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1.
为评价氯氟醚菌唑在黄瓜中残留产生的膳食摄入风险, 于2017年-2018年进行了2年12地规范残留试验, 建立了黄瓜中氯氟醚菌唑的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析检测方法, 并对我国一般人群进行了膳食摄入风险评估。样品经乙腈提取，C18净化, UPLC-MS/MS检测, 外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01～1 mg/kg添加水平下, 氯氟醚菌唑的平均回收率为90%～108%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为3%～12%, 定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ)为 0.01 mg/kg。400 g/L氯氟醚菌唑悬浮剂按有效成分150 g/hm 2施药3次, 于末次施药后1、3、5 d采样测定, 黄瓜中氯氟醚菌唑残留量为＜0.01～0.64 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评价结果显示:我国一般人群的氯氟醚菌唑国家估计每日摄入量(national estimates of daily intake, NEDI)为0.217 0 mg, 风险商(risk quotient, RQ)为6.9%, 表明氯氟醚菌唑在黄瓜中残留不会对一般人群健康造成不可接受的风险。  相似文献   

2.
建立了螺螨酯在绿豆和植株中残留的HPLC/MS/MS法检测方法,并对绿豆中螺螨酯残留量进行了膳食摄入风险评估。方法平均回收率分别为87%～105%和81%～86%,相对标准偏差分别为6.8%～7.1%和6.4%～7.3%。绿豆和植株中螺螨酯的最低检测浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。按本试验设计进行施药,不同采收间隔期绿豆和植株中螺螨酯的残留量分别为≤0.055 mg/kg和≤3.6 mg/kg。螺螨酯的普通人群国家估计每日摄入量是0.003 1 mg,占日允许摄入量的0.5%左右,认为对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。  相似文献   

3.
为明确高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚在芥蓝上施用后的残留行为和膳食暴露风险, 研究基于规范田间残留试验、目标农药在芥蓝上残留分析方法, 得到芥蓝中2种农药的残留水平, 结合我国膳食结构不同性别/年龄组食物消费量及体重数据评估了高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚对各类消费人群的长期和短期膳食摄入风险。结果表明:高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚分别在0.01~1.0 mg/L和0.005~1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, 决定系数(R2)≥0.996 7。在3个添加水平下, 芥蓝中2种农药的平均回收率为70.6%~113.4%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%~8.5%, 定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。10%高氯·吡丙醚微乳剂以推荐高剂量施药, 高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚在芥蓝中的消解符合一级动力学, 半衰期分别为3.9~10.1 d和4.8~6.3 d。最终残留试验结果表明, 最后一次施药3、5、7、10 d后, 芥蓝中高效氯氰菊酯的最终残留量≤0.904 mg/kg, 吡丙醚的最终残留量≤0.202 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明, 我国不同人群的长期慢性暴露风险最大值为27.26%;短期急性暴露风险最大值为67.17%, 表明对不同年龄段、不同性别人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。  相似文献   

4.
为明确嘧霉胺在蓝莓上施用后可能产生的膳食暴露风险,通过规范的田间残留试验,检测了蓝莓中嘧霉胺的残留量,结合GEMS/FOOD中关于中国各年龄段居民97.5%位点的浆果类农产品膳食消费量及体重调查数据、每日允许摄入量 (ADI),评估了嘧霉胺对中国各消费人群的长期膳食摄入风险。结果表明:在0.01~1 mg/kg添加水平范围内,嘧霉胺的平均回收率在97%~100%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在4.5%~12%之间;嘧霉胺在蓝莓中的检测方法定量限（LOQ）为0.01 mg/kg。露地栽培模式下,嘧霉胺在蓝莓中的消解速率符合一级反应动力学方程,消解半衰期为 3.2 d。嘧霉胺按有效成分360 g/hm2施药2次,每次间隔7 d,药后3、5、7、10 d 时蓝莓中嘧霉胺的残留量为 0.18~1.54 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明,在膳食消费量97.5%位点处,蓝莓中嘧霉胺残留对各消费人群长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率小于0.1%,说明通过蓝莓摄入嘧霉胺残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小。  相似文献   

5.
为评价25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂在蓝莓上施用后可能产生的膳食暴露风险，通过规范的田间残留试验，检测蓝莓中吡唑醚菌酯的残留量，结合GEMS/FOOD中关于中国的各年龄段居民浆果类农产品膳食消费量及体重调查数据、每日允许摄入量(allowable daily intake, ADI),评估了吡唑醚菌酯对中国各消费人群的长期膳食摄入风险。结果表明：在0.01～1.0mg/kg添加水平范围内，吡唑醚菌酯的平均回收率在92%～100%之间，相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.9%～9.4%之间；吡唑醚菌酯在蓝莓中的检测方法定量限(LOQ)为0.01mg/kg。露地栽培模式下，吡唑醚菌酯在蓝莓上的消解速率符合一级动力学方程，消解半衰期为4.7d。吡唑醚菌酯按有效成分150mL/hm2施药2次，每次间隔7d,药后3、5、7、10d时蓝莓中吡唑醚菌酯的残留量为0.11～0.29mg/kg。长期膳食风险评估表明，蓝莓中吡唑醚菌酯残留对各消费人群的长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率<0.1%,说明通过蓝莓摄入吡唑醚菌酯残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小。  相似文献   

6.
为评价虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的残留行为与膳食摄入风险,在山西、北京、吉林、河南、安徽、贵州6地进行了规范残留试验,建立了快速、简便的检测芥菜中虫螨腈残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)方法及检测芥菜中溴代吡咯腈残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,研究了虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的最终残留和消解动态,并就两种农药对中国不同人群的长期及短期膳食摄入风险进行了评估。结果表明:在0.01~30 mg/kg添加水平范围内,虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈的平均回收率分别在89%~105%和97%~104%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 分别在2%~4%和1%~3%之间;两种化合物在芥菜叶和根中的检测方法定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.01 mg/kg。虫螨腈在芥菜叶中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程,消解半衰期为4.2~5.9 d;溴代吡咯腈的消解动态因拟合曲线符合性太差无法进行一级反应动力学方程拟合。100 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂以推荐最高剂量(有效成分105 g/hm2)施药2次、施药间隔期5 d、采收间隔期14 d,膳食消费量为97.5%位点处,芥菜叶中虫螨腈残留对3~5岁儿童和普通人群长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率分别为0.49%和2.47%,说明通过芥菜摄入虫螨腈及其代谢物残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小;而短期膳食摄入风险评估结果表明,芥菜叶中虫螨腈对中国1~6岁儿童和普通人群均存在不可接受的短期膳食摄入风险,且对1~6岁儿童的风险远高于对普通人群。选择不同施药方式下的最终残留量数据进行评估,将可能导致风险评估结果产生较大差异,施药剂量或施药次数的增加会大幅提高农药残留的短期膳食摄入风险,建议可通过延长采收间隔期的方法降低农药的短期膳食摄入风险水平。  相似文献   

7.
利用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器 (GC-FPD) 测定了马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的残留量,根据2016年湖南、山东、北京、安徽、山西和黑龙江6地马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的规范性残留试验,对中国各类人群和不同作物中的马拉硫磷进行了膳食风险评估。样品用乙腈提取,丙酮置换乙腈后,GC-FPD检测。结果表明:在0.02~8.0 mg/kg添加水平下,马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的回收率在88%~109%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为5%,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.02 mg/kg。湖南和山东的消解动态试验结果显示,马拉硫磷的半衰期为2.74~4.65 d,属于易降解农药;6地的最终残留试验结果表明,距最后一次施药3、5、7 d后,西葫芦中马拉硫磷的最终残留量在 < 0.02~0.049 mg/kg之间。针对西葫芦的膳食风险评估结果显示,中国各类人群对马拉硫磷的国家估计每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.115~0.207 μg/(kg bw·d),风险商值 (RQ) 为0.000 4~0.000 7;全膳食暴露风险评估结果显示,马拉硫磷在各类食物中的NEDI值为82.251 μg/(kg bw·d),RQ值为0.275 1,表明马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。推荐中国马拉硫磷在西葫芦上的最大残留限量值 (MRL) 为0.1 mg/kg,可确保中国西葫芦的食用安全性。  相似文献   

8.
建立了马铃薯和土壤中氟啶胺残留的分析方法,研究氟啶胺在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量及残留降解规律。进行2年2地田间试验。消解动态试验剂量1 125g/ha;最终残留试验剂量1 125和750g/ha,喷雾施药3～4次,施药间隔7d,距末次施药后间隔7、10、14、21d采样。高效液相色谱串联质谱法对氟啶胺进行定量分析。田间消解动态试验表明:氟啶胺在马铃薯植株和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为3.0～7.4d、6.7～10.0d。马铃薯最终样品中氟啶胺残留量在0.005～0.026 5mg/kg之间,土壤中氟啶胺的残留量在0.030 1～1.02mg/kg。该方法快速简便,准确可靠。马铃薯最终样品中氟啶胺残留低于欧盟(0.05mg/kg)和日本(0.1mg/kg)残留限量标准。  相似文献   

9.
2018年在山东、安徽、广西、河北、黑龙江和河南6地进行异菌脲在葱上的规范残留试验，建立了气相色谱-质谱 (GC-MS) 测定葱中异菌脲残留的分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取，N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA)、十八烷基键合硅胶 (C18) 和石墨化碳黑 (GCB) 净化，GC-MS检测。结果表明:在0.02~20 mg/L范围内，异菌脲质量浓度与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系，相关系数大于0.99。在0.05、0.5和20 mg/kg添加水平下，异菌脲在葱中的平均回收率为81%~96%，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为3%~9%，定量限为0.05 mg/kg。异菌脲在葱中的消解符合一级反应动力学方程，半衰期为12.2~15.8 d。采用255 g/L异菌脲悬浮剂按有效成分750和1125 g/hm2施药2~3次，于末次施药后3、5、7和14 d采样测定，葱中异菌脲的残留量为2.53~15.6 mg/kg。采用风险最大化的原则进行长期膳食风险评估，结果表明:一般人群异菌脲的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为2.0650 mg，占日允许摄入量的54.6%，异菌脲在葱中的残留不会对一般人群健康造成不可接受的风险。  相似文献   

10.
开展了60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在杨梅上的残留田间试验,对乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留量及消解动态进行了分析,为乙基多杀菌素在杨梅上的膳食风险评估、合理使用及制定残留限量标准提供依据。建立了液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定杨梅中乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物的残留量的分析方法。当乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的添加浓度为0. 05、1. 0、2. 0mg/kg时,平均回收率82. 6%～96. 6%,相对标准偏差为3. 3%～7. 4%,符合残留检测方法的要求。消解动态试验结果显示,乙基多杀菌素在杨梅中的消解动态规律符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0. 9～2. 6d,属易降解农药。最终残留试验表明60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂按有效成分40和60mg/kg,施药1次和2次,末次施药后1、2、3、5、7d,杨梅中乙基多杀菌素最终残留量分别为0. 05～0. 38mg/kg、0. 05～0. 39mg/kg、0. 05～0. 32mg/kg、0. 05～0. 19mg/kg、0. 05～0. 11mg/kg。建议在杨梅上使用60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂时,有效成分用药量40mg/kg,施药1次,安全间隔期7d。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

14.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

18.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

19.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

20.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

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