term data sets of sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations at two sites have been analysed and dry deposition determined using a resistance model. Wet deposition has been calculated from non-marine sulphate concentration and rainfall fields for 1978–80 and 1989–93. These maps have been interpolated and corrected for seeder feeder enhancement. The wet deposition of sulphur declined by about 43 % between 1979 and 1993 whereas emissions of sulphur declined by about 32 %. An indication of the trends in sulphur dry deposition is provided by data from Eskdalemuir, a site in southern Scotland where wet deposition and SO2 concentration have been measured since 1979. Dry deposition at Eskdalemuir has decreased by 70 % and wet deposition by 48 %. Hence, while wet deposition has responded approximately linearly with the decline in UK emissions of sulphur dioxide, dry deposition has declined at twice the rate of decline in UK emissions.  相似文献   

20.
Calculating nitrogen deposition in Europe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Nitrogen deposition calculations for Europe were performed by separate models describing the long-range transport of ammonia and oxidized N. A linearized version of a non-linear atmospheric chemistry model was used for calculating oxidized N. Model computations were found to be consistent with the observed spatial pattern of wet nitrate deposition in Europe. Interannual meteorological variability was estimated to cause a typical year-to-year variation in annual oxidized N deposition of about 6 to 10%. Nitrogen deposition was computed for several NO x emissions reduction scenarios. These scenarios were derived from an OECD study and applied to the 27 largest countries in Europe. Most reduction scenarios affected the deposition pattern of oxidized N, but the most extreme NO x emission reduction scenario did not change very much the overall pattern of total (oxidized N plus ammonia N) N deposition. Depending on the desired level of environmental protection, it may be necessary to reduce ammonia emissions in addition to NO x emissions in order to reduce N deposition in Europe.  相似文献   

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