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1.
苹果树腐烂病内生拮抗放线菌A-2的鉴定及其活性评价 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali为靶标菌,从健康苹果树枝条中获得一株高效内生放线菌A-2。采用生长速率法、对峙培养法和玻片法测定了菌株A-2的抑菌谱及对苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响;利用离体枝条烫伤接种法测定了菌株A-2对腐烂病的防治效果。结果表明:A-2发酵滤液对腐烂病菌的抑制率达90%以上,对其他9种常见的植物病原真菌也具有良好的拮抗作用;菌株A-2可导致腐烂病菌菌丝畸形、分支增多和局部膨大;不同稀释倍数的A-2发酵滤液对苹果离体枝条腐烂病均有明显的防效,接种病原菌前后24 h和同时施用500倍发酵滤液的防效均达70%以上。根据培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA 序列分析,将菌株A-2鉴定为卡伍尔链霉菌Streptomyces cavourensis。 相似文献
2.
梨和苹果腐烂病菌不同培养表型菌株的致病性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The pathogenicity of three strains (F-SD-8, F-BJ-2c-2 and F-HN-2a-1) of Valsa mali var. pyri causing pear canker and one strain (F-SX-A6) of V. mali var. mali causing apple canker in China were comparatively tested by wound inoculation on in vitro twigs of pear, apple and some other woody plants, and in vivo twigs of pear. Significant pathogenicity differentiation was detected in V. mali var. pyri. Generally strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 were highly pathogenic on pear although their culturing characteristics differed greatly. The strain F-SX-A6 was more aggressive on apple than on pear, and the strain F-HN-2a-1 showed significant lower pathogenicity on ten pear cultivars and other seven species of woody plants. Our results confirmed that two variants of V. mali had host preference and were also aggressive to crabapple, apricot, and peach besides apple and pear. Meanwhile, strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 could induce the formation of pycnidia on in vivo twigs of pear, which was not observed on in vivo twigs inoculated with F-HN-2a-1 and F-SX-A6. 相似文献
3.
陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌基因多态性的ISSR分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了从分子水平上揭示苹果树腐烂病菌的群体遗传多样性,采用正交设计对ISSR-PCR体系进行了4因素3水平的筛选,并从47条ISSR引物中筛选出11条多态性较好的引物。对供试的87个分离株进行扩增的结果显示,11条引物在129个位点扩增出稳定的条带,其中多态性位点119个,多态性位点率为92.25%。POPGENE分析显示,病菌种群的遗传多样性和基因多态性丰富,群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.109,群体内为0.891,群体内多样性大于群体间多样性。两个地理种群间的居群每代迁移数(Nm)为2.046,两者之间存在广泛的基因交流。在遗传相似系数为0.88时,可将21个自然种群划分为9个不同的类群,表明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌的各个自然种群之间的遗传亲缘关系与其地理来源之间无明显的相关性。 相似文献
4.
苹果树腐烂病菌拮抗放线菌JPD-1的筛选及鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为筛选对苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali具有拮抗作用的放线菌,从苹果树根际土壤中分离获得放线菌,利用平板对峙法和生长速率法筛选拮抗活性较高的菌株,通过菌株培养特征、形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析确定其分类地位,并采用离体枝条烫伤接种法测定所筛选获得的拮抗菌株对苹果树腐烂病的防效。结果表明,从苹果树根际土壤中共分离获得28株放线菌,其中菌株JPD-1对苹果树腐烂病菌的拮抗作用最强,抑制率为72.50%,该菌在高氏合成1号培养基上生长最好,培养7 d时菌落生长旺盛,气生菌丝白色,基生菌丝深粉红色,无可溶性色素产生;经形态特征观察、生理生化试验及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株JPD-1鉴定为公牛链霉菌Streptomyces tau‐ricus。菌株JPD-1发酵滤液对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率及对离体枝条上苹果树腐烂病的防效均随稀释倍数的增大而减弱,发酵滤液原液使苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝膨大、末端畸形,抑制率为78.14%,对离体枝条上苹果树腐烂病的防效为76.37%。表明分离到的放线菌菌株JPD-1可以用作苹果树腐烂病的生防材料,具有很好的开发及应用前景。 相似文献
5.
植物提取物多羟基双萘醛对苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了植物提取物多羟基双萘醛（WCT）对苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用。平板对峙试验表明WCT对苹果腐烂病菌有较强的抑菌活性,而且随着浓度提高抑制作用增强,当浓度为50 mg·mL-1时抑菌效果较好,EC50为25.04 mg·mL-1;在果园WCT对苹果腐烂病也有很好的防治效果,苹果树在刮除病疤再涂抹WCT后能促进病疤部位形成较厚的愈合层。苹果树苗在涂抹WCT后,PPO、POD酶活性和叶绿素含量开始升高,明显高于健康对照;并且在叶片中诱导一种分子量约为59 kD蛋白大量表达, WCT处理后该蛋白的表达量比健康对照显著增加。通过基体辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALD I-TOF MS) 分析该蛋白, 将所得的肽指纹图谱(peptide mass fingerprint,PMF) 在SWISSPROT蛋白质数据库中比对发现该蛋白是RUBP羧化酶大亚基。以上研究结果表明WCT对苹果腐烂病菌具有一定的抑制作用和诱导寄主产生抗性的作用。 相似文献
6.
日光蜂是苹果绵蚜的一种重要寄生性天敌,为了更好地发挥其对苹果绵蚜的控制作用,在山东省莱阳市田间调查研究了日光蜂对苹果绵蚜的自然控制作用,并测定了不同保护措施下日光蜂的越冬羽化率.结果显示,苹果绵蚜在5月底至7月底和9月中旬至10月中旬有2个发生高峰;在整个生长季节日光蜂对苹果绵蚜均有一定的控制作用,7月上旬至9月上旬温度较高时,日光蜂的田问种群数量较多,对苹果绵蚜的田间自然寄生作用达到高峰,寄生率在50%～90%,4-5月是日光蜂对苹果绵蚜的控制空缺时期.在使用化学农药的果园,目光蜂的数量和寄生率均降低.田间缚草或采集日光蜂黑蛹放置于室内或室外阳面,越冬存活率均显著高于放置在室外阴面和田间未缚草的日光蜂黑蛹,表明3种越冬保护措施可以有效地增加目光蜂越冬虫源基数. 相似文献
7.
Jana Fránová Hana Ludvíková František Paprštein Assunta Bertaccini 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(4):675-688
In several European countries apple trees are affected by apple proliferation disease, which is usually associated with the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. During 2010, samples from several apple trees displaying proliferation symptoms were collected throughout the Czech Republic to verify identity of phytoplasmas detected in association with the disease. The majority of the 74 apple trees examined using molecular tools were positive for ‘Ca. P. mali’ presence. The 16S–23S ribosomal genes, the ribosomal protein genes and the nitroreductase and rhodonase like genes were then studied to verify phytoplasma strain variability on multigenic bases. Two RFLP profiles and correspondingly two genetic lineages were found in the PCR-amplified fragments covering the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region. ‘Ca. P. mali’ strains belonging to rpX-A subgroup were identified in the majority of the apple tree sampled, whereas phytoplasmas belonging to the rpX-B subgroup were distributed sporadically. The apple proliferation subtypes AP-15 and AT-2 exhibited nearly equal occurrence; the AT-1 subtype and a mixture of the two or all three of the AP subtypes were infrequently found. The PCR/RFLP results were confirmed by nucleotide sequence analyses of selected ‘Ca. P. mali’ strains. 相似文献
8.
河北省苹果主要病虫害发生现状调查 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
在2007-2009年对河北省唐山、保定、邢台、石家庄、沧州、衡水、秦皇岛、张家口、廊坊、承德共10个地市200余个苹果园进行了问卷调查、实地重点考察和现场访谈,调查内容包括品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病虫害发生情况。结果表明:河北省苹果以‘富士’品种为主,占调查果园面积的58%,其次为‘元帅’;从树龄结构上看,树龄超过15年的果园占69%,说明河北省苹果园老化现象比较严重。苹果上常发生的病虫害有枝干轮纹病、腐烂病、斑点落叶病、褐斑病、锈病、苹果黄蚜、山楂叶螨、金纹细蛾、苹果绵蚜、桑天牛、枣尺蠖和黑蚱蝉共12种。其中枝干轮纹病、腐烂病和山楂叶螨是全省苹果产区发生普遍且较严重的病虫害。唐山市枝干轮纹病病株率高达92%,张家口市腐烂病病株率为72.67%,苹果黄蚜、锈病、褐斑病和金纹细蛾在不同地区发生程度不同。苹果绵蚜在河北省已普遍发生。品种以及地形对病虫害发生的影响也存在不同程度差异。本文根据对河北省苹果病虫害发生状况的调查结果,提出了通过加强栽培管理、病虫害预测预报、选用抗性品种与砧木以及化学防治为手段的病虫害防治对策。 相似文献
9.
黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
马铃薯晚疫病(late blight)是由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯生产中最具毁灭性的病害,明确晚疫病菌的交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性状况对制定马铃薯晚疫病防治策略具有重要意义。本研究对2011—2013年采自黑龙江省黑河、齐齐哈尔、绥化等马铃薯主产区的晚疫病菌菌株进行交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定,采用对峙培养法对153株晚疫病菌进行交配型检测,结果表明,A1交配型79株,占51.63%,A2交配型74株,占48.37%;采用菌落直径法对143株晚疫病菌进行甲霜灵敏感性测定,结果表明,83.92%表现高抗,8.39%表现中抗,7.69%表现敏感。 相似文献
10.
中国苹果病害发生与分布现状调查 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本研究于2010-2012年在我国18个省(市、自治区)的1 100个苹果园采用隔行踏查法进行了实地调查。调查内容包括果园面积、品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病害发生情况。调查结果表明,3年间在我国苹果主产区共发现病害50种,其中包括新发现的2种病害:丝核菌叶枯病和炭疽菌叶枯病。通过分析确定了各种病害的严重度,明确了腐烂病、轮纹病、褐斑病和斑点落叶病4种主要病害及苹果锈病等8种中度发生病害的发生程度及区域分布,为各苹果主产省开展病害防控提供了理论依据。 相似文献
11.
黄腐酸处理对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用及对苹果树防御酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄腐酸作为一种广谱性植物生长调节剂,具有稳定可靠的抗逆增产效果。本试验以黄腐酸为生长调节剂,研究其对苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)的抑制作用及对苹果树皮抗腐烂病的影响。试验结果表明,黄腐酸能抑制苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝的生长,浓度越大抑制效果越明显。经黄腐酸处理后,苹果树腐烂病组织中SOD、POD、PAL和CAT均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。其中黄腐酸处理后SOD活性于14d达到峰值,而其他酶活性均在21d达到最大值。说明黄腐酸能显著提高苹果树体内相关防御酶系的活性,很大程度上提高了植物的免疫力,即增强了苹果树的抗病性。 相似文献
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13.
林木腐烂病是苹果树、梨树和杨树等林木枝干的重要真菌性病害。为了筛选出对苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali var. mali、梨树腐烂病菌V. mali var. pyri和杨树腐烂病菌V. sordida等3种不同寄主腐烂病菌都能有效防控的杀菌剂,本研究开展室内毒力试验比较了7种杀菌剂对3种腐烂病病原菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制效果,并进一步通过田间活性测定试验比较7种杀菌剂对梨树腐烂病病斑扩展和分生孢子发生的防治效果,同时测定了增效剂8.6%聚乙二醇(PEG)对7种杀菌剂的增效作用。毒力测定结果表明,苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯和丙唑·多菌灵对3种腐烂病病原菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用较强,其中EC50平均值最低的是苯醚甲环唑,而戊唑醇的MIC平均值最低,在0.33 mg/L浓度下对3种腐烂病病原菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发抑制率均达到100%。田间试验结果表明,45%苯醚甲环唑SC、43%戊唑醇SC和35%丙唑·多菌灵SE对梨树腐烂病病斑扩展和分生孢子萌发的防治效果突出,其中45%苯醚甲环唑SC 30.00 mg/L对病斑扩展防治效果达到82.23%,孢子萌发抑制效果达到85.96%,田间防治效果最好。10%丙硫唑SC+8.6% PEG处理组对病斑扩展防治效果提高了15.39百分点,达到73.46%,分生孢子萌发抑制率提高了23.75百分点,达到83.06%,增效作用显著。本研究为苹果树、梨树和杨树等3种寄主腐烂病的化学防控提供了科学依据。 相似文献
14.
Rita Musetti Khaled Farhan Federica De Marco Rachele Polizzotto Annarita Paolacci Mario Ciaffi Paolo Ermacora Simone Grisan Simonetta Santi Ruggero Osler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(1):13-19
To improve knowledge about plant/phytoplasma interactions and, in particular, about the ‘recovery’ phenomenon in previously-infected plants, we investigated and compared expression levels of several defence-related genes (four pathogenesis-related proteins and three jasmonate-pathway marker enzymes) in apple plants showing different states of health: vigorous (healthy), phytoplasma-infected, and recovered. Real Time-PCR analyses demonstrated that genes are differentially expressed in apple leaf tissue according to the plants’ state of health. Malus domestica Pathogenesis-Related protein (MdPR) 1, MdPR 2 and MdPR 5 were significantly induced in leaves of diseased and symptomatic plants compared to leaves of those plants that were healthy or recovered. On the other hand, levels of all the jasmonate (JA)-pathway marker genes that we selected for this study, were up-regulated in the leaves of recovered plants compared to the diseased ones. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that two different sets of defence genes are involved in the interactions between apple plants and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ (‘Ca. P. mali’) and that these genes are differentially expressed during phytoplasma infection or recovery. 相似文献
15.
采用6种溶剂对番茄茎叶进行平行提取,以葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌和番茄早疫病菌为供试菌,对番茄不同提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,各溶剂提取液对特定病菌都有极好的抑制作用,对葡萄白腐病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制率均为100%,对其它病菌也都有很好的活性。番茄茎叶的水提取液对供试8种病原菌的综合抑制效果最好,对葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用高达100%,对瓜类枯萎病菌抑菌效果最差也为67.74%。,因此,水应作为番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质提取的首选溶剂,石油醚可作为有机溶剂提取番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质的溶剂。 相似文献
16.
地肤子提取物对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用及对其菌体结构和功能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为开发新型安全高效的植物源苹果树腐烂病防治剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定中草药地肤子乙醇提取物及各层析流分L1～L9对苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali的抑制作用,同时通过室内常规分析方法观测流分L7对该菌菌丝形态结构、细胞膜通透性及物质吸收和代谢的影响。结果表明,地肤子乙醇粗提物浓度为2 mg/mL时对苹果树腐烂病菌具有较强的离体抑制活性,处理后96 h的抑菌率达到92.16%。分别用石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇萃取醇提物,石油醚萃取物对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制效果最为明显,其EC_(50)为0.07 mg/mL;在石油醚萃取物通过硅胶柱层析分离得到的9种流分中,流分L7对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用显著,离体抑菌率高达96.73%;且在流分L7处理下,病菌菌丝体出现肿胀、膨大或畸形等现象,细胞膜通透性增大,可溶性蛋白、还原糖以及丙酮酸的含量随流分L7浓度的升高而持续降低,当浓度为100μg/mL时,菌丝体可溶性蛋白、还原糖及丙酮酸的含量分别降低70.78%、71.74%和78.68%。表明在离体培养条件下地肤子乙醇提取物能明显抑制苹果树腐烂病菌的生长,并对菌丝体细胞膜结构和功能稳定性产生显著影响,具有进一步开发为新型植物源苹果树腐烂病防治剂的潜力。 相似文献
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Lihua Yin Mingjun Li Xiwang Ke Cuiying Li Yangjun Zou Dong Liang Fengwang Ma 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(3):597-602
Marssonina apple blotch, caused by Diplocarpon mali (anamorph: Marssonina coronaria), is a serious disease of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). We evaluated the resistance of 28 cultivars and 39 species or biotypes after inoculating leaves with conidial suspensions in vitro and in vivo. Five accessions of the 28 apple cultivars showed a good level of resistance, while 16 displayed intermediate type. In contrast, resistance was good for eight accessions of species or biotypes and moderate for 19 accessions. Among these 67 candidates, more than 19 % had resistance against Marssonina apple blotch, indicating that resistant resources are abundant in that germplasm. These high-performing accessions can make valuable contributions to breeding programs for resistance against this disease. 相似文献
18.
The insect vector Cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ to its progeny 
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下载免费PDF全文 C. Mittelberger L. Obkircher S. Oettl T. Oppedisano F. Pedrazzoli B. Panassiti C. Kerschbamer G. Anfora K. Janik 《Plant pathology》2017,66(6):1015-1021
The phloem‐sucking psyllid Cacopsylla picta plays an important role in transmitting the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the agent associated with apple proliferation disease. The psyllid can ingest ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ from infected apple trees and spread the bacterium by subsequently feeding on uninfected trees. Until now, this has been the most important method of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate whether infected C. picta are able to transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ directly to their progeny. This method of transmission would allow the bacteria to bypass a time‐consuming reproductive cycle in the host plant. Furthermore, this would cause a high number of infected F1 individuals in the vector population. To address this question, eggs, nymphs and adults derived from infected overwintering adults of C. picta were reared on non‐infected apple saplings and subsequently tested for the presence of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’. In this study it was shown for the first time that infected C. picta individuals transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ to their eggs, nymphs and F1 adults, thus providing the basis for a more detailed understanding of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ transmission by C. picta. 相似文献
19.
平板培养结果表明:枯草杆菌B-921菌株对苹果树腐烂病菌、泡桐腐烂病菌和杨树烂皮病菌,有较强抗生作用。共同培养到第5天,能形成1.5～4.5cm的抑菌圈。在显微镜下观察到,菌丝体壁被溶解,原生质外溢;有的菌丝体扭曲、生长点膨大,胞壁断裂、菌体崩溃。发酵液有同样作用。 相似文献