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1.
肥液浓度对土壤水力特性参数的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了研究不同肥液(尿素)浓度对土壤水力特性参数的影响,选取陕西省杨凌区一级阶地的砂壤土和三级阶地黏壤土为供试土壤进行一维垂直入渗试验,采用数值反演方法估算了不同肥液浓度条件下的土壤水力特性参数,并量化分析了土壤水力特性参数变化对累积入渗量的影响,最终建立了考虑肥液浓度变化的土壤水力特性参数估算式。结果表明,土壤饱和含水率θ_s、形状系数n、饱和导水率K_s均随肥液浓度的增大而逐渐增大,而进气值吸力的倒数α随肥液浓度的增大呈减小趋势;土壤水力特性参数对累积入渗量的敏感性关系为nθ_sK_sα,其中α对累积入渗量的影响10%;本试验条件下,θ_s、n与K_s与肥液浓度呈指数函数关系,利用估算结果模拟了一维垂直入渗过程中的累积入渗量和剖面含水率,并与实测值进行了比较,两者具有良好的一致性,说明所建考虑肥液浓度变化的土壤水力特性参数估算式是可靠的,研究结果可为农田水肥管理提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
沟灌二维入渗影响因素实验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为进一步探明沟灌灌水沟的水分入渗规律,该文研究了沟灌中的灌水沟中水深、沟底宽、沟底导水率及土壤初始含水率等因素对沟灌二维入渗的影响,研究结果表明：减小灌水沟中水深和沟底导水率及增大土壤初始含水率都有利于灌水沟的水平侧向入渗,同时可相应减小垂向入渗;而灌水沟底宽不影响沟的侧向入渗,只影响垂向入渗,底宽减小时,垂向入渗减小。沟底导水率影响最大,计划灌水定额为45 mm,沟底导水率为0时垂向入渗深度较沟底裸露透水时减小41％,明显改善了沟灌入渗体的形状。研究结果可为改进沟灌灌水技术提供参考。 相似文献
3.
肥液浓度对单膜孔入渗NO-3-N运移特性影响的室内试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
该文通过室内入渗试验,研究了不同浓度的单膜孔肥液入渗NO-3-N的分布特性.研究表明:不同浓度的膜孔肥液入渗土壤NO-3-N浓度的湿润锋运移距离与土壤水分运动的湿润锋一致;肥液浓度越大,相同入渗时间的NO-3-N浓度锋运移距离越大,土壤剖面NO3--N浓度最大值越大,相同深度处土壤NO3--N浓度也越大.肥液入渗土壤NO-3-N浓度分布特征与湿润体深度符合分段函数模型.供水入渗过程中,NO-3-N浓度锋运移距离和浓度最大值均随时间的延长而增大;再分布过程中,NO-3-N浓度锋运移距离继续增大,而NO-3-N浓度最大值逐渐减小. 相似文献
4.
肥液浓度对不同形态氮素在土壤中运移转化特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为揭示肥液(尿素)浓度影响下土壤湿润体中不同形态氮素的运移转化规律,选取黏壤土和砂壤土作为肥液入渗试验供试土壤,量化分析肥液浓度对土壤累积入渗量和不同形态氮素在分布和再分布过程中运移转化特性的影响。结果表明:相同入渗时间内土壤累积入渗量随肥液浓度的增大而增加,Kostiakov公式的入渗系数与肥液浓度呈现线性关系,建立并验证了考虑肥液浓度影响的土壤累积入渗量估算公式,模拟值与实测值具有较高的一致性,两者间的相对误差绝对值均值均8.0%;入渗结束时,土壤湿润体相同位置处的尿素态氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量均随肥液浓度的增大而增加;NH_4~+-N主要分布在土壤湿润体深度20 cm以上,尿素态氮和NO_3~--N含量随着湿润体深度的增大呈现下降趋势;再分布过程中,土壤湿润体中尿素态氮含量随再分布时间的增加整体呈现减小趋势,且黏壤土和砂壤土湿润体中的尿素态氮分别在再分布5,3天时基本水解完成;NH_4~+-N含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,黏壤土湿润体中的峰值约出现在再分布3～5天,而砂壤土约在再分布3天;黏壤土湿润体中NO_3~--N含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其峰值约在5～10天,而砂壤土中NO_3~--N含量在再分布10天时,始终保持在较高水平。研究结果为农田灌溉施肥系统的设计和管理提供理论基础和技术支撑。 相似文献
5.
为提高红壤区涌泉根灌水氮利用效率,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同肥液浓度(0,10,20,35,60 g/L)条件下涌泉根灌土壤的入渗能力、湿润锋运移距离、土壤水分分布以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,并建立了红壤涌泉根灌土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋在竖直向上、竖直向下和水平方向的运移距离与肥液浓度的关系模型。结果表明:土壤累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布均受到肥液浓度的影响。在同一入渗时刻,土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋运移距离随肥液浓度的增大而增大,且与入渗历时均呈幂函数关系;在灌水结束时,相同土层深度内,肥液浓度越大,土壤含水率就越大,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度也越大,且与铵态氮相比,硝态氮的分布范围更广。随着肥液再分布的进行,土层内最大含水率位置逐渐下移,且土壤含水率的分布也更加均匀;土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度的变化趋势不同,浅层中铵态氮的浓度逐渐降低,而硝态氮的浓度先降低后增加;深层中铵态氮的浓度先增加后降低,而硝态氮的浓度逐渐增加。该研究成果可为进一步研究红壤区涌泉根灌肥液入渗氮素运移及转化提供理论参考。 相似文献
6.
涌泉根灌不同浓度肥液入渗特性及土壤湿润体模型研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
为了研究涌泉根灌肥液入渗特性及湿润体水氮运移的变化规律,在陕北米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地原状土上进行了涌泉根灌肥液入渗试验。结果表明:累积入渗量与入渗时间之间符合Kostiakov幂函数关系(R20.9,P0.01);涌泉根灌入渗能力与增渗效果均随肥液浓度增大而增大;水平湿润锋与竖直湿润锋运移距离均随肥液浓度增大而增大,且均与入渗时间呈显著的幂函数关系,水平方向和竖直方向的湿润锋运移距离的拟合值与实测值的相对误差在–3.84%～5.20%以内。肥液浓度的不同对于湿润体大小略有影响。提出了涌泉根灌肥液入渗湿润体内土壤含水率和NH_4~+-N浓度分布的数学模型,即在一定浓度范围内,单位含水率的变化可引起的肥液浓度变化,且模型的计算精度较高(模拟值与实测值相对误差在10%以内),并符合湿润体内土壤含水率和NH_4~+-N分布规律,可对不同位置处土壤含水率及NH_4~+-N含量进行估算。水分分布情况对肥液浓度条件敏感性较低,NH_4~+-N分布情况对肥液浓度条件敏感性较高。研究可为涌泉根灌水肥高效利用提供参考。 相似文献
7.
为了探究浑水膜孔灌多点源入渗多向交汇下水氮运移特性,利用浑水膜孔灌入渗装置进行了室内试验,研究了不同肥液浓度(0,1,2,3,4 g/L)的硝酸铵钙溶液对浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗规律、单向交汇和多向交汇发生时间、膜孔中心和各交汇点(植株交汇中心、行间交汇中心和4点源交汇中心)垂直方向的含水率和NO_3~-—N的分布规律等的影响。结果表明:各肥液浓度下膜孔单位面积累积入渗量与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,入渗参数a随肥液浓度的增大而减小,入渗参数b随肥液浓度的增大而增大;随着肥液浓度的增加,单向交汇和多向交汇发生时间均提前;10 cm土层深度处,肥液入渗各中心含水率较0 g/L处理分别增加10.42%,13.94%,16.38%,24.74%;各中心垂直方向含水率随土壤深度呈现不同的变化规律;NO_3~-—N在土壤上层分布均匀,而在湿润锋处出现峰值;4点源交汇中心处NO_3~-—N含量高于其他3个中心。研究结果可为浑水膜孔灌的技术研究奠定科学基础。 相似文献
8.
以石羊河流域民勤地区为例,采用典型土壤实测土壤水分运动参数,应用Hydrus软件模拟不同沟型、不同垄宽条件下沟灌土壤水分运动,并研究了湿润锋推进过程,建立了沟灌土壤水分二维入渗模型,分析了灌水均匀度。结果表明:沟形相同条件下,竖向湿润锋的推进距离与沟底宽及水深呈正相关关系;水平湿润锋的推进距离由沟中水位决定;沟灌累计入渗量由灌水沟湿周的大小决定,入渗初期符合幂函数形式,入渗后期符合线性形式;同种土壤在沟深与水深相同时,V型沟横向灌水均匀度高于梯形沟,且水位越高均匀度越高。 相似文献
9.
10.
利用土柱切割法研究Lou土水分入渗、再分布过程反应性溶质（NH4^ )运移特征。在水分入渗初期，土壤剖面溶质分布曲线为斜线，随入渗时间延长，土壤剖面溶质分布曲线上部逐渐出现垂直于横坐标的垂直线段。与水分入渗、再分布相比，溶质（NH4^ )入渗、再分布明显滞后；水分入渗深度增加，水溶质入渗距离比增加，溶质入渗滞后程度增大。入渗液浓度增大，溶质入渗滞后程度及溶质入渗阻滞因子减小，相应的土壤吸持溶质的反应速率常数增大，表观活化自由能减小。不同再分布时间的土壤剖面溶质分布曲线具有交点（溶质再分布等浓度点），且该交点随入渗液浓度增大而加深。水分再分布过程中，溶质再分布等浓度点的土壤溶质吸持量基本不变，而其上部的土壤吸持量减小，下部的土壤吸持量增大。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献