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Stems of Chenopodium album . and Sinapis arvensis . and leaves of Lolium perenne . were cut with a CO2 laser or with a pair of scissors. Treatments were carried out on greenhouse-grown pot plants at three different growth stages and at two heights. Plant dry matter was measured 2 to 5 weeks after treatment. The relationship between dry weight and laser energy was analysed using a non-linear dose–response regression model. The regression parameters differed significantly between the weed species. At all growth stages and heights S. arvensis was more difficult to cut with a CO2 laser than C. album . When stems were cut below the meristems, 0.9 and 2.3 J mm−1 of CO2 laser energy dose was sufficient to reduce by 90% the biomass of C. album and S. arvensis respectively. Regrowth appeared when dicotyledonous plant stems were cut above meristems, indicating that it is important to cut close to the soil surface to obtain a significant effect. When cutting L. perenne plants with 2-true leaves at a height of 2 cm from the soil surface with a laser, the biomass decreased significantly compared with plants cut by scissors, indicating a delay in regrowth. This delay was not observed for the dicotyledonous plants nor for the other growth stages of L. perenne . 相似文献
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SAYYED F. SABERALI MOHAMMAD A. BAGHESTANI ESKANDAR ZAND 《Weed Biology and Management》2008,8(1):54-63
Crop density and spatial arrangement affect the potential of intraspecific and interspecific competition as they increase the canopy light absorption. The effects of the corn density and planting pattern on the growth of common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.) was studied in a randomized, complete block design with three replications and factorial arrangement at University College, Aburaihan, Iran, in 2003. The plant density was the recommended density and 1.5-fold the recommended density. The planting pattern treatment also was performed at two levels: one- and two-row planting. The common lambsquarters density was 0, 5, 10, and 15 plants m−1 per row. The results showed that the leaf area index, biomass production, crop growth rate, and inflorescence biomass of the dry matter of common lambsquarters were decreased by increasing the corn density. But, the leaf area index, biomass production, crop growth rate, and inflorescence biomass of the dry matter of common lambsquarters under the two-row planting pattern were less than under the one-row planting pattern, although these differences were not significant. 相似文献
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Competition between sugarbeet and Sinapis arvensis and Chenopodium album, as affected by timing of nitrogen fertilization 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The effects of timing of N fertilization (early, standard or late) on competition between two sugarbeet cultivars (Ritmo, semi-prostrate; and Rizor, erect) and two weeds ( Sinapis arvensis and Chenopodium album ) were studied over 2 years at Viterbo. In both years, time of N fertilization did not influence biomass, yield and yield quality of the weed-free crop, but early N fertilization gave higher crop biomass reduction in the presence of S. arvensis and lower crop biomass reduction in the presence of C. album . Root and sucrose yield responded to competition in the same way as biomass. However, percentage reductions were higher, as both weeds affected harvest index. The two cultivars showed the same response to competition. At the weed densities studied, crop competitive ability was favoured by late N fertilization in the presence of S. arvensis and by early N fertilization in the presence of C. album . Crop competition only reduced seed production by C. album but lowered seed germination of both weeds. 相似文献
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Long-term continuous monocropping of faba beans increases the incidence of faba bean wilt, while faba bean–wheat intercropping can effectively control it. This study aimed to understand the underlying mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping for the control of Fusarium oxysporum and vanillic acid (VA)-promoted occurrence of faba bean wilt. The occurrence of faba bean wilt was investigated among the monocropped and intercropped plants of faba beans in a field experiment. The contents and types of phenolic acids were examined in the rhizosphere soil. Monocropped and intercropped faba beans were examined under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) to understand the alleviating mechanism of faba bean–wheat intercropping. Exogenous addition of high concentrations of VA significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of F. oxysporum, but under the dual stress of F. oxysporum and different concentrations of VA, it significantly inhibited the defence enzymes of faba bean roots, stems, and leaves, and rhizosphere soil enzymes. Interestingly, faba bean–wheat intercropping alleviated VA stress and thereby the incidence and disease index of faba bean Fusarium wilt by improving plant resistance and soil enzyme activity. The dual stress of F. oxysporum and VA promotes the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by damaging the defence system of the faba bean root system and rhizosphere soil environment. However, faba bean–wheat intercropping effectively alleviates the autotoxicity of VA by improving the physiological and biochemical resistance of faba beans and soil enzyme activities, and thus controls the occurrence of Fusarium wilt. 相似文献
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For mechanical weeding, the uprooting force of whole seedlings and the shearing force of basal stems were measured in two grass weeds ( Setaria faberi and Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) and two broad-leaved weeds ( Chenopodium album and Amaranthus patulus ), using balance-type equipment and a pair of scissors, respectively. Seedlings were grown in plastic pots. Uprooting and shearing experiments were carried out on the 11th, 16th, 21st, and 26th days after sowing. The uprooting force, the shearing force required to fracture the specimen, plant dry matter weight and cross-sectional area exponentially increased as seedlings grew, but the uprooting stress and shearing toughness maintained similar values after the 2nd sampling time, except for the 3rd and 4th sampling times in C. album . The increases in uprooting force and the shearing force required to fracture the specimen were supported by an expansion of the cross-sectional area of stems of the broad-leaved weeds or pseudostems of grass weeds. The higher values of uprooting stress and shearing toughness in C. album were related to an increased area of lignified organs in the basal stems. There was a significant correlation between uprooting and shearing forces. The shearing force was always higher than the uprooting force, so that most seedlings were uprooted and not fractured at the basal stems or pseudostems. The mean ratio of uprooting force to root dry matter weight after the 2nd sampling time suggested a high uprooting resistance at an extremely low amount of root dry matter weight. 相似文献
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Effects of nitrogen supply on competition between wheat and three annual weed species 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three pot experiments have investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) supply on interspecific competition between three weed species ( Phalaris minor Retz., Chenopodium album L, and Sinapis arvensis L.) and spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cv, Alexandria. The treatments tested included monocultures of each species and a mix-ture containing them in equal proportions that were combined factorially with two levels of N supply (20, 120 kg N ha-1 ). Low N supply decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn ), leaf N percentage, plant dry weight and N uptake of both wheat and weed species and gram dry weight of wheat. The effects of low N on Pn and dry weight of weeds were greater than the effects on wheat. In most cases the decrease in Pn at low N was due to non-stomatal factors. The relative competitive abilities of wheat and weeds were influenced by N supply. At high N, S.arvensis was more competitive than wheat, whereas P. minor was less competitive than wheat. C. album was more competitive than wheat at both N levels. The rank order of competitive ability of the weed species was C. album > P. minor > S. arvensis . The effects of interspecific competition on Pn were smaller than the effects of N supply and were not associated with corresponding effects on leaf N percentage and plant dry weight of both wheat and weed species and grain dry weight of wheat. 相似文献
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The vegetative growth response of Erodium cicutarium (L.) ?Her. ex Ait. to various day:night temperature regimes was studied under controlled environment conditions. Dry matter production was greatest with day temperatures of 18 to 34^C combined with night temperatures of 12 to 18^C. A high night temperature of 24^C was very detrimental, reducing dry matter production to 15 to 25% of that attained at 12^C. The optimum mean daily temperature for growth of E. cicutarium is predicted to be in the range 17 to 20^C. Little growth is predicted at mean daily temperatures below 5^C and above 30^C. Partitioning of biomass in leaves, stems and roots was markedly affected by day and night temperatures. Stem weight ratio was greatest at day temperatures of 18 to 34^C and night temperatures of 18 to 24^C. Maximum leaf weight ratio occurred at day and night temperatures of 10 to 18^C. Root biomass was little affected by day temperatures, but was greatest at a night temperature of 12^C, declining substantially as night temperature increased from 12 to 24^C. Results are discussed in terms of the potential for E. cicutarium to become an increasingly troublesome weed in crops of the Canadian prairies and in terms of possible management strategies for its control. 相似文献
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植物功能性状可以用来推断植物生活史策略,反映生态系统功能。为了研究天山北坡4种栽培杨树适应环境的生态策略差异,对其主要功能性状进行比较分析。结果表明,4种杨树的叶片大小、叶片厚度、叶干物质含量、茎皮厚度、木材密度和根、茎、叶全N,P,K含量均差异显著;但4种杨树间比叶面积差异不显著;新疆杨单叶面积和干物质量最大,胡杨叶片厚度和木材密度最大,钻天杨茎皮厚度最大;4种杨树的叶片N含量均显著高于茎和根,茎和根的N和P含量差异均不显著,除胡杨外,其他3种杨树叶片P含量均显著高于茎和根,K含量在4种杨树的根、茎、叶器官中表现不一致;钻天杨根、茎、叶的N,P,K养分含量都相对较高,俄罗斯杨的根、茎、叶的N,P,K养分含量都相对较低。4种杨树功能性状不同反映了植物对环境的适应性差异。 相似文献
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Summary. The allelopathic effect of Chenopodium album L. (fat-hen) and Senecio vulgaris L. (groundsel) on tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Ailsa Craig) plants was investigated under glasshouse conditions. A new technology was used to separate competitive from allelopathic effects. These experiments suggested that C. album had an effect on tomato through allelopathy. C. album leach-ates significantly reduced shoot fresh and dry weights and the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca and Mg of tomato shoots. No effect was found on the quantities of these elements in tomato roots. Leachate of five plants of C. album per pot was sufficient to reduce tomato growth. Addition of 10 or 20 g kg−1 of C. album dried shoots to the soil mixture significantly decreased the fresh and dry weights of tomato plants. S. vulgaris leachates did not show significant effects on the growth or nutrient accumulation of tomato plants. 相似文献
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Ahmadreza Mobli Sahil Rajpaul Yadav Bhagirath S. Chauhan 《Weed Biology and Management》2020,20(2):38-46
Enhanced crop competition could aid in the management of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.), a dominant weed of Australian cropping systems. A two‐year pot study was conducted to evaluate the effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting densities (0, 82, and 164 wheat plants/m2) on growth and seed production of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) and glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) biotypes of annual sowthistle. Without competition, both biotypes produced a similar number of leaves and biomass, but the GS biotype produced 80% more seeds (46,050 per plant) than the GR biotype. In competition with 164 wheat plants/m2, the number of leaves in the GR and GS biotypes was reduced by 62 and 61%, respectively, in comparison with the no‐competition treatment, and similarly, weed biomass was reduced by 78 and 77%, respectively. Compared to no‐competition treatment, the seed production of GR and GS biotypes was reduced by 33 and 69%, respectively, when grown with 82 wheat plants/m2, but increasing wheat density from 82 to 164 plants/m2 reduced the number of seeds only in the GS biotype (81%). Both biotypes produced greater than 6,000 seeds per plant when grown in competition with 164 plants/m2, suggesting that increased crop density should be integrated with other weed management strategies for efficient control of annual sowthistle. 相似文献
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P J W Lutman 《Weed Research》2002,42(5):359-369
Summary Seed production by Sinapis arvensis , Tripleurospermum inodorum and Stellaria media growing alone or in crops of spring wheat, spring field beans and spring linseed was studied in 11 experiments. Seed numbers for S. arvensis and T. inodorum were measured directly from samples harvested in late summer but for S. media were estimated from measurements of flower number and seeds/flower. Seed numbers were regressed against plant dry matter. In general, a linear log/log plot ( y = mx + c ) fitted the data for each species quite well ( R 2 = 0.75, 0.89, 0.89 for S. arvensis , T. inodorum and S. media respectively), but there were small differences between crops and years in the individual regression lines, especially the intercept values. Estimated seed production for a 'mean' 10-g plant (dry matter) in the three crops for S. arvensis , T. inodorum and S. media was 590, 6300 and 8600, respectively. Seed production tended to be lower for the weeds in wheat than it was in field beans and linseed, or in the plants grown alone, primarily due to the differences in plant weight arising from the differing competition exerted by the crops involved . 相似文献
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以玉米为试材,于2017—2018年在天津市滨海盐碱土进行了膜下滴灌试验, 分析了覆膜和灌溉对玉米盐分离子质量分布特征、玉米干物质的变化规律和产量的影响。结果表明：（1）覆膜和灌溉对玉米离子分布的影响显著,显著减小了根部Na+吸收质量,成熟期FI20处理比LI10小56%,从而减少了盐分对叶片的伤害;显著增大了茎部K+的积累质量,成熟期FI20处理比LI10高24%,提高了植物的耐盐性;显著增加了叶部Ca2+质量,苗期FI20处理比LI10高96%,促进作物幼根的生长和根毛的形成,改善了玉米体内的离子平衡,减轻了盐胁迫作用;显著增加了叶部Mg2+质量,拔节期FI20处理比LI10高136%,增强了植株叶片的光合作用,提高了植株的耐盐性。（2）玉米地上部和根系干物质重均随着生育期进程而增加,覆膜和灌溉改变了植物体内盐分离子质量,对玉米生物量的积累影响较大,成熟期FI20处理比LI10高1%~46%;对玉米根冠比（R/S）有显著影响,使生物量分配比例显著改变,成熟期根冠比（R/S）FI20处理比LI10小48%~52%。（3）利用2017年玉米试验数据采用Logistic曲线建立了干物质生长模拟方程,引入了盐分离子修正系数,拟合方程显著。利用2018年玉米试验数据对建立的玉米干物质盐离子模型进行了验证,各个处理的拟合曲线与其实测值都较接近;建立的干物质生长模型能够较好地模拟盐碱地玉米干物质的累积过程。综上,覆膜和灌水定额为20 mm的FI20处理对植株的盐离子调节作用最显著,提高了玉米的耐盐性,改变了生物量的分配比例,获得了适当的干物质累积量,产量最高。 相似文献
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为了研究蚕豆Vicia faba挥发物在南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis及其优势寄生性天敌甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus寻找寄主中的作用,本文采用了4种行为观测法进行试验,分别为＂I＂型嗅觉仪单刺激源、＂Y＂型嗅觉仪双刺激源、双室器双刺激源和田间模拟多刺激源的行为反应。试验分别设置健康植株处理、虫害植株处理和机械损伤植株处理及空气或泥土对照。结果表明,南美斑潜蝇雌虫和甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂雌虫在寻找寄主的过程中对蚕豆挥发物有显著的趋向作用。健康蚕豆植株处理和虫害植株处理分别对南美斑潜蝇雌虫和甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂雌虫选择寄主有显著的引诱作用。4种行为观测法所得结果基本一致。 相似文献
16.
ROBERT LESKOVŠEK AVISHEK DATTA STEVAN Z. KNEZEVIC ANDREJ SIMONČIČ 《Weed Biology and Management》2012,12(2):98-108
Dry matter partitioning and allocation is a major determinant of plant growth and its competitiveness. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is a troublesome agronomic weed species and it is also a major health concern in Europe and many other countries because of its rapid spreading and production of allergenic pollen. A field experiment was conducted in 2009 to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 100, and 200 kg ha?1) and plant density levels (1.3, 6.6, and 13.2 plants per m2) on the leaf, stem dry matter partitioning, and dry matter allocation of ragweed. With an increasing density, the stem partitioning coefficient increased, whereas the leaf partitioning coefficient decreased. The addition of nitrogen had a limited effect on the leaf and stem dry matter partitioning. The root dry matter production decreased with an increasing density and was not influenced by the addition of nitrogen. Under intraspecific competition, ragweed exhibited a stronger above‐ground competition intensity than below the ground, which resulted in a greater root : shoot ratio, compared to the low‐density stands. The level of nitrogen influenced the vertical leaf, stem, and total dry matter distribution, with a greater allocation to the top stratum of the plants, thus increasing their competition for light. The biomass allocation of ragweed to the roots in response to the nitrogen supply exhibited a low plasticity, compared to the shoots, which displayed a high plasticity. The results of this study suggested that, under intraspecific conditions and with an increasing nitrogen supply, ragweed would be more competitive in above‐ground resource acquisition. 相似文献
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Phenological and phytochemical changes correlate with differential interactions of Verticillium dahliae with broccoli and cauliflower 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Njoroge SM Vallad GE Park SY Kang S Koike ST Bolda M Burman P Polonik W Subbarao KV 《Phytopathology》2011,101(5):523-534
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis subvar. cauliflora) is susceptible to wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae but broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica subvar. cyamosa) is not. Infection of broccoli and cauliflower by a green fluorescent protein-expressing isolate of V. dahliae was examined using epifluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy to follow infection and colonization in relation to plant phenology. Plant glucosinolate, phenolic, and lignin contents were also assayed at 0, 4, 14, and 28 days postinoculation. V. dahliae consistently infected and colonized the vascular tissues of all cauliflower plants regardless of age at inoculation, with the pathogen ultimately appearing in the developing seed; however, colonization decreased with plant age. In broccoli, V. dahliae infected and colonized root and stem xylem tissues of plants inoculated at 1, 2, or 3 weeks postemergence. However, V. dahliae colonized only the root xylem and the epidermal and cortical tissues of broccoli plants inoculated at 4, 5, and 6 weeks postemergence. The frequency of reisolation of V. dahliae from the stems (4 to 22%) and roots (10 to 40%) of mature broccoli plants was lower than for cauliflower stems (25 to 64%) and roots (31 to 71%). The mean level of aliphatic glucosinolates in broccoli roots was 6.18 times higher than in the shoots and did not vary with age, whereas it was 3.65 times higher in cauliflower shoots than in the roots and there was a proportional increase with age. Indole glucosinolate content was identical in both cauliflower and broccoli, and both indole and aromatic glucosinolates did not vary with plant age in either crop. Qualitative differences in characterized glucosinolates were observed between broccoli and cauliflower but no differences were observed between inoculated and noninoculated plants for either broccoli or cauliflower. However, the phenolic and lignin contents were significantly higher in broccoli following inoculation than in noninoculated broccoli or inoculated cauliflower plants. The increased resistance of broccoli to V. dahliae infection was related to the increase in phenolic and lignin contents. Significant differential accumulation of glucosinolates associated with plant phenology may also contribute to the resistant and susceptible reactions of broccoli and cauliflower, respectively, against V. dahliae. 相似文献
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烟草农艺性状和烟叶化学成分对不同碳氮比有机物料的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用盆栽方法,利用玉米秸秆和芝麻饼肥进行碳氮比的调节,共设置6个碳氮比水平(0,6,20,40,60,90),研究了不同碳氮比的有机物料对烤烟生长发育和化学成分特征的影响。结果表明,土壤碳氮比过高(C/N=90)或过低(C/N=0,6)均抑制烤烟农艺性状的发育,进而减少了根茎叶干物质累积;而土壤碳氮比在20~40时,则可以提高烟叶的叶面积(圆顶期达到600 m2左右),有利于根茎叶干物质的累积(圆顶期叶片干重达到80~95g·株-1)。碳氮比过高的处理(C/N=90)阻碍了烤烟叶片对氮、磷的吸收,降低了中下部烟叶烟碱的含量,但有利于烤烟中下部叶片钾的吸收和累积,最高达31.3 g·kg~(-1),同时提高了钾氯比。烤烟的总糖和还原糖含量基本随土壤碳氮比增加而增加,淀粉含量则呈现相反趋势。综合来看,土壤碳氮比在20~40时,更有利于烤烟农艺性状的发育,同时促进碳氮代谢的协调发展,有利于烤烟主要化学组分的合理分配。 相似文献
19.
取食不同寄主的小菜蛾对呋喃威和巴丹敏感性变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾３龄幼虫对呋喃威和巴丹的敏感性发生了变化。其中取食萝卜的小菜蛾最为敏感，其次为甘蓝、菜心、白菜和西洋菜，取食花椰菜的最不敏感。但用不同寄主植物饲养小菜蛾１个世代后，统一用菜心饲养至３龄，再分别用上述药剂测定，其结果敏感性差异不明显。 相似文献
20.
在1985年4月蚕豆病毒病的调查中,先后在四川、湖北、江苏和浙江4省的秋播蚕豆试验区内都发现一种由种子带毒的蚕豆染色病毒(BBSV)。所有病株都发生在由叙利亚国际旱地农业研究中心供种的试验区内,约10-40%的小区或品系发病,株发病率在0-18%之间。病害是随种子传入我国的。
病株为系统感染,病株叶片上的症状可以是轻花叶、斑驳、褪色斑或畸形,有的小叶正常而无明显病变。病毒粒体为等径球状体,直径28毫微米。病毒样本能与英g国染色病毒的抗血清发生沉淀反应,但与真花叶病毒的抗血清不发生反应。在病株上未发现能传毒的象甲,也无象甲的为害状,病毒病尚未扩散。在试验区以外的农田里未发现有蚕豆染色病毒存在。 相似文献
病株为系统感染,病株叶片上的症状可以是轻花叶、斑驳、褪色斑或畸形,有的小叶正常而无明显病变。病毒粒体为等径球状体,直径28毫微米。病毒样本能与英g国染色病毒的抗血清发生沉淀反应,但与真花叶病毒的抗血清不发生反应。在病株上未发现能传毒的象甲,也无象甲的为害状,病毒病尚未扩散。在试验区以外的农田里未发现有蚕豆染色病毒存在。 相似文献