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寒地春油菜菌核病发生规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究结果表明,在黑龙江西北部春油莱菌核病于6月中旬始见病菌子囊盘,子囊盘数量与3 d内大气平均相对湿度呈正相关(R=0.657),与3 d内平均气温呈负相关(R=-0.604)。6月中旬始见大气中病菌孢子,7月中下旬出现高峰期。油菜花朵于6月下旬开始发病,7月上旬出现发病高峰期。花朵带病率与3 d内的相对湿度和日照时数显著相关(R1=0.95;R2=-0.857)。7月初叶片开始发病,7月中旬达到高峰期,以后逐渐下降。7月上旬茎秆开始发病,为土表菌核直接侵染造成,发病率低,增长慢;7月下旬因为病叶上病菌再侵染病害快速增长。 相似文献
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为建立免耕栽培模式下油菜菌核病的早期预测模型,通过巢式PCR法检测湖北省前茬分别为棉花和水稻的2种免耕油菜田花朵带菌率,结合田间调查分析茎秆菌核病发生率与病害主要流行影响因子之间的相关性,并采用主成分分析法建立免耕油菜田花期菌核病的预测模型。结果表明,2009—2012年棉花-油菜田花朵带菌率在同期比水稻-油菜田高,前者花朵带菌率为2.0%~58.2%,后者为0~41.0%。花朵带菌率、子囊盘密度和叶发病率对茎秆发病起主要作用,降雨量和温度作用次之;建立的棉花-油菜和水稻-油菜2种免耕类型田病害预测模型分别为:y=0.261x_1+4.89x_2+0.323x_3+0.32x_4+0.457x_5-9.438,y=0.361x_1+5.824x_2+0.323x_3+0.809x_4+0.333x_5-12.608;且预测值与实际值之间均具有较高的拟合度。表明在花期获得的花朵带菌率、子囊盘密度、叶发病率、降雨量及气温数据,经病害模拟方程可预测当年油菜菌核病发生情况。 相似文献
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为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。 相似文献
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番茄灰霉病 (Botrytis cinerea Pers.)是番茄的主要病害之一.它不仅为害叶片、花、茎,还严重为害果实,尤其以青果发病最重,严重影响番茄的产量和品质.近年来,笔者在大棚番茄生产实践中,摸索出一套番茄灰霉病的早期防治技术.该技术是以早期预防为主,采用生态防治和化学防治相结合的综合技术措施,防治效果十分显著. 相似文献
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根据2002年12月25日至2003年1月6日在宣州市双桥、济川、雁翅、溪口,宁国市港口镇,郎溪十字铺,泾县琴溪等地调查,大棚茄子、番茄、辣椒、莴笋灰霉病普遍发生,无论新旧大棚均有不同程度发生为害。茄子灰霉病病株率10.7%～63.5%,平均37.8%;番茄灰霉病病株率12.3%～71.7%,平均为43.2%;辣椒灰霉病病株率9.8%～68.5%,平均34.5%;莴笋灰霉病病株率21%～100%,平均55.8%,且重发大棚内莴笋死亡率达80%～85%,有40%莴笋大棚因灰霉病重发为害出现了毁棚现象。分析蔬菜灰霉病重发的主要原因是持续低温、阴雨、寡照天气所致。2002年12月气温最低-1～-4℃,最… 相似文献
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为探索杀菌剂防治浙贝母灰霉病的准确、高效、方便的药效调查方法,选择生产中常用的嘧霉胺、唑醚·氟酰胺、氟菌·肟菌酯3种杀菌剂,采用叶片病斑分级、整株病斑分级、整株病叶率分级、茎秆发病率、茎秆发病分级5种调查方法,对比不同方法对防治效果评价的影响。5种调查方法各有优缺点,叶片病斑分级法样本量大,采集数据多,其结果更接近实际;整株病斑分级法相对简便,可增加植株的取样量,使样本更具代表性,但操作中易产生判断误差;整株病叶率分级法和茎秆发病率法简便,但会放大病害的危害程度,高估或低估药剂防治效果;茎秆发病分级法结合病斑大小、形状等特征能较准确地评价植株发病情况。采用不同评价方法,3种杀菌剂对浙贝母灰霉病的防治效果表现较一致,唑醚·氟酰胺和氟菌·肟菌酯的防治效果较好,防效分别在75.22%～88.83%、68.87～86.82%之间,而嘧霉胺的防治效果略差(57.86%～77.89%)。 相似文献
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辣椒灰霉病[Botrytis cinerea Pers],属半知菌亚门真菌,该病菌寄主广泛,可侵染黄瓜、茄子、菜豆、番茄、西瓜等,在温室、大棚较易发生。2003年春季温室大棚辣椒灰霉病发生早,面积大,危害重。据笔者4月中旬在夏县南大里乡、埝掌镇,瑶峰镇等温室辣椒种植区调查,发病率达70％～90％,病叶率达30％以上,严重者达60％以上,病果率达15％～20％,造 相似文献
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对廊坊市番茄上灰霉病的发生规律进行了调查研究,基本摸清了发生时期、叶片发病与果实发病的关系及病果在植株上的空问分布规律,提出了对番茄灰霉病的防控技术措施. 相似文献
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Y. ELAD 《Plant pathology》1992,41(4):417-426
Eighteen free radical scavengers (antioxidants) were tested for their ability to control grey mould. Most of the compounds reduced disease significantly in at least one of the test hosts–leaves of tomato, pepper, Senecio sp., bean, eggplant, or rose flowers; however, the effective concentration varied between 0.1 and 100 m m . Selected antioxidants were tested further. Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), tannic acid, ascorbic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 1 .0 m m controlled grey mould of tomato fruits. All these compounds except BHT controlled the disease on cucumber fruits. Antioxidants affected Rhizopus stolonifer on grape berries but not Botrytis cinerea or Aspergillus spp. Some combinations of antioxidants were found to be more effective than either compound alone when tested on pepper or tomato. The synergists ascorbic acid and citric acid improved the control activity of BHT, propyl gallate, benzoic acid and tert -butylhydroquinone on tomato leaves. Ethylene production was inhibited in tomato leaves treated with propyl gallate, ascorbic acid and benzoic acid, but not in pepper leaves. Ethephon or H2 O2 increased the severity of grey mould on leaves of Senecio sp. Their effect was controlled by BHT and benzoic acid or by BHT, respectively. Four to six compounds reduced linear growth of B. cinerea isolates in culture at a concentration of 1.0 m m , and six more compounds were effective at 10.0 m m . However just five compounds inhibited conidial germination at the high concentration alone. Gluconic acid lactone, thiourea and propyl gallate reduced Sclerotinia sclerotiomm on lettuce by 51-76%. The multiple activity of antioxidants on the host plant interaction is discussed. 相似文献
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The fungicides tebuconazole, tebuconazole + dichlofluanid, fenethanil, diethofencarb + carbendazim, and vinclozolin combined with chlorothalonil were tested for their ability to control grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) of cucumber and tomato grey mould in greenhouses under commercial conditions. In winter 1987/88 the number of diseased female fruits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was reduced by diethofencarb + carbendazim (2·5 mg dm?3 each) by 93% and by tebuconazole (2·5 mg dm?3)(phytotoxic when alone) or tebuconazole (1 mg dm?3) + dichlofluanid (4 mg dm?3) by 54–57%. Vinclozolin (5 mg dm?3) + chlorothalonil (25 mg dm?3) significantly reduced disease incidence on fruits by 40%. Infection foci on cucumber stems were significantly decreased by vinclozolin + chlorothalonil. A more pronounced decrease was obtained with diethofencarb + carbendazim, tebuconazole, or tebuconazole + dichlofluanid. During the season of winter 1988/89, tebuconazole + dichlofluanid (1·5 + 6 and 3 + 12 mg dm?3) and RH7592 (1 mg dm?3) significantly reduced diseased fruits by 30–71%. Grey mould of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves was reduced by more than 90% and on fruits by 78–87% when tebuconazole + dichlofluanid (1·5 + 6 and 3 + 12 mg dm?3) or diethofencarb + carbendazim (2·5 mg dm?3 each) were applied. Yields of cucumber fruits of the common parthenocarpic cv. Kasem 292 were weighed. There was no correlation between disease level and yield in any experiment, plot or date except for two measurements. Compesation in fruit production by the plant may be regarded as the reason for no positive yield response to efficient control. The possibility of reducing fungicide application is discussed. Control of grey mould on tomato resulted in yield increase. 相似文献
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Regulators of ethylene biosynthesis or activity as a tool for reducing susceptibility of host plant tissues to infection by Botrytis cinerea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Y. Elad 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(3):105-113
Several compounds were tested for their ability to reduce development of grey mould on rose, tomato, pepper, eggplant, French bean andSenecio sp. Removal of ethylene from the atmosphere surrounding rose flowers, or leaves of tomato and pepper, by potassium permanganate, resulted in slower grey mould development. Inhibition of ethylene activity by 2,5-norbornadiene controlled disease on all crops but tomato. Carbon dioxide controlled grey mould on roses, but the potential for use of these agents is in doubt. Inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis such as aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), cobalt ion, the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol and the radical scavenger salicylic acid were differentially effective in controlling the disease in the various hosts. Fifty mM AOA reduced grey mould on rose flowers by up to 97% when flowers were partially aerated. AOA was not phytotoxic on the tested rose cvs Golden Times and Jaguar. Combinations of ethylene absorption, inhibition of ethylene activity and ethylene biosynthesis did not result in better control as compared with the disease reduction ability of the compounds alone, tested on the various hosts. Application of benzyladenine, which reduces the host responsiveness to ethylene, resulted in 39–99% grey mould reduction in rose flowers and in leaves of tomato andSenecio sp. but was not effective on pepper or eggplant. Manipulation of ethylene presence and of host plant susceptibility to grey mould is discussed.Contribution from The Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 3270-E, 1991 series. 相似文献
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Several film-forming polymers reduced the amount of grey mould on various crops in a dew chamber and in a plastic house under natural conditions. The polymers Wilt Pruf, Biofilm and Colfix reduced germination of conidia and germ tube length of Botrytis cinerea . The most effective inhibition of linear growth of the pathogen on potato dextrose agar was obtained by Safe Pack and Biofilm. All polymers significantly reduced grey mould on detached leaves of Capsicum, Phaseolus , tomato, cucumber, rose and pelargonium. Grey mould on rose flowers was not controlled, apparently due to latent infection. The substances Biofilm and Vapor Gard were applied either alone or with chlorothalonil fungicide on cucumber plants in a commercial greenhouse. The polymers had no harmful effect to the host. Disease on senescing female fruits of cucumber was reduced by 46–67% with no additive effect to the mixture with fungicides. Stem infection also was reduced. 相似文献
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A preparation of Trichoderma harzianum was sprayed on cucumber plants in greenhouses in order to control fruit and stem grey mould. Up to 90% control was achieved by the biocontrol agent (0·5–1·0 g/l) which in most experiments under commercial conditions was as effective as the dicarboximide fungicides iprodione or vinclozolin (0·5 g/l each) alone or alternated with diethofencarb + carbendazim (0·25 g/l each). However, in one experiment disease incidence in Trichoderma -treated plots did not differ significantly from the control. A mixture of T. harzianum with a dicarboximide fungicide resulted in up to 96% control of grey mould. In this case control was always significant ( P =0·05) but improvement of control compared with each treatment alone was not significant ( P =0·05). The alternation of sprays with the biocontrol preparation and with a dicarboximide fungicide was tested in three out of the five experiments and was found to be effective, thus enabling a reduction in the use of chemical sprays. Populations of T. harzianum were on a level of 3 × 105 -8 × 105 c.f.u. per leaf and ten times lower on one fruit. They remained high after the second and third sprays. Conditions favouring the ability of T. harzianum to control grey mould were temperatures above 20°C and relative humidity between 80 and 97%. 相似文献
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Pedro Boff Pieter Kastelein Joop de Kraker Matthijs Gerlagh Jürgen Köhl 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(6):615-624
The epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea was studied in five annual strawberry crops using waiting-bed transplants, a system widely adopted in the Netherlands. On dead leaves of transplants the incidence of B. cinerea varied from 26.7% to 52.6%, but the leaf area with potential sporulation was low (3.5–15.6%). During each crop cycle, the availability of necrotic leaf substrate for spore production of B. cinerea was generally low and varied between seasons and with the quality of transplants. B. cinerea sporulated on a maximum of 15.5 cm2 of leaf area per plant, measured as potential sporulation. The aerial concentration of B. cinerea conidia in untreated plots did not differ from the concentration in plots where all dead leaves had been removed, nor from the concentration at 25–50 m distance from the strawberry plots. B. cinerea incidence on flowers ranged from 5% to 96%, but no correlation was found with the potential spore production on necrotic leaves. Grey mould at harvest varied from 1.4% to 11.3% and was correlated with the average precipitation during the harvesting period but not with B. cinerea incidence on flowers. Post-harvest grey mould ranged from 2.1% to 32.6% and was correlated with petal colonisation by B. cinerea. The results suggest that in the annual cropping system with waiting-bed transplants, necrotic leaves are not a significant source of B. cinerea inoculum, unlike in other strawberry production systems. Therefore, control measures of grey mould in this annual system should focus on protection of flowers and young developing fruits, and not on the reduction of inoculum production on leaf debris. 相似文献
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Stefanos Kalogiannis Sotirios E. Tjamos Anastasia Stergiou Polymnia P. Antoniou Basil N. Ziogas Eleftherios C. Tjamos 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,116(1):69-76
Phyllosphere yeasts antagonistic to the infective activity of Botrytis cinerea were isolated from leaves of greenhouse-grown tomatoes and evaluated in a detached leaf assay for their ability to suppress grey mould. Nine of 30 recovered yeast isolates were found to reduce a disease index by >90% when compared to an untreated control. In greenhouse experiments, the yeast isolate Rhodotorula glutinis Y-44 was the most efficient in controlling grey mould of tomato plants. In further experiments in greenhouse-grown tomato plants the effectiveness of R. glutinis Y-44 was compared with two commercial fungicides. It was demonstrated that R. glutinis Y-44 was as effective as fungicides in controlling the pathogen. Moreover, the population of R. glutinis Y-44 was monitored for 8 weeks after application on tomato plants. The isolate successfully colonized the plant surface, although the population decreased by 10-fold 8 weeks after application. Since B. cinerea is also a major post-harvest pathogen for tomato fruits, the ability of R.␣glutinis Y-44, to protect artificially infected wounded tomato fruits was also tested. It was shown that R.␣glutinis Y-44 was able to reduce by 50% the percentage of infected wounds compared to the untreated controls. 相似文献
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Microclimatic variables were monitored in cucumber crops grown in polyethylene-covered, unheated greenhouses in Israel during the winter of 1987/88. The winter was characterized by a relatively large number of rainy days. The relative humidity (RH) in the greenhouses was high (>97%) during most of the day, resulting in long periods of dew persistence. Dew point temperature and duration of dew deposition were calculated for the plant canopy. Disease incidence was monitored in 2-m-high plants, both on senescing female flowers (‘fruits’) and on stems. Multiple linear correlations were calculated for gray mold incidence and duration of air temperature and RH at specific ranges, and of leaf wetness (LW). Disease was characterized by two stages, according to the rate of its development and the microclimatic conditions influencing it. In the first phase of the epidemic a high correlation was found between infected fruits and air temperature in the range of 11–25°C, and RH in the range of 97–100% or LW. In the second phase, disease incidence was better correlated with air temperature in the range of 11–16°C and RH above 85% (R2 = 0.681); there was no correlation between disease and LW at this stage. Development of stem infections was correlated with air temperature in the range of 11–16°C during the first phase of the epidemic. By contrast, the second phase was characterized by a close correlation between stem infections and RH in the range of 80–100% but also with air temperature in the range of 11–16°C, or with air temperature in the range of 11–25°C and RH 80–100%, and LW. 相似文献