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1.
小麦籽粒发育时期Puroindolines蛋白与硬度的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨Puroindolines蛋白的表达特点与籽粒硬度的关系,采用改进的SDS-PAGE凝胶分析了不同硬度小麦品种的籽粒在各个发育时期Puroindolines蛋白的表达.结果表明,不同硬度的小麦籽粒中总Puroindolines(PinA和PinB)蛋白的表达量差异不大,但与胚乳淀粉颗粒结合的Puroindolines蛋白量差异非常明显:在籽粒发育的不同时期,软质小麦籽粒淀粉粒表面结合的Puroindolines蛋白量显著高于硬质小麦;基因型同为野生型但硬度有差异的品种,籽粒较软的材料其淀粉粒表面结合的Puroindolines蛋白量也明显高于较硬的材料,说明该蛋白的结合特性是决定籽粒硬度的直接原因.结果还表明,胚乳中水溶性戊聚糖与籽粒硬度关系密切. 相似文献
2.
不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的差异,以强筋小麦皖麦38和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,比较了两者胚乳细胞游离核分裂状况、细胞数目的增殖变化、细胞体积的变化、糊粉层发育、淀粉体和蛋白质体发育等内容,主要结果如下：（1）皖麦38游离核有丝分裂所占比例较大,扬麦9号无丝分裂所占比例较大,且受温度影响较大;（2）胚乳细胞增殖均呈"S"型曲线变化,皖麦38胚乳细胞增殖较快,胚乳体积较大,最终粒重较高;（3）皖麦38胚乳细胞中大淀粉体数目多于扬麦9号,而小淀粉体数目表现却相反;（4）皖麦38与扬麦9号相比较,糊粉层出现时间较晚,而且糊粉层细胞壁较厚,被甲苯胺蓝染色更浓;（5）成熟籽粒中淀粉粒形状有饼形、椭圆形和近圆球形三种。皖麦38胚乳中饼形和椭圆形淀粉粒较多,且相互结合较紧密;扬麦9号饼形和近球形淀粉粒较多,胚乳结构疏松。 相似文献
3.
《Journal of Cereal Science》1999,30(2):183-191
Two naked waxy barley cultivars, Bz 489-30 and Prowashonupana were analysed in order to study the chemical composition and the microstructure. Prowashonupana contained more protein, fat and ash, and less starch than Bz 489-30. The content of mixed-linked β-glucan was almost three times higher in Prowashonupana (14·9%) than in Bz 489-30 (5·6%), but extractability at 40 °C was much lower. Microscopy studies showed that kernels and endosperm cells of Prowashonupana were irregular, and that cell walls were thicker with a higher content of mixed-linked β-glucan than in Bz 489-30. In both barleys the sub-aleurone layer contained black starch granules, indicating a higher amylose content in this structure compared to the rest of the kernel. Starch was isolated from both barleys using two different procedures and analysed for amylose content. The amylose content was higher, while volume % of A-granules was lower and mean diameter of A-granules was smaller in starch isolated from Prowashonupana than from Bz 489-30. Both composition and yield of starch were however influenced by the isolation procedure used. The procedure which gave higher starch yield resulted in a higher amylose content, probably because of greater recovery of starch from outer parts of the kernel with a higher amylose content. 相似文献
4.
以两份玉米子粒类型空间诱变系SP-M1、SP-M2以及野生型玉米自交系齐319为试验材料,对田间农艺性状、穗部性状、子粒的营养品质性状和胚乳内部显微结构进行分析。结果表明,与野生型相比,两个诱变系在株高、穗位高、粒长、百粒重等田间农艺性状和穗部性状上发生显著或极显著变异,且变异方向不同,SP-M1和SP-M2赖氨酸含量显著高于野生型,SP-M2淀粉含量显著高于野生型,蛋白质含量显著低于野生型。2个诱变系与齐319在胚乳边缘组织、胚乳内部组织、淀粉粒、基质蛋白等结构存在差异,淀粉粒的组成比例和排列顺序是影响胚乳超微结构差异的主要原因。 相似文献
5.
以农乐988和扬糯1号两个品种的玉米颖果为材料,利用树脂半薄切片、组织化学染色及生理测定等方法研究胚乳组织和细胞的发育过程。结果表明,两个玉米品种粒重及淀粉含量的变化呈S形生长曲线;可溶性糖变化呈单峰曲线,授粉后12 d含量最高;总蛋白含量在授粉后6 d较高。颖果粒重和总蛋白含量农乐988>扬糯1号;可溶性糖及淀粉含量扬糯1号>农乐988。授粉后0~2 d胚乳处在游离核期,授粉后3~5 d胚乳处在细胞化期,授粉6 d以后胚乳细胞开始分化,内胚乳细胞出现淀粉体和蛋白体。胚乳中淀粉的积累由颖果顶端向基部、由胚乳外层向中央推进。扬糯1号胚乳发育较提前,失活较晚;农乐988胚乳发育相对滞后,失活较早。玉米胚乳发育和颖果发育关系紧密,胚乳游离核期和细胞化期相当于颖果形成期,胚乳分化期相当于颖果乳熟期,胚乳成熟期相当于颖果蜡熟期与完熟期。 相似文献
6.
Relationships between kernel vitreousness and proteins and starch partitioning to the floury and vitreous regions of the endosperm were monitored in a set of 13 maize inbred lines. Decrease of protein contents from the vitreous to the floury endosperms were mainly assigned to α-zeins. Using Raman microspectroscopy, we observed a protein gradient from the periphery to the center of endosperms that well fitted with the inverse relationships between vitreousness and protein content of the vitreous and floury regions. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy highlighted an increase of starch crystallinity from the periphery to the center of the maize endosperms. This agrees with the higher amylose and associated lipid contents within starches of vitreous than in those of floury endosperms. Finally, starch granules from vitreous regions displayed more channels than the floury ones. These channels contain proteins that might favor adhesion of proteins to starch granules or granule–granule contacts to form the close packing of the vitreous endosperm. Therefore transition from vitreous to floury endosperm is at least the result of both protein and starch gradients. These gradients are probably associated with metabolic gradients that have been observed during endosperm development. 相似文献
7.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):160-168
AbstractThe resistance to high-temperature stress and the structural appearance of the imperfect grains caused by a high temperature at the ripening stage were studied using 13 selected cultivars of rice. High temperature treatment (daily maximum temperature range, 32-40°C) given from the 4th day after heading caused the decrease in panicle weight in all of the cultivars examined. The number of empty grains in the upper and lower parts of a panicle was increased by the high temperature in 10 cultivars. Cultivars KRN, Citanduy, Belle patna and BPB were tolerant to the high-temperature treatment at the ripening stage, and cvs. Koshihikari, Sanlicun, Tainung 67, Yamada-nishiki and Lady Wright were sensitive. Light microscopic observation showed that, the whole endosperm was covered with a nucellar epidermis (NE) under both high and natural temperature (26-31°C) conditions at the first week after heading (WAH). Under high-temperature conditions the NE degenerated earlier than under natural temperature conditions. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that, the endosperm cells of the seeds with a specific gravity (s.g.) of higher than 1.06 had large amyloplasts filled with starch granules. However, the endosperm cells of seeds with a s.g. of 1.00-1.06 had many small amyloplasts containing small single starch granules and had numerous spaces among the amyloplasts. In the endosperm cells at the dorsal side of imperfect grain, layered structures showing progressive decomposition of starch granules were observed. 相似文献
8.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):481-487
AbstractThis study was designed to determine the effects of the hardness distribution and the endosperm structure on the polishing characteristics of brewer’s rice kernels. We used four brewer’s rice cultivars, Kairyo-omachi, Hattan-nishiki No. 1, Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki. The broken kernel ratios in Kairyo-omachi and Hattan-nishiki No. 1 were significantly higher than those in Senbon-nishiki and Yamada-nishiki. Vickers hardness (VH) values in white-core tissues in kernels differed among varieties, which were significantly lower in Kairyo-omachi and Hattan-nishiki No. 1. However, no varietal differences were observed in VH values in the peripheral translucent tissues surrounding the white-core tissues. The tissues along the dorsoventral axis were softer than those along the longitudinal axis of the kernels. The tissues on the ventral side were softer than those on the dorsal side. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed the presence of closely arranged compound starch granules and few varietal differences in the peripheral translucent tissues surrounding the white-core tissues. However, as compared with Yamada-nishiki and Senbon-nishiki, in Hattan-nishiki No. 1 and Kairyo-omachi, the starch granules were loosely packed and the airspaces between the starch granules were more numerous in the white-core tissues. A higher number of airspaces and less starch were present in the endosperm cells along the dorsoventral axis when compared with along the longitudinal axis and on the ventral side than on the dorsal side. The present study showed that polishing characteristics are closely related with the endosperm structure, which is characterized as the density of starch granules. 相似文献
9.
10.
为探明糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发和胚乳消亡的差异,以典型糯大麦品种白青稞和甘垦5号以及非糯大麦品种扬农啤10号和苏裸麦1号为材料,采用组织化学染色、树脂半薄切片和光学显微镜观察等方法,研究了糯大麦与非糯大麦胚乳的消亡和淀粉体形态变化。结果表明,在种子萌发过程中,糯大麦种子萌发较好,发芽率较高;糯大麦和非糯大麦颖果胚乳的消亡过程基本相同,呈现出一定的时序性,均是从近胚端的腹部开始消耗,逐渐延伸至背部,最后沿腹沟延伸至远胚端;在大麦种子萌发过程中,近糊粉层中淀粉体最先消亡,小淀粉体早于大淀粉体被消耗;与非糯大麦相比,糯大麦胚乳淀粉体的消亡时间较早、消亡速率较快。概言之,糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发过程中胚乳的消亡规律基本相同,但糯大麦种子萌发好,胚乳消亡快。 相似文献
11.
为研究小麦籽粒发育过程中胚乳淀粉粒形成与粒度分布特征,以小麦品种藁城8901与豫麦50为材料,研究了籽粒胚乳淀粉粒形成、生长与分布特征。结果表明,花后4d,小麦胚乳出现不同范围大小的淀粉粒,最大粒径8μm。花后7d,籽粒中淀粉粒增多增大,最大粒径20μm左右。花后10~14d,淀粉粒体积继续增大,并产生了一个新的小淀粉粒群体。花后17d,淀粉粒以体积增大为主。花后21d,淀粉粒最大粒径较成熟期变化较小。花后24d,小于0.6μm的淀粉粒数目急剧增加,大于0.6μm的淀粉粒数目占比则明显减少,表明这一时期又产生了一个新淀粉粒群体(后期形成的B型淀粉粒)。花后24~28d,小于0.6μm的淀粉粒数目仍不断增加,而直径较大的淀粉粒数目增加减少,表明籽粒中新淀粉粒的产生仍在继续,但以小粒径淀粉粒为主。花后28d至成熟期,最小粒径淀粉粒进一步生长,其他淀粉粒粒径变化相对较小。 相似文献
12.
【目的】水稻种子主要以淀粉形式储藏能量。淀粉合成需要多种酶类和调控因子参与，机制较为复杂。本研究利用水稻胚乳发育缺陷突变体，克隆和鉴定新的调控淀粉合成相关基因，旨在为研究淀粉合成及其调控提供理论依据。【方法】从化学诱变剂甲基亚硝基脲（1-methyl-1-nitroso-urea, MNU）处理的宁粳3号(Ningjing 3, WT)突变体库中筛选到一个能稳定遗传的胚乳粉质皱缩突变体，命名为fse4 (floury and shrunken 4 )。与籼稻品种Dular杂交获得F1种子（F2），通过图位克隆的策略确定FSE4候选基因。利用杂合植株（FSE4fse4）分离出的粉质种子，观察形态学特征，分析其理化性质。使用扫描电镜和半薄切片技术观察胚乳结构。使用qRT-PCR和免疫印迹分析淀粉合成相关基因表达模式和淀粉合成相关酶类的蛋白积累量。利用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定成熟胚乳各氨基酸含量。【结果】突变体fse4籽粒宽度、厚度以及千粒重显著下降，同时胚乳中总淀粉、总蛋白、直链淀粉含量亦显著下降，而脂肪含量显著上升；淀粉黏度、崩解值和消减值显著低于野生型。突变体fse4中多为单粒型淀粉颗粒，且排列分散。FSE4定位于第5染色体长臂约252 kb的区间内，测序发现编码Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶基因 （Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, P5CS）第1外显子上发生单碱基替换，导致一保守的氨基酸发生变异。突变体fse4中大部分淀粉合成相关基因表达量下调，多种淀粉合成相关蛋白积累量减少。突变体fse4米粉中多种氨基酸含量发生显著变化，游离氨基酸含量是其野生型的3.6倍。此外，外源喷施脯氨酸能部分恢复突变体fse4种子萌发缺陷表型。【结论】FSE4编码脯氨酸合成关键限速酶P5CS，该基因对胚乳中氨基酸的合成及代谢起重要的调控作用，并影响淀粉的合成与积累。 相似文献
13.
DU Yimo PAN Tian TIAN Yunlu LIU Shijia LIU Xi JIANG Ling ZHANG Wenwei WANG Yihua WAN Jianmin 《中国水稻科学》2019,33(6):499-512
【Objective】Starch is the main energy reserve of rice endosperm. The biosynthesis of starch is complex, requiring a large number of synthetic enzymes and regulators. Screening rice endosperm defective mutants and cloning the underlying genes will lay theoretical basis for starch biosynthesis and its regulation. 【Method】 A stable genetic floury and shrunken endosperm mutant termed as fse4 (floury and shrunken4) were obtained from the mutant library of Ningjing 3 (WT), which was induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). An F2 mapping population was generated by crossing the fse4 mutant with Dular (an indica rice variety) and the gene was finally isolated. The floury seeds segregated from the fse4 heterozygous plants were used to observe the morphological features, and the physicochemical properties of the brown rice flour were analyzed. The endosperm structure was observed with a scanning electron microscopy by the semi-thin section technology. The expression of starch synthesis related genes during grain filling was determined by qRT-PCR; Immunoblotting was used to detect the accumulation of proteins related to starch synthesis. The amino acids contents of each mature endosperm were determined with the fully automatic amino acid analyzer.【Result】The 1000-grain weight and grain size were significantly reduced in fse4. Compared with WT, the contents of total starch, amylose and total protein were signi?cantly lower in fse4, while the lipid content was signi?cantly higher. The starch viscosity, breakdown viscosity and setback viscosity of the fse4 mutant were lower than WT. The endosperm of the mutant had many single dispersed starch granules with large spaces between each other. Using 1568 recessive individuals, FSE4 was narrowed down to a 252 kb region. Sequencing revealed a single base substitution in the first exon of the delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), resulting in a conserved amino acid variation. Most of the genes related to starch synthesis were downregulated in fse4 and the protein accumulation related to starch synthase were reduced. The contents of various amino acids in fse4 rice flour were increased or decreased, the total free amino acids contents in fse4 seeds was 2.6 times higher than those in WT. Exogenous proline was applied during the germination of fse4 seeds, and the embryonic lethal phenotype was partially recovered.【Conclusion】FSE4 encode the key rate-limiting enzyme P5CS of proline synthesis, which plays an important role in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids in endosperm and affects the accumulation of starch. 相似文献
14.
为从微观角度了解小麦胚乳淀粉体的发生和发展过程,以强筋小麦徐麦30、中筋小麦扬麦11和弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,利用显微技术研究了小麦胚乳背部和腹部淀粉粒的大小、数量和发育等特性。结果表明：（1）小麦胚乳淀粉粒粒径在颖果发育前期增加速率较快,而在发育后期增加较慢。同一品种腹部大淀粉粒粒径长度高于背部。品种间大淀粉粒粒径表现为扬麦13>扬麦11>徐麦30,小淀粉粒径表现为扬麦13>徐麦30>扬麦11。（2）在小麦胚乳发育过程中单位面积大淀粉粒的数量呈现先降后升的变化趋势。小麦胚乳大淀粉粒数量表现为徐麦30>扬麦11>扬麦13。胚乳细胞中小淀粉粒数量呈现持续增加的趋势,前期增加速率较快,后期较慢,品种间大小淀粉粒总数量均表现为扬麦13>扬麦11>徐麦30。（3）不同专用小麦成熟籽粒背部和腹部淀粉粒的形态及分布存在差异。同一品种腹部大淀粉粒数量较多,小淀粉粒数量较少,而背部小淀粉粒数量较多,大淀粉数目较少。三种专用小麦相比,弱筋小麦扬麦13小淀粉粒的数量最多,且排列疏松;而强筋小麦徐麦30小淀粉粒数量较少,且与蛋白体紧密结合,质地致密;中筋小麦扬麦11介于两者之间。 相似文献
15.
小麦胚乳A、B型淀粉粒分离纯化方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了能够准确研究小麦籽粒胚乳中A、B型淀粉粒的形成机理、化学组分及理化特性,对前人分离提纯A、B型淀粉粒的方法进行改进,提出了适于小麦A、B型淀粉粒分离提纯的常量法和微量法。用4个不同淀粉含量类型的小麦品种籽粒对此方法进行验证,结果表明4个品种A、B型淀粉粒在常量法中的分离纯度分别达到79.46%~85.23%和90.27%~96.43%,在微量法中的分离纯度分别达到92.68%~96.70%和96.48%~99.00%。在常量法和微量法中,A型淀粉粒的分离纯度与品种淀粉含量成正相关, B型淀粉粒分离纯度与品种淀粉含量成负相关;而A、B型淀粉粒在两种方法中的分离产率与品种淀粉含量没有显著关系。 相似文献
16.
不同透明度水稻籽粒横断面扫描电镜分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】探索单淀粉粒断面观察方法,并阐明稻米透明度与直链淀粉含量的关系以及造成稻米透明度下降的淀粉结构基础。【方法】采用扫描电镜对经过不同处理的具有不同透明度的籼稻和粳稻胚乳横断面进行淀粉粒结构观察研究。【结果】籼稻和粳稻稻米的透明度在直链淀粉含量低于15%的软米中明显下降。通过比较不同籽粒横断面断开方式,发现直接机械断裂法无法断开单个淀粉粒,机械断裂加玻璃刀刮刻法可以断开单个淀粉粒但断面结构变形且无法定量分析。液氮脆断法可以观察到单个断裂的淀粉粒以及其中的空腔。比较籼稻和粳稻胚乳横断面淀粉粒的排列方式和单个淀粉粒内部结构,表明所有品种稻米胚乳淀粉粒均规则且紧凑排列,但所有暗胚乳稻米籽粒横断面中淀粉粒内部存在明显的空腔且糯稻淀粉粒空腔的数目和大小均明显高于暗胚乳稻米。进一步通过梯度烘干实验,证明稻米淀粉粒中的空腔数目和大小随着水分的降低而增多和变大。【结论】液氮直接脆断法是观察水稻单个淀粉粒断面的有效方法。稻米透明度与胚乳淀粉粒的排列紧密程度无关而与稻米的含水量以及单个淀粉粒中间的气腔数目和大小直接相关。此外,直链淀粉含量越低,淀粉粒中间的空腔数目越多,孔径越大。 相似文献
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Biochemical characterization of QTLs associated with endosperm modification in quality protein maize
Nancy Y. Salazar-Salas Karen V. Pineda-Hidalgo Jeanett Chavez-Ontiveros Roberto Gutierrez-Dorado Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno Luis A. Bello-Pérez Brian A. Larkins Jose A. Lopez-Valenzuela 《Journal of Cereal Science》2014
Genetic analysis using quality protein maize (QPM) recombinant inbred lines derived from K0326Y QPM and W64Ao2 identified three quantitative trait loci (QTL) in bins 1.06, 7.02 and 9.03 associated with opaque2 endosperm modification. We evaluated the effects of these QTLs on protein accumulation and starch physicochemical properties. The QTL in bin 1.06 is close to α-zein genes, and vitreous individuals with this QTL had increased accumulation of 19-kDa α-zein, 27-kDa γ-zein and legumin-1. The QTL in bin 7.02 corresponds to the γ-zein locus, and greater accumulation of this protein was found in vitreous individuals. The QTL in bin 9.03 is close to starch biosynthetic genes; greater accumulation of granule-bound starch synthase and amylose was observed in vitreous kernel samples with this locus and that in bin 1.06, as well as less gelatinization enthalpy and crystallinity. Vitreous kernels contained angular-shaped/compact starch granules and more short-intermediate length chains of amylopectin. These results support that endosperm modification in QPM is associated with increased accumulation of γ-zein and other storage proteins, but also show that synthesis of less crystalline starch with more amorphous regions at the periphery of granules, which favor their packing and association with endosperm proteins, may also be an important factor. 相似文献
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【目的】对水稻粉质皱缩突变体fse2进行表型分析及基因克隆,为阐明水稻淀粉合成机制以及胚的发育奠定基础。【方法】fse2来自粳稻品种滇粳优1号的MNU(N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲)诱变突变体库。本研究考查了突变体fse2籽粒的理化性状,利用扫描电镜和半薄切片观察了淀粉颗粒的结构;构建了fse2与N22的F2群体,通过图位克隆及转基因互补验证确定目标基因;通过qRT-PCR以及GUS活性染色对FSE2进行组织表达分析;免疫印迹分析了突变体中淀粉合成相关基因以及线粒体基因的蛋白变化。【结果】fse2籽粒粉质皱缩,千粒重显著下降;胚乳中淀粉颗粒变小变圆,排列松散,不能形成正常的复合淀粉颗粒;突变体中总淀粉、直链淀粉含量均显著下降,脂肪含量显著上升,突变体淀粉的糊化特性发生明显改变。FSE2编码一个线粒体和质体双定位的鸟苷酸激酶(guanylate kinase),命名为OsGK1。OsGK1在各器官中组成型表达,并在花后6 d的胚乳中表达水平最高。突变体胚乳中淀粉合成相关蛋白水平显著降低,尤其是AGPS2b和PHOI。此外,突变体fse2的胚发育严重受损,导致种子纯合致死;线粒体定位的AOX积累显著增强,而野生型中几乎检测不到,表明线粒体呼吸途径受损。【结论】由于OsGK1的功能缺陷,导致水稻种子中线粒体和造粉体发育异常,进而产生了胚致死以及胚乳粉质皱缩的表型,因此OsGK1对水稻种子的发育至关重要。 相似文献
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水稻粉质胚乳突变体ws的表型分析及基因克隆 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
从甲基亚硝基脲(1-Methyl-1-Nitrosourea,MNU)处理的粳稻品种滇粳优1号突变体库中,筛选到一个稳定遗传的胚乳粉质突变体ws,其籽粒的千粒重、籽粒大小、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量等指标均降低,淀粉在尿素溶液中的膨胀能力减弱。对成熟及发育中的胚乳淀粉结构进行观察,发现ws突变体的胚乳中产生大量小而不规则排布的单淀粉颗粒。利用F2群体中分离出的92个隐性极端个体将突变基因连锁在第8染色体近着丝粒位置,随后共用2025个极端个体将目标基因定位于95kb的区间。测序发现ws突变体中编码腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase,AGPase)小亚基S2的基因发生点突变,导致编码氨基酸的替换。基因表达分析发现,突变体胚乳中编码AGPase各亚基的相关基因表达量没有发生显著改变,而Western杂交分析显示突变体中AGPS2b的蛋白含量下降。同时,ws突变体的胚乳中AGPase活性下降为野生型的一半。研究结果表明,OsAGPS2的突变导致水稻胚乳中AGPase活性降低,从而影响了淀粉合成。 相似文献