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1.
为探明干热区芒果高效生产的灌溉施肥模式,应用微润灌溉施肥技术在西南干热区开展大田芒果试验。以7年生"贵妃芒"为试验材料,设置4种灌溉模式和3个施肥水平。4种灌溉模式为全生育期充分灌溉(FI,100%ETC)和3个生育阶段调亏灌溉(RDI),调亏阶段分别为开花期、膨大期和成熟期(RDIFS、RDIES和RDIMS),调亏阶段的灌水水平为50%ETC,非调亏阶段为100%ETC。3个施肥水平为高肥(FH)、中肥(FM)和低肥(FL)。研究不同水肥处理对芒果光合特性、产量和水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同生育期RDI均可显著减小芒果净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),而增大叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)。相同灌溉水平下,开花期和膨大期Pn、Gs和Tr随施肥量的增加而增加,WUEi随施肥量的增加先增后减,成熟期Pn、Tr和WUEi随施肥量的增加而增加。与FI处理相比,RDIFS减少芒果单果重量、产量和肥料偏生产力(PFP)分别为11.74%,23.43%,23.98%,RDIES分别减少为21.09%,20.29%,20.50%,RDIES和RDIMS分别提高灌溉水利用效率IWUE为11.87%和32.81%。与FM相比,FH减少产量和IWUE分别为4.17%和4.06%,FL分别减少6.75%和6.67%,PFP随着施肥量的增加而减少。与CK相比,除RDIMSFM处理增加产量6.36%和RDIMSFL增加不明显外,其余处理减少3.14%~31.76%,RDIMSFL处理下的PFP和RDIMSFM处理下的IWUE取得最大值,分别为363.93 kg/kg和15.80 kg/m3,与CK相比均显著增加。因此,综合考虑产量和IWUE等指标,RDIMSFM处理最优,是干热区芒果适宜的微润灌溉施肥模式。  相似文献   

2.
[目的]研究减量施肥、调亏灌溉对西南干热区芒果产量、水肥利用效率及品质的影响,揭示芒果产量和品质对不同水肥耦合措施的响应规律,为西南干热区芒果灌溉施肥提供科学依据.[方法]以7年生贵妃芒果树为试验材料,在云南干热区进行了大田芒果试验.以全生育期充分灌溉(IF)为对照,设开花期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期亏缺灌溉(DIFS、...  相似文献   

3.
滴灌施肥水平对宁夏春玉米产量和水肥利用效率的影响   总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15  
为探讨不同滴灌施肥水平对春玉米产量及水肥利用效率的影响,应用滴灌施肥技术于2016和2017年在宁夏旱作节水科技园区试验站开展大田春玉米小区试验。以"先玉335"为试验材料,设置4个灌水水平(D_(75):75%ET_c、D_(90):90%ET_c、D_(105):105%ET_c、D_(120):120%ET_c,ET_c为玉米需水量)和4个N-P_2O_5-K_2O施肥水平:2016年为60-30-30 kg/hm~2(F_(60))、120-60-60 kg/hm~2(F_(120))、180-90-90 kg/hm~2(F_(180))、240-120-120 kg/hm~2(F_(240)),2017年为150-70-70 kg/hm~2(F_(150))、225-110-110 kg/hm~2(F_(225))、300-150-150 kg/hm~2(F_(300))、375-180-180 kg/hm~2(F_(375)),以1个充分灌水(120%ET_c)无肥为对照(CK),共17个处理。研究不同水肥供应对春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、地上部干物质累积量和产量的影响,并分析其水肥利用效率。2 a试验结果表明:灌水量和施肥量单因素对玉米株高、茎粗、LAI都有显著或极显著的影响,灌水量和施肥量耦合效应对玉米株高有极显著的影响;灌水量和施肥量对玉米成熟期地上部干物质的影响随着2 a施肥梯度的不同而有所差异,在低肥梯度的2016年,灌水量和施肥量对地上部干物质累积有显著的影响,其中D_(120)F_(180)处理籽粒地上部干物质最大,为12 691 kg/hm~2,在高肥梯度的2017年,随着灌水量和施肥量的增加,75%ET_c和105%ET_c处理的地上部干物质累积量有先增加后减小的趋势,D_(90)F_(300)处理下籽粒地上部干物质累积量最大,为14 912 kg/hm~2;在低肥梯度的2016年,灌水施肥量对春玉米产量有显著影响,D_(120)F_(240)处理产量最高,为14 400 kg/hm~2,而在高肥梯度的2017年,D_(90)F_(300)处理玉米产量最高,为16 884 kg/hm~2;2 a试验结果表明灌水量和施肥量对春玉米水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力都有极显著影响。基于春玉米产量和水分利用效率最大值的95%为置信区间优化水肥管理方案,兼顾节水节肥,推荐灌水量在323~446 mm、N-P_2O_5-K_2O施肥量在210-104-104~325-163-163 kg/hm~2。该研究结果对宁夏春玉米滴灌施肥管理具有重要指导意义。  相似文献   

4.
水分亏缺对滴灌柑橘光合和产量及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：14，自引：8，他引：6  
为揭示滴灌水分亏缺对柑橘叶片光合特性、产量与水分利用效率的调控效应,以7 a生"不知火"柑橘为试材,在果实膨大期(Ⅲ)、果实成熟期(Ⅳ)各设置4个亏水处理,即轻度亏水(LD)、中度亏水(MD1)、偏重度亏水(MD2)和重度亏水(SD)处理,并设置1个对照处理(CK),分析柑橘叶片光合特性、产量及水分利用效率对滴灌水分亏缺的响应规律。结果表明:与CK相比,Ⅲ-LD处理叶片气孔导度显著降低(P0.05),羧化速率、净光合速率均无显著差异(P0.05),Ⅳ-LD处理蒸腾速率显著降低(P0.05)且叶片瞬时水分利用效率提高36.61%(P0.05);与CK相比,Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期叶片气孔限制值随亏水度加剧增大;与CK相比,Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期各亏水处理的耗水量随亏水度加剧降低。Ⅲ-LD、Ⅳ-LD处理的产量与CK无显著差异(P0.05),但水分利用效率提高13%、9.5%,WUEI提高11%和6.87%(P0.05)。因此,滴灌柑橘Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期轻度亏水处理在保证产量条件下,可节约灌溉用水且提高水分利用效率,是柑橘适宜的滴灌水分亏缺模式。  相似文献   

5.
[目的]确定核桃主产区塔里木盆地西北缘区滴灌条件下核桃水肥适宜用量,实现核桃园水肥高效利用,为当地密植核桃滴灌水肥投入量提供指导。[方法]以9 a生密植新温"185"核桃树为研究对象,设置3个灌水量(W_1:375 mm; W_2:435 mm; W_3:495 mm)和3个施肥量(F_1:2 250 kg/hm~2; F_2:4 500 kg/hm~2; F_3:9 000 kg/hm~2。其中尿素:磷酸一铵1∶1.25),在新疆阿克苏红旗坡农场新疆农业大学林果实验基地开展滴灌核桃大田试验,研究滴灌条件下水肥耦合对核桃产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,建立了水肥投入量与产量及灌溉水利用效率的二元回归模型。[结果]灌水和施肥对核桃硬核期、油脂转化期和成熟期土壤硝态氮、核桃产量、品质和水肥利用率的影响均达显著水平(p0.05);水肥耦合效应对核桃产量和水肥利用率有显著性影响(p0.05);硬核期和油脂转化期为核桃的需肥关键期;F_3处理施肥量造成了土壤硝态氮的累积;W_2和W_3处理对滴灌核桃品质、产量和肥料偏生产力的影响无显著性差异,均与W_1差异显著;施肥处理对核桃出仁率、产量和水肥利用效率的影响均达显著水平。[结论]新疆环塔盆地滴灌密植核桃全生育期适宜的水肥投入范围分别为438～469 mm(包含冬春灌)和7 074～7 168 kg/hm~2,其中尿素3 144～3 186 kg/hm~2,磷酸一铵3 930～3 982 kg/hm~2。  相似文献   

6.
为了明确分层施肥在不同灌水条件下对冬小麦产量、耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响,为黄淮海地区小麦高产高效生产实践提供理论依据。结合当地冬小麦灌溉制度采用水肥2因素裂区试验,水分为主区,施肥方式为副区,设置3个灌溉处理:春季不灌水(W_0)、春季拔节期灌水(W_1)、春季拔节期灌水+开花期灌水(W_2),灌水量90 mm/次;2种施肥方式处理:常规施肥处理(F_1)和分层施肥处理(F_2),分析了不同灌水与施肥模式下冬小麦产量、耗水特性和水分利用效率的特点。结果表明:与F_1相比,F_2处理40—120 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量、冬小麦拔节期—开花期耗水强度和农田耗水量显著增加,其中以W_2F_2处理农田耗水量最高。分层施肥处理冬小麦水分利用效率较常规施肥提升14.2%～3.0%,其中以W_1F_2处理水分利用效率最高。在3种灌水条件下,分层施肥处理较常规施肥显者增加了冬小麦的单位面积穗数,产量增加19.8%～6.4%,其中W_(2 )F_2产量最高。因此,建议在水分充足地区,采取小麦春季灌溉拔节水和开花水结合底肥分层施用的管理方式;在水资源短缺地区,采取小麦春季灌溉拔节水结合底肥分层施用的管理方式。  相似文献   

7.
为探究中国东北地区日光温室种植条件下滴灌水肥一体化对葡萄生长、产量和水肥利用效率的影响，以3年生的"醉金香"葡萄为供试材料，2017－2019年在日光节能温室中开展了水肥一体化试验。试验设置3个灌水水平（W1～W3）：W1～W3灌水控制下限分别为田间持水率的50%、60%、70%，灌水上限统一为田间持水率的90%，设置3个施肥水平：低肥F1（60%CK）、中肥F2（75%CK）、高肥F3（90%CK）和对照（CK，灌水控制上下限为田间持水率的80%～90%、施肥量为N-P2O5-K2O为260-119-485 kg/hm2），共计10个处理。结果表明：1）果实膨大期是水肥一体化对新梢生长调控最为主要的时期，其与开花坐果期也是利用水肥对葡萄叶面积指数进行调控最关键的时期。对于生长指标而言，W3F1、W2F3、W2F2等处理均为相对于CK的正向处理，即优于该处理或与该处理无显著性差异（P>0.05）。2）W3F2、W3F1、W2F3、W3F3等处理的叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率均是相对于CK的正向处理。瞬时水分利用效率变化范围在1.60～3.74 μmol/(mmol)之间，W2F2、W3F1、W3F3均为相对于CK的正向处理。3）灌水和水肥交互作用对产量的影响达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。W3F2、W3F1、W3F3、W2F3处理为相对CK的产量正向处理，过高的灌溉、施肥水平会导致葡萄水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的显著降低。W1F2、W3F1处理下，水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力分别达到最大值。综合考虑，W2F3处理可在保证肥料偏生产力未产生下降的同时，生理指标、产量、水分利用效率达到与最优水平无显著性差异，推荐作为该研究最优处理，即灌水控制上下限为田间持水率的60%和90%，施肥量为CK的90%，可在节水21.19%～23.27%，节肥7.52%的基础上，实现稳产型温室葡萄生产。研究为温室葡萄，特别是中国东北冷寒区温室葡萄水肥一体化下最优灌溉施肥模式提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
为探究芒果水肥一体化条件下最佳施肥量,在昌江农场以红玉芒为试材,研究了在常规沟施化肥(CK),水肥一体化等量施肥(T1)、减量10%(T2)、减量20%(T3)、减量30%(T4)、减量40%(T5)施肥对芒果产量、品质及肥耗的影响。结果表明,各处理产量之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。与CK相比,T4、T5处理肥料产出率显著提升(P0.05)。各减量施肥对芒果的生物学性状略有影响,随着施肥量降低,芒果果实横径显著增加;芒果果实果长、果宽及品质无显著差异。对芒果经济性状的分析,各水肥处理的经济效益均高于CK,其中T2处理经济效益最高,达到了324 566.5元/hm~2,较CK增幅达15.23%。通过对果实品质以及产量的主成分评价,果实各指标的主成分打分由高到低排列依次为T3T4T2CKT5T1。因此,在水肥一体化条件下,90%常规施肥量经济效益最高;在常规施肥量减少40%的水肥一体化条件下,肥料的产出率最高,肥耗最低且不会降低果实产量和品质;在常规施肥量减少20%水肥一体化条件下,芒果的各项品质指标及产量综合得分最高。  相似文献   

9.
不同生育期调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄耗水及果实品质的影响   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
不同程度的土壤干旱对酿酒葡萄的果实品质、产量和水分利用效率具有显著影响。明晰不同生育阶段干旱胁迫效应对酿酒葡萄土壤水分精准化管理和节水灌溉方案的制定具有重要的意义。本文于2014年在河西走廊中东部武威市凉州区清源镇威龙葡萄园产区开展了酿酒葡萄不同生育期、不同干旱胁迫程度的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)的情况下,在葡萄的萌芽期、抽蔓期、开花期、浆果膨大期和着色成熟期分别进行中度(土壤水分阈值60%~65%)和重度(土壤水分阈值50%~55%)的干旱处理,同时增设浆果膨大期的充分灌溉(土壤水分阈值80%~85%)处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)作为对照,进行葡萄耗水特征和产量品质的测定。试验结果表明:不同处理土壤含水量垂直变化趋势一致,随土壤深度增加土壤含水量呈持续递增趋势;随着土壤深度递增,调亏灌溉对土壤含水量的影响越来越弱;40~60 cm土壤剖面,调亏处理含水量较对照减少幅度最大;浆果膨大期土壤剖面内含水量均低于其他生育期。不同处理酿酒葡萄耗水强度随时间变化趋势一致,萌芽期日耗水强度最小,为0.13~0.33 mm·d-1,而浆果膨大期耗水强度最大,为2.30~4.09 mm·d-1。萌芽期中度胁迫处理酿酒葡萄产量和水分利用效率最高,分别达到15 228 kg·hm-2和3.62 kg·m-3;浆果膨大期充分灌溉处理次之,而浆果膨大期重度胁迫处理最低,仅分别为7 128 kg·hm-2和2.26 kg·m-3。着色成熟期中度胁迫下,酿酒葡萄花青苷、还原糖、单宁、总酚含量比生育期正常供水处理高2.7%、6.56%、17.91%和23.23%,且有效抑制可滴定酸积累(P0.05),而其他处理与对照之间品质指标差异不显著。综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及果实品质等指标,最佳酿酒葡萄水分调控处理为着色成熟期中度胁迫,即着色成熟期土壤相对含水率为60%~65%、其余生育期土壤相对含水率为70%~75%。由此可见,在酿酒葡萄栽培时适时、适度的调亏灌溉既能显著提高水分生产效率,实现节水、高效用水的目的,又能提高果实品质,对河西走廊地区酿酒葡萄种植具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

10.
为探明河西绿洲区塑料大棚甘蓝适宜的水肥管理模式,通过田间小区试验,设定3个施肥量(F_1:N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量为320,160,210kg/hm~2;F_2:N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量为260,120,157.5kg/hm~2,F_3:N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量为200,80,105kg/hm~2)和2个灌水频率(H_1:6d/次,H_2:9d/次),共6个处理,分析甘蓝农艺性状、产量、品质和叶球养分吸收及水肥利用效率对不同施肥量和灌水频率的响应规律。结果表明:H_1处理水平下叶球全氮、磷、钾含量随施肥量增加逐渐升高,H_2处理水平下氮、磷含量随施肥量增加先升高后降低,而钾含量却在随施肥量增加逐渐升高,同一灌水条件下肥料偏生产力随施肥量的减少而升高;同一施肥水平下,叶球中的全氮、磷、钾含量及吸收量高灌水频率大于低灌水频率处理,而肥料偏生产力的变化则相反。水肥耦合作用下,甘蓝叶球纵横径、生物产量和干物质量均H_2F_1处理最高,叶球紧实度、干鲜重比、单球重、经济产量和经济系数均H_2F_2最大,而叶球中心柱长和帮叶比H_2F_3处理最小。灌溉频率和施肥量对甘蓝叶球品质影响显著,且两因素的交互作用达到显著水平,其中硝酸盐含量H_1F_1最高、可溶性糖含量H_2F_1最高、Vc含量H_2F_2处理最大。水肥耦合后全氮和全磷含量及两者吸收量均以H_2F_2最大,全钾及吸收量H_2F_1最高。随着施肥量的增加,水分利用效率也逐渐升高,H_2F_1水分利用效率显著高于其他处理。综合分析表明,水肥耦合对河西绿洲区塑料大棚甘蓝叶球的农艺性状、产量、品质和养分吸收及水分利用率的影响显著,且灌溉频率的影响大于施肥量。H_2F_2处理(灌水频率9d/次,施肥量N、P_2O_5、K_2O为260,120,157.5kg/hm~2)是河西绿洲区塑料大棚甘蓝农艺性状、产量、品质、养分吸收以及水肥利用效率方面最佳的水肥组合模式。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana 1, P. taeda 3, P. strobus 4, P. resinosa 4, P. sylvestris 5, and P. radiata 6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.  相似文献   

13.
Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log10. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.  相似文献   

16.
A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.  相似文献   

17.
The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH4Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.  相似文献   

18.
The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.  相似文献   

19.
The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.  相似文献   

20.
A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.  相似文献   

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