共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
以石羊河中游荒漠河岸植被优势种群沙蒿(Artemisia arenaria)为研究对象,采用点格局分析法,对垂直于河道不同距离梯度上沙蒿种群的空间格局和空间关联性进行了分析。结果表明：① 随着垂直于河道方向距离的递增,沙蒿种群由增长型逐渐演变为衰退型;② 垂直于河道不同距离梯度上沙蒿种群的格局特征为,在相对小的尺度上聚集分布特征明显,随尺度的增加聚集性减弱并逐渐表现出随机分布的格局特征,但距离河道近的沙蒿种群聚集强度大于距离河道远的种群;不同距离梯度上,沙蒿种群均表现出幼体聚集分布,成体随机分布的格局特征;③ 垂直于河道不同距离梯度上沙蒿种群不同龄级之间的关联性表现出异质性。距离河道近的沙蒿种群中,形体差异大的植株之间具有正关联性,反映了互利的生态关系;距离河道较远的沙蒿种群中,形体差异小的植株之间具有负关联性,反映了互斥的生态关系;其他龄级植株之间没有表现出明显的关联性。 相似文献
2.
2010年5-8月于乌拉山自然保护区内建立油松天然林固定监测样地10hm2,应用Ripley’k点格局法对油松种群空间格局和不同生长阶段油松空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:乌拉山油松在研究尺度上呈聚集分布,聚集强度随研究尺度增大持续上升,在尺度达到55m后开始下降,并且在油松的幼树、小树、大树三个生长阶段均呈聚集分布。油松幼树与小树在研究尺度内始终是正关联,幼树与大树在尺度小于48m时呈正相关,小树与大树在研究尺度内呈正相关。 相似文献
3.
风沙侵袭影响下绿洲边缘植物群落点格局分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲为研究区,运用Ripley’s K(t)函数点格局分析,研究风沙侵袭影响下植物群落结构和点分布格局的变化。风沙侵袭对植物组成种类无影响,均由骆驼刺、柽柳和花花柴组成,但自内侧向外围随着风沙侵袭强度加大,植株密度和盖度会明显降低,组成比例上从以骆驼刺为主向各种群均匀发展,并且骆驼刺的树冠面积随之显著增加,柽柳和花花柴的树冠面积显著减小。种群分布格局具有明显的尺度依赖性,3个种群在30 m的空间尺度上均以聚集分布为主,随风沙掩埋强度增加,3个种群分布类型从聚集变为随机,且聚集分布的尺度范围及聚集峰值所在尺度逐渐减小。研究区内各种群间以负关联为主,随风沙侵袭强度加大,各种群间的负关联程度及尺度范围均呈减弱趋势,最终变为不关联或部分尺度上较弱负关联。风沙掩埋的直接干扰和植物适应性及种间关联关系是种群空间格局变化的主要原因,强烈的风沙掩埋抑制了植物的生长和繁殖,促使群落退化,所以绿洲边缘的流沙深入区是过渡带建设及保护的重点区域。 相似文献
4.
干旱区内陆河流域人口统计数据的空间化——以黑河流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人口数据对于全球、洲际、区域尺度的人与环境交互作用研究的重要性已经被广泛地认知。研究人口数据与环境的关系不仅要关心人口的数量,更要分析其空间分布。遥感和地理信息系统是人口统计数据实现空间化的有效工具。结合干旱区内陆河流域特征构建适合黑河流域农村和城市人口分布的模型:基于土地利用数据建立回归模型,模拟黑河流域农村人口的空间分布;利用城市边缘距离来表征城市多中心情形,将不规则的城市虚拟成同心圆分布的城市,并将Clark模型和加幂指数模型转换成基于城市边缘距离的形式来模拟研究区城市人口密度。基于以上方法最终获得黑河流域25m格网的人口空间分布结果和尺度上推后的1km格网数据。在乡镇级别对人口空间化结果进行精度验证,并与已有数据库(GPW1995、UNEP/GRID 1995、LandScan 2002和cn2000pop)估计的黑河流域人口数据进行比较,结果均表明本研究采用的方法和模型可以获得更高精度的流域人口空间分布数据。 相似文献
5.
外来广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆潜在分布区的预测 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
豚草是传入我国的恶性外来入侵杂草,广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communaLeSage)是新近发现、专食豚草的潜在有效天敌。为预测广聚萤叶甲的潜在分布范围,利用CLIMEX软件对该叶甲与豚草及其近缘植物三裂叶豚草、向日葵等潜在寄主植物的适生区进行了分析和预测;采用由生态气候指数(EI)衍生的生物-气候风险指数(BCRI),分别分析了该叶甲与这3种植物同域分布的范围。广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆的潜在分布区向北可以分布到沈阳,向南可能分布到海南;而华东、华南和西南东部地区是其适宜的分布区域。广聚萤叶甲与豚草在我国北部的共同适宜边际区到达山东济南,与三裂叶豚草和向日葵的北部边际区达到辽宁沈阳,而该叶甲与这3种植物的共同适宜区主要分布在华东、华南和西南东部等地。我国北方种植的向日葵受广聚萤叶甲取食危害的风险很低。 相似文献
6.
天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征和空间分布格局 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和个体空间分布格局等方面研究新疆天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律。研究结果表明:1)种群年龄结构中幼苗幼树(Ⅰ级)比例最大(82.11%),中树(Ⅲ-Ⅵ级)和大树(Ⅶ-Ⅹ级)比例次之,小树(Ⅱ级)比例最小(0.26%)的规律;2)种群死亡率在Ⅰ径级最高(99.70%),随着径级的增加,死亡率呈现"高-低-高"模式,种群生命期望呈现"低-高-低"的模式;3)天山云杉种群的存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅢ型,即Ⅰ径级存活指数最高(6.91),Ⅱ径级(1.16)急剧下降,Ⅱ-Ⅴ径级逐渐上升,随后逐渐下降;4)种群格局随取样尺度由25-400m2增加,聚集强度逐渐降低,其中,在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;5)随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱。幼苗幼树在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;中树在50m2和150m2尺度上较大;而小树和大树聚集强度不受取样面积影响。因此,天山北坡的天山云杉天然林应适当间伐以促进更新,种群更新的最适林隙面积为25m2。 相似文献
7.
华北土石山区森林土壤养分空间变异研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场4hm2天然次生林中100个采样点0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm的土壤养分测定分析数据,运用地统计学方法研究了土壤养分的空间变异特征,并分析讨论了该区域土壤养分的空间分布特点。结果表明:研究区内土壤养分(有机质、全钾、全氮、全磷、速效钾和有效磷)的变异系数在0.17~0.94之间,属于中等变异程度。0-20cm速效钾的结构比为0.534,具有中等空间相关性,其余各层的土壤养分结构比都在0.900以上,具有很强的空间相关性。各土壤养分的空间相关距离为40.53-287.1m,均表现出了明显的空间分布趋势。研究结果对在华北土石山区土壤取样设计及土壤养分的空间内插和制图具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
8.
《干旱区资源与环境》2017,(7):172-176
文中利用最大熵生态位模型(MaxEnt)与地理信息系统(Arc GIS),结合豚草地理分布数据及19个环境因子,对入侵植物豚草在我国东北地区潜在分布和适生等级进行预测。结果表明:豚草的潜在分布区大致呈现以辽河平原腹地为中心,其适生等级向外辐射状递减趋势分布。根据豚草适生系数,确定赤峰-阿荣旗-伊春-黑河一线为豚草扩散风险的分界线。ROC曲线中AUC值为0.986,表明预测结果"非常好"。应用刀割法计算各环境变量对最大熵模型建立贡献率,结果表明影响豚草分布的主要环境因子为最暖季度平均温度和最湿季度平均温度。豚草在不同适生等级分布区域的比较分析,表明豚草在低海拔地区比在高海拔地区分布多。本研究为监测与控制外来入侵植物豚草的扩散提供了依据。 相似文献
9.
艾比湖湿地自然保护区克隆植物群落空间格局及其对水盐胁迫的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
克隆植物对水盐胁迫的响应不仅在个体水平上,在种群分布格局和种群关联水平上也有一定的响应特征。利用Ripley’s K(r)函数和L(r)函数,对艾比湖湿地自然保护区4种克隆草本植物组成的混生群落进行点格局分析和关联分析。结果表明：“密集型”克隆植物花花柴（Karelinia caspia）、芦苇(Phragmites australis)在0~5 m尺度上多为集群分布;“游击型”克隆植物罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）、白麻（Poacynum pictum）在0~1 m尺度上多为随机分布,在1~4.5 m尺度上集群分布,在4.5~5 m尺度上为均匀分布;4种植物间除花花柴和芦苇为负关联关系外,其他多为正关联关系。在较强的水盐胁迫环境下,克隆植物更倾向于集群分布,这与克隆植物的生理整合作用以及种间正关联关系有关。 相似文献
10.
晋西黄土区常规果农间作模式下 果树遮阴时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨晋西黄土区常规苹果树与农作物间作模式条件下不同树龄果树遮阴范围的时空分布特征,提出合理的间作作物种植区域,以山西吉县果农间作条件下4~7 a生苹果树为试验材料,遵循平行光线下的相似性原理,将果树按其树体缩小50倍,制作不同林龄的苹果树3D模型,利用树体模型在研究区进行果树遮阴范围的动态测定。结果表明：（1）在时间上,单株苹果树遮阴面积在一天内随时间先减小后增大,中午12∶00果树遮阴面积最小;在空间上,苹果树遮阴范围整体呈现不等宽弧型分布,且果树北侧遮阴大于南侧遮阴距离0.5~0.6 m。（2）在一天中,4~7 a生苹果树行间均受到同行苹果树(目标果树与邻株果树)的叠加遮阴,遮阴时长为4~9 h。（3）4 m×5 m株行距配置下间作作物的适宜种植区域为1.41~1.91 m,5 m×5 m 株行距配置下间作作物的种植区域为1.63~2.14 m,且种植区域均随树龄的增加而减小。（4）间作作物行间适宜种植区域应采用南北向不等间距种植,并且适宜种植区北向距离大于南向距离0.6~0.7 m。综合研究区常规果农间作配置果树遮阴范围时空分布特征分析,传统果农间作系统下不同树龄时期,间作作物的南北方向等间距种植模式存在不合理性。本研究依据晋西黄土区常规果农间作配置模式果树遮阴范围时空分布特征,提出果农复合系统间作作物的不同株行距配置下不同树龄的间作作物合理种植区,间作作物种植需考虑南北不等间距,且随着树龄增长间作范围应不断缩小。 相似文献
11.
Spatial distribution of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Pusa 992 pigeon pea cultivar during kharif (rainy season) 2011 and 2012 was analyzed through Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's mean crowding (IMC) regression. M. vitrata exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern on the crop. The pooled data for the two years fitted well to the TPL (a = 1.05, b = 1.19, R2 = 0.967) and the IMC (α = ?0.17, β = 1.124, R2 = 0.99). The optimal sample sizes with the TPL parameters increased with an increased precision level. Based on the TPL parameters, the decision lines of sequential sampling for M. vitrata were determined to be d = 3n ± 2.5√n. The sequential sampling plan would economize decision-making for an effective management of M. vitrata. 相似文献
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Odile Carisse Catherine Meloche William W. Turechek 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,130(3):349-365
The spatial pattern of apple scab was characterized using 10 years of disease incidence and lesion density data collected
in managed orchards located in Quebec, Canada. Distributional analyses indicated that scab incidence was better characterized
by the beta-binomial than the binomial distribution in 53 and 65% of the data sets at the leaf and shoot scales, respectively.
Median values of the beta-binomial parameter θ, a measure of small-scale aggregation, were near 0 (0.003 and 0.028) at both
sampling scales, indicating that disease incidence was close to being randomly distributed (low degree of aggregation). For
lesion density, the negative binomial distribution fitted the data better than the Poisson distribution in 86% of the data
sets at the leaf scale. The median value of the index of dispersion k was 0.068, indicating that aggregation was present. For all apple scab measurements, the power law models provided a good
fit to the data. The estimated slope and intercept parameters were significantly greater than 1 and 0, respectively, suggesting
that spatial heterogeneity changed systematically with disease incidence. Results of a covariance analysis showed that spatial
heterogeneity of scab incidence at both scales and lesion density was not dependent upon shoot type but that spatial heterogeneity
of scab incidence and lesion density at the leaf scale was influenced by the sampling period. A hierarchical analysis showed
that scab incidence at the tree scale increased as a saturation-type curve with respect to incidence at the leaf or shoot
scales. A similar relationship was observed for incidences at the shoot and leaf scales. An effective sample size model based
on the binary power law parameters (Madden and Hughes, Phytopathology 89:770–781, 1999) gave the best fit to the leaf and shoot data, respectively. The incidence-lesion density relationship at both scales was
well described by a complementary log-log (CLL) and log transformation model ( Radj2 = 0.97 and Radj2 = 0.94 ) \left( {R_{{adj}}^2 = 0.97\,and\,R_{{adj}}^2 = 0.94} \right) , however, the models tended to underestimate lesion density. The information of the spatial relations of apple scab within
and between hierarchical scales acquired from this study can be used in developing and evaluating practical disease management
strategies and to improve apple scab assessments for fungicide or cultivar susceptibility trials. 相似文献
14.
The spatial variability of weeds within fields was studied for six sets of count data. Heterogeneity for a given mean population density was measured using the variance of the counts between sample units at different locations; relatively large values of sample variance imply aggregation. The dependence of variance on mean was measured using the relationship known as Taylor's power law, ubiquitous in animal ecology but seldom used for plant populations. This was fitted to an extensive set of plant counts and 69 estimates of its parameters b, an index of aggregation, and log10a were computed. Estimates were corrected for bias when the number of samples was small. Overall, b varied between 1.32 and 2.61, and log10a varied between -0.85 and 1.58. agreeing well with previous estimates for both plant and animal populations. Parameter estimates varied with sample size and spatial sample scale, but unpredictably. Parameter values when species counts were combined were compared with individual species analyses. Knowledge of the likely range of these parameters for weed populations provides an important basis for future modelling of the relationship between weed density and crop yield loss. 相似文献
15.
为揭示大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella不同地理种群间的遗传分化情况,通过测定19个地理种群214头老熟幼虫的线粒体COI基因序列,利用MEGA 6.0和Dna SP 5.0软件对不同地理种群间序列变异和遗传分化进行分析。结果表明,在214条408 bp的COI基因序列中发现46个变异位点,获得49种单倍型。总群体单倍型多样度为0.8277,固定系数为0.59,基因流为0.17。总群体Tajima’s D检验结果不显著,说明在较近时间内大豆食心虫未经历群体扩张。大豆食心虫不同地理种群间基因交流较少,贵阳种群、都安种群与其它地理种群分化明显,整体的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高,地理距离是影响不同地理种群间遗传距离的重要因素。 相似文献
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From 2009/2010 to 2010/2011, flight patterns and spatial distribution of pea aphids were studied in northwestern Ethiopia. Yellow traps were used and legume fields sampled. Trap catches varied between years (lower in 2009/2010 than in 2010/2011), locations and months in the growing season. At Woreta, peaks were observed in January (20–70 per trap) and at Wondata in October and November (60–80 per trap). Also, pea aphid numbers were more on fallow land than on other land-use systems (a maximum of 41,000 in December 2010/2011 and 25,000 in January 2009/2010 per 100 plants). Taylor's power law coefficients, i.e., b values, were significantly greater than 1 on grass peas planted after fallow; the corresponding r2 values ranged between 0.87 and 0.94. Coefficients were inconsistent on grass peas planted after teff and undersown in maize. The optimum sample size n (number of yellow traps) required in relation to the mean densities of the pea aphid was more or less the same for the three levels of accuracy (D = 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5). At D = 0.5, numerical sample size curves showed 10 traps as mean number of aphids per trap approached 4 or 5, which is practical and affordable. Some additional work at more locations may be required to validate these sampling plans before wider use. 相似文献
18.
E. J. Bals 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):193-200
Abstract Between 1982 and 1985, Nigerian cassava fields were periodically sampled through three crop growing seasons to analyze the within and between‐plant distribution of CM as affected by weather (dry and rainy season) using the mean crowding statistics and Taylor's power law. Enumerative and binomial sampling plans were developed which take into consideration the seasonal changes in the spatial distribution patterns of CM. The costs of the two procedures were compared to select the most cost‐efficient sampling plan. 相似文献
19.
Martice E Vasquez Amrith S Gunasekara Thomas M Cahill Ronald S Tjeerdema 《Pest management science》2010,66(1):28-34
BACKGROUND: The pyrethroid insecticide etofenprox is of current interest to rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley owing to its effectiveness against the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel. This study aimed to describe the partitioning of etofenprox under simulated rice field conditions by determining its Henry's law constant (H) (an estimate of volatilization) and organic carbon‐normalized soil–water distribution coefficient (Koc) at representative field temperatures. A comparison of etofenprox and λ‐cyhalothrin is presented using a level‐1 fugacity model. RESULTS: Experimental determination of H revealed that etofenprox partitioned onto the apparatus walls and did not significantly volatilize; the maximum value of H was estimated to be 6.81 × 10?1 Pa m3 mol?1 at 25 °C, based on its air and water method detection limits. Calculated values for H ranged from 5.6 × 10?3 Pa m3 mol?1 at 5 °C to 2.9 × 10?1 Pa m3 mol?1 at 40 °C, based on estimated solubility and vapor pressure values at various temperatures. Log Koc values (at 25 °C) were experimentally determined to be 6.0 and 6.4 for Princeton and Richvale rice field soils, respectively, and were very similar to the values for other pyrethroids. Finally, temperature appears to have little influence on etofenprox sorption, as the log Koc for the Princeton soil at 35 °C was 6.1. CONCLUSION: High sorption coefficients and relatively insignificant desorption and volatilization of etofenprox suggest that its insolubility drives it to partition from water by sorbing to soils with high affinity. Offsite movement is unlikely unless transported in a bound state on suspended sediments. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
为明确山东省主要烟草产区烟草赤星病菌Alternaria alternata对苯醚甲环唑和氟环唑的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法检测苯醚甲环唑和氟环唑对86株烟草赤星病菌菌株的EC_(50),用Spearman’s秩相关系数法分析供试菌株对2种杀菌剂敏感性的相关性,并评价其对烟草赤星病的田间防效。结果表明,苯醚甲环唑对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长EC_(50)值介于5.3883～8.0316 mg/L之间,平均值为6.9594 mg/L,敏感性频率分布呈连续性偏正态分布,田间烟草赤星病菌对苯醚甲环唑仍然较为敏感,可建立田间烟草赤星病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感基线。氟环唑对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长的EC_(50)值介于0.1253～0.2517 mg/L,平均值为0.1773 mg/L,敏感性频率分布呈连续性偏正态分布,可建立田间烟草赤星病菌对氟环唑的敏感基线。相关性分析结果表明,烟草赤星病菌对苯醚甲环唑和氟环唑敏感性之间不存在明显的相关性。田间试验结果表明,30%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂对烟草赤星病具有较好的防效,其有效成分150 g/hm~2处理的防效最高,为73.99%;12.5%氟环唑悬浮剂对烟草赤星病的最高防效为70.57%。表明2种三唑类杀菌剂对烟草赤星病防效较好。 相似文献