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1.
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistances is now a worldwide problem. Investigating the mechanisms by which pets harboring resistant strains may receive and/or transfer resistance determinants is essential to better understanding how owners and pets can interact safely. Here, we characterized the genetic determinants conferring resistance to β-lactams and quinolones in 38 multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples of dogs, through PCR and sequencing. The most frequent genotype included the β-lactamase groups TEM (n = 5), and both TEM + CTX-M-1 (n = 5). Within the CTX-M group, we identified the genes CTX-M-32, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55/79, CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-2/44. Thirty isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin presented two mutations in the gyrA gene and one or two mutations in the parC gene. A mutation in gyrA (reported here for the first time), due to a transversion and transition (TCG → GTG) originating a substitution of a serine by a valine in position 83 was also detected. The plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance gene, qnrs1, was detected in three isolates. Dogs can be a reservoir of genetic determinants conferring antimicrobial resistance and thus may play an important role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans and other co-habitant animals.  相似文献   

2.
This study was conducted to explore the epidemiological and molecular differences between carbapenem-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB) and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) isolates. Thirty-two CSAB and 55 CRAB isolates were collected in 2010. By multilocus sequence typing analysis, 31 (56%) CRAB isolates and 11 (34%) CSAB isolates belonged to ST2. Twenty-one (38%) CRAB isolates, and 4 (13%) CSAB isolates belonged to a new type, ST129. The blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaOXA-58-like were not detected in our study isolates. blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-24/40-like were not detected in all CSAB isolates. On the contrary, blaOXA-23 was detected in 51 (93%) CRAB isolates. Class 1 integron was detected in 19 (35%) CRAB isolates and 8 (25%) CSAB isolates (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the ST2 and ST129 were the major sequence types in both CSAB and CRAB isolates. The blaOXA-23 is the primary carbapenem-resistance gene in CRAB isolates from hospitalized patients and the specimens collected from hospital environment.  相似文献   

3.
Dissemination of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Salmonella is a public health concern in the egg production industry. ESC-resistant Salmonella often acquires the bla gene via insertion sequences (ISs). Therefore, this study aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella from Japanese layer breeding chains and egg processing chains, and determine the genetic profiles of IS-like elements in ESC-resistant Salmonella. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 224 isolates from 49 facilities involving layer breeder farms, hatcheries, pullet-rearing farms, and layer farms in breeding chains along with egg processing chains. ESC-resistant Salmonella strains were whole-genome sequenced. Among them, 40 (17.9%) were resistant to at least streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefpodoxime, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and/or kanamycin despite lacking resistance to azithromycin and meropenem. Moreover, 15 were ESC-resistant Salmonella harboring blaCMY-2 (Salmonella enterica serovar Ohio, n=12; S. Braenderup, n=1; untypeable with O7:b:-, n=1) and blaCTX-M-14 (S. Cerro, n=1). IncA/C2 plasmids containing ISEcp1, IS26, and multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (including blaCMY-2) were identified in S. Ohio isolates from pullet-rearing and layer farms belonging to the same company. Chromosomal integration of partial or whole IncA/C2 plasmids was seen with two S. Ohio isolates via ISEcp1 or IS26, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes such as blaCMY-2 might be transmitted among the upper and the lower levels of layer breeding chains via the replicon type IncA/C2 plasmids containing ISEcp1 and IS26.  相似文献   

4.
A PCR based method was developed for the identification of ceftiofur resistance genes (blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1, and ampC) in swine bacterial pathogens. Using this method, the ceftiofur resistant (n = 76) and susceptible (n = 45) strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Pasteurella multocida were screened for the presence of these three genes. The resistant genes were detected in 70% (blaTEM-1), 68% (blaCMY-2) and 45% (ampC) of the resistant isolates and in 18% (blaTEM-1), 27% (blaCMY-2), and 36% (ampC) of the susceptible isolates. Results obtained in the present study showed widespread distribution of these three resistance genes in ceftiofur-resistant swine pathogens. It was also observed that more pathogens are acquiring these resistance genes.  相似文献   

5.
食品动物源产CTX-M-14大肠杆菌传播分子机制的演变   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
从保存的2002-2009年分离的食品动物源大肠杆菌中,挑选16株blaCTX-M-14阳性菌,用PCR方法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)编码基因、PMQR耐药基因及其他重要抗生素耐药基因(rmtB和floR);通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)及种族进化关系分析16株细菌的亲缘关系;通过接合转移试验、复制子分型和blaCTX-M-14上下游插入元件的检测,分析产CTX-M-14大肠杆菌的传播分子机制。PCR检测结果表明,16株食品动物源产CTX-M-14大肠杆菌大多属于系统发育组A组,其次为B1和D组,没有B2组;PFGE分型结果表明,同一时间内不同动物间存在产CTX-M-14共生型大肠杆菌克隆的扩散传播,但养殖场内CTX-M-14主要是随质粒或其他元件进行水平传播;质粒复制子分型结果表明,携带blaCTX-M-14的质粒属于IncK(3/14)、 IncF(5/14)、 IncHI2(1/14)、IncFIB 和 IncF(1/14)、IncHI1和IncN(2/14)、 IncI1(2/14)等,且随着时间推移,复制子的种类呈增多趋势。2002-2007年的菌株blaCTX-M基因的上下游均检测到ISEcp1和IS903;但2009年菌株除了部分在上下游都可以检测到ISEcp1和IS903外,还有的只检测到上游的ISEcp1或下游的IS903;2002-2009年的菌均未检测到ISCR1。16株产CTX-M-14大肠杆菌除了携带其他ESBLs编码基因,如blaCTX-M79和blaTEM-135外,还携带其他重要抗生素耐药基因,如oqxA、floR、aac(6')-1b-cr及rmtB,而且2002-2009年大肠杆菌携带耐药基因的种类和数量逐年增多;接合转移试验发现,2002-2005年的菌株,blaCTX-M-14往往发生单独转移,而2009年分离菌blaCTX-M-14往往和floR或rmtB位于同一质粒上发生共同转移。这说明养殖场使用氨基糖苷类或氟苯尼考等任何一种抗生素,都可以筛选出产CTX-M-14大肠杆菌并促进其扩散,所以动物养殖过程中要慎用这些抗生素。  相似文献   

6.
Eighty-nine Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faeces of red deer and small mammals, cohabiting the same area, were analyzed to determine the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 6.7% of isolates, with resistances to tetracycline and quinolones being the most common. An E. coli strain carrying blaCTX-M-1 as well as other antibiotic resistant genes included in an unusual class 1 integron (Intl1-dfrA16–blaPSE-1-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH-IS440-sul3-orf1-mef(B)Δ-IS26) was isolated from a deer. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was transferred by conjugation and transconjugants also acquired an IncN plasmid. This strain was typed as ST224, which seems to be well adapted to both clinical and environmental settings. The phylogenetic distribution of the 89 strains varied depending on the animal host. This work reveals low antimicrobial resistance levels among faecal E. coli from wild mammals, which reflects a lower selective pressure affecting these bacteria, compared to livestock. However, it is remarkable the detection of a multi-resistant ESBL-E. coli with an integron carrying clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes, which can contribute to the dissemination of resistance determinants among different ecosystems.  相似文献   

7.
Rectal smears of calves, cows and young bulls, as well as cloacal smears of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), from farms at the villages of Šumice and Troskotovice, Czech Republic, were examined for E. coli resistant to 12 antimicrobials. The resistant isolates were tested for antimicrobial-resistance genes and integrons. Totals of 40% (n = 183), 3% (n = 95), 0% (n = 33), and 9% (n = 54) of Escherichia coli isolates from calves, cows, young bulls and house sparrows, respectively, were antimicrobial resistant. The following genes were identified in cattle E. coli isolates: tetA, tetB (isolates resistant to tetracycline), blaTEM (beta-lactams), strA, aadA (streptomycin), sul1, sul2 (sulphonamides), and cat, floR (chloramphenicol). Seven of 16 antimicrobial-resistant calf isolates from the Šumice farm possessed class 1 integrons with the aadA1 gene cassette integrated, 1 kb in size. On the Troskotovice farm, eight of 57 antimicrobial-resistant calf isolates possessed class 1 integrons. Integrons of 1.5 kb with the dhfr1- aadA1 gene cassette were found in four isolates, followed by a 1 kb integron with the aadA1 gene found in three isolates, and a 1.7 kb integron with the dhfr17-aadA5 gene cassette and the phenotype ASSuTSxtNaCipCCfG. The prevalence of resistant E. coli in calves compared to adult cattle was much higher and probably was influenced by oral antimicrobial usage in calves, feeding with milk and colostrum from treated cows, as well as mechanisms unrelated to antimicrobial drug selection. Although house sparrows lived together with the cattle and came into contact with cattle waste on the farm, they were not infected by resistant E. coli isolates with the same characteristics as those found in cattle.  相似文献   

8.
An epidemiologic study was conducted to investigate the incidence and characterize the antimicrobial resistance determinants, analyzing plasmid profiles, and establishing the genetic relationship among β-lactam-resistant isolates of Salmonella Infantis from broilers in Southern Japan. A total of 120 isolates were recovered from 56 flocks belonging to 44 holdings during 2004–2006. The percentages of resistance were as follows: ampicillin (24%), cephalothin (23%), cefoxitin (0%), ceftazidime (11%), cefotaxime (11%), chloramphenicol (0%), kanamycin (7.5%), ofloxacin (20%), oxytetracycline, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (100%) and trimethoprim (75%). The incidence of blaTEM-encoded β-lactam resistance in 2004–2006 was significantly higher than in 1998–2003 (P < 0.001). BlnI-digested PFGE patterns generated two related clusters implicated in the dissemination of β-lactam resistance. Two types of plasmid profiles were observed and two plasmids of ca. 50 and 180-kb size were carried by β-lactam-resistant isolates. Streptomycin resistance was conferred by aadA1 (n = 116), aadA1-aadA2 (n = 1), and aadA1-strA-strB (n = 3). Resistances to kanamycin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were conferred by aphA1 (n = 9, 100%), tetA (n = 120, 100%) sul1 (n = 120, 100%) and dfrA5 (n = 90, 100%), respectively. Two types of class 1 integrons were detected: 1.0 kb (n = 120) and, 1.0/1.5 kb (n = 3). Integrons of 1.0/1.5 kb were found in isolates with the aadA1-strA-strB gene combination. For the first time, all S. Infantis isolates showed resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents; and the intestinal tract of healthy poultry was a reservoir of the extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant isolates of serovar Infantis.  相似文献   

9.
Pathogenic Escherichia coli is an important cause of diarrhea, edema disease, and septicemia in swine. In Japan, the volume of antimicrobial drugs used for animals is highest in swine, but information about the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is confined to apparently healthy animals. In the present study, we determined the O serogroups, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance of 360 E. coli isolates from swine that died of disease in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2017. The isolates of the predominant serogroups O139, OSB9, O149, O8, and O116 possessed virulence factor genes typically found in diarrheagenic E. coli. We further found five strains of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli that each produced an extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoded by blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-24, blaCTX-M-61, or blaSHV-12. In 218 swine with a clear history of antimicrobial drug use, we further analyzed associations between the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of diseased swine and the isolation of resistant E. coli. We found significant associations between antimicrobial use and selection of resistance to the same class of antimicrobials, such as the use of ceftiofur and resistance to cefotaxime, cefazolin, or ampicillin, the use of aminoglycosides and resistance to streptomycin, and the use of phenicols and resistance to chloramphenicol. A significant association between antimicrobial use and the resistance of E. coli isolates to structurally unrelated antimicrobials, such as the use of ceftiofur and resistance to chloramphenicol, was also observed.  相似文献   

10.
A total of 318 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from different food-producing animals affected with colibacillosis between 2001 and 2006 were subjected to phylogenetic analysis: 72 bovine isolates, 89 poultry isolates and 157 porcine isolates. Overall, the phylogenetic group A was predominant in isolates from cattle (36/72, 50%) and pigs (101/157, 64.3%) whereas groups A (44/89, 49.4%) and D (40/89, 44.9%) were predominant in isolates from poultry. In addition, group B2 was not found among diseased food-producing animals except for a poultry isolate. Thus, the phylogenetic group distribution of E. coli from diseased animals was different by animal species. Among the 318 isolates, cefazolin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentrations: ≥32 μg/ml) was found in six bovine isolates, 29 poultry isolates and three porcine isolates. Of them, 11 isolates (nine from poultry and two from cattle) produced extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). The two bovine isolates produced blaCTX-M-2, while the nine poultry isolates produced blaCTX-M-25 (4), blaSHV-2 (3), blaCTX-M-15 (1) and blaCTX-M-2 (1). Thus, our results showed that several types of ESBL were identified and three types of β-lactamase (SHV-2, CTX-M-25 and CTX-M-15) were observed for the first time in E. coli from diseased animals in Japan.  相似文献   

11.
In the last few years, antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli have been detected in newborn chickens suggesting their vertical transmission from breeding birds to their offspring. However, little is known about the presence of AMR E. coli in the reproductive organs of broiler breeders. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of E. coli in the ovaries of healthy broiler breeders and to study their antimicrobial resistance. Samples from broiler breeders (n = 80) collected from 80 different broiler breeder flocks were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of five antimicrobial agents were determined by Etest. PCR and sequencing were used to detect the blaESBL genes. E. coli were detected in the ovaries of thirty seven out of 80 (46.25%) sampled flocks. High levels of resistance to various first-line antimicrobial agents were recorded in E. coli isolates. This study showed that 89.18% of E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Furthermore, MDR extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were detected in the ovaries of four different broiler breeder flocks. Molecular characterization revealed that three isolates harboured blaCTX-M-1 gene and one isolate expressed blaSHV-12 gene. In addition, one blaCTX-M-1 -producing E. coli co-harboured the blaTEM-1 gene. These findings would contribute to a better epidemiological understanding of MDR E. coli for improve existing preventive strategies in order to reduce the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the broiler production system.  相似文献   

12.
Resistance of Salmonella to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is being reported with increasing frequency. In humans, infections with Salmonella resistant to ESCs threaten the efficacy of ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for treating salmonellosis in children. To determine the occurrence of resistance to ESCs, we examined 8426 strains isolated from food-producing animals in Canada in 1994–99 for reduced susceptibility or resistance to ceftriaxone. Of the 8 such strains identified (7 from turkeys and 1 from cattle), 5 had reduced susceptibility, and 3 were resistant; 2 were isolated in 1995, 1 was isolated in each of 1996 and 1997, and 4 were isolated in 1999. Isoelectric focusing showed that all 8 isolates produced a β-lactamase with a pI ≥ 9. The strains were resistant to cefoxitin and not inhibited by clavulanic acid. Primers specific for the Citrobacter freundii blaAmpC gene produced the expected product in the polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequencing showed that all isolates possessed the blaCMY-2 gene. Plasmid DNA from all 8 isolates transformed Escherichia coli DH10B, whereas only 1 isolate transferred blaCMY-2 conjugally. All transformants and the transconjugant were resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Southern blots of plasmids from the isolates, the transformants, and the transconjugant showed that blaCMY-2 was located on similar-sized plasmids (60 or 90 MDa) in the transformants and the transconjugant. In the S. Typhimurium DT104 and S. Ohio isolates, the floSt gene was found on the same plasmid. Class 1 integrons with the aadB gene cassette were detected in the S. Bredeney isolates but not in their transformants or the transconjugant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid profiles indicated that both clonal dispersion and horizontal transfer of blaCMY-2 may have caused dissemination of the resistance determinant.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Abstract

AIMS: To assess the occurrence of, and characterise, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated by veterinary diagnostic laboratories from infection sites in companion animals in New Zealand.

METHODS: Selected Enterobacteriaceae isolates were submitted by seven New Zealand veterinary diagnostic laboratories. They were isolated from infection sites in companion animals between June 2012 and June 2013, and were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, fluoroquinolones, or any combination of two or more antimicrobials. Based on disk diffusion test results, the isolates were phenotypically categorised according to production of ESBL and AmpC. Genes for ESBL and AmpC production were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Escherichia coli isolates were also typed by multilocus sequence typing.

RESULTS: A total of 115 isolates matching the inclusion criteria were obtained from the participating laboratories, of which 74 (64%) originated from dogs and 29 (25%) from cats. Seven bacterial species were identified, of which E. coli was the most common (87/115, 76%). Of the 115 isolates, 10 (9%) expressed the ESBL phenotype, 43 (37%) the AmpC phenotype, and seven (6%) both ESBL and AmpC phenotypes. Of the 60 ESBL and AmpC-producing isolates, 36 (60%) were E. coli. Amongst these isolates, 27/60 (45%) were classified as multidrug resistant, compared with 15/55 (27%) non-ESBL or AmpC-producing isolates (p<0.01). Ninety five isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 58 (61%) of these were ESBL or AmpC-producing. The predominant ESBL genes were blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15, and the dominant plasmid-encoded AmpC gene was blaCMY-2. Thirty-eight E. coli multilocus sequence types (ST) were identified, and the most prevalent were ST12 (12/89, 13%), ST131 (6/89, 7%) and ST648 (6/89, 7%). ESBL and AmpC-producing isolates accounted for 35/1,082 (3.2%) of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated by one laboratory network over the study period.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ESBL and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae were associated with clinical infections in companion animals in New Zealand, and were often multidrug resistant. In this study, these organisms accounted for <5% of all Enterobacteriaceae isolated from infection sites by one laboratory network, but their prevalence among isolates resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was 61%. Therefore routine secondary testing for ESBL and AmpC production by Enterobacteriaceae that are resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in primary testing could improve the accuracy of definitive antimicrobial therapy in companion animals in New Zealand.  相似文献   

15.
In the present study four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains isolated from a dog (n = 3) and the anterior nares of the dog owner (n = 1) were investigated by conventional and molecular methods. The species identity of the four S. pseudintermedius strains was confirmed by conventional methods, by PCR mediated amplification of S. intermedius/S. pseudintermedius specific segments of thermonuclease encoding gene nuc and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of phosphoacetyltransferase encoding gene pta. Investigation of the four S. pseudintermedius for toxinogenic potential revealed that all four strains were positive for the exfoliative toxin encoding gene siet and the leukotoxin encoding genes lukS, lukF. The oxacillin and penicillin resistance of the four S. pseudintermedius strains could be determined by cultivation of the strains on oxacillin resistant screening agar base, ChromID MRSA Agar and Brilliance MRSA Agar and by multiplex PCR detecting the resistance genes mecA and blaZ. The genetic relatedness of the strains was studied by macrorestriction analysis of their chromosomal DNA using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). According to PFGE all four S. pseudintermedius strains represent an identical bacterial clone indicating a cross transmission between the dog and the dog owner.  相似文献   

16.
鸡白痢沙门氏菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因亚型分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为研究鸡白痢沙门氏菌的耐药表型及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的基因亚型,分别采用微量稀释法及PCR扩增、测序比对法对8株分离自河南的鸡白痢沙门氏菌进行耐药表型检测及ESBLs基因亚型分析.结果显示,8株鸡白痢沙门氏菌对氨苄西林、三代头孢、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星等耐药较为严重,仅对头孢噻呋/舒巴坦(2∶1)、头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦(4∶1)和头孢吡肟高度敏感.PCR检测表明8株受试菌共检出TEM-1(6株)、CTX-M-65(3株)、CTX-M-90(1株)、OXA-1(2株)和OXA-10(1株)5种基因亚型,其中CTX- M-90为国内外首次检出并命名.CTX-M-90的氨基酸序列与CTX-M-14和CTX-M-65相比均仅发生了1处氨基酸变异(80Ala→ Val或275Arg→Ser),故CTX-M-90亚型属于CTX-M-9亚群.结果提示8株鸡白痢沙门氏菌不仅多重耐药严重,而且携带的ESBL基因型复杂.  相似文献   

17.
An eighteen-hour-old Tennessee walking horse foal was referred due to weakness and abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed dehydration, distended abdomen, and uveitis. Blood analysis revealed leukopenia, neutrophils’ toxicity and left shift. The foal developed bloody diarrhea, gastric reflux, and was diagnosed with sepsis and enterocolitis. The foal was treated with intravenous fluids, plasma, antibiotics (ceftriaxone and metronidazole), partial parenteral nutrition (dextrose and amino acids), flunixin meglumine, and ophthalmic drops. Umbilical ultrasound revealed a fluid pocket adjacent to the umbilical vein; therefore, omphalectomy was performed. Umbilicus and blood were cultured. Results recovered two multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli clones, identified as ST38 (umbilicus) and ST361 (blood), harboring two different plasmids encoding blaCTX-M-15. Antibiotic treatment was replaced with imipenem and amikacin, but the foal deteriorated and was euthanized. Postmortem investigation revealed severe ulcerative enteritis, a perforation site and acute renal infarcts. Sepsis due to several different ESBL-producing E. coli strains should be considered, investigated, and treated accordingly.  相似文献   

18.
Salmonella is the second most frequent cause of foodborne illness in the European Union (EU), so EU enforced legislation to achieve a reduction in Salmonella prevalence in the swine sector. To set the reduction target each country carried out a baseline survey to estimate Salmonella prevalence. The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for the presence of Salmonella in breeding pigs based on the data of the Baseline Study for Salmonella in Breeding Pigs in Portugal. In total, 1670 pen fecal samples from 167 herds were tested by culture and 170 samples tested positive. Along with the collection of the samples a survey was applied to collect information about the herd management and potential risk factors. Multilevel analysis was applied to the data using generalized linear mixed models and a logit link function. The outcome variable was the presence/absence of Salmonella in the pen fecal samples. The first level was assigned to the pen fecal samples and the second level to the herds. The results showed significant associations between Salmonella occurrence and the factors (p < 0.05): maternity pens versus mating pens (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.24–0.63), feed from external or mixed source versus home source (OR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.19–6.61), more than 10 animals per pen versus 10 animals per pen (OR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.19–3.43), North Region versus Alentejo Region (OR = 3.86, 95%CI: 1.08–13.75), rodents control (OR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.090–0.59), more than 90% of boars homebred or no boars versus more than 90% of boars from an external source (OR = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.3–0.97), semen from another herd versus semen from insemination centers (OR = 4.47, 95%CI: 1.38–14.43) and herds with a size of 170 or more sows (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.04–3.19). This study offers very relevant information for both the Portuguese veterinary authorities and the pig farmers currently developing control programmes for Salmonella. This is the first study providing evidence for semen and boars source as risk factors for Salmonella in breeding pigs.  相似文献   

19.

Background

The already high and increasing occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in European broiler populations is of concern due to the fact that third and fourth generation cephalosporins are deemed critically important in human medicine. In Sweden 34% of the broilers carry ESBL/pAmpC producing E. coli in their gut, despite the absence of a known selection pressure such as antimicrobial usages. The aim of the current study was to characterise a selection of E. coli strains carrying the blaCTX-M-1, to determine if the spread was due to a specific clone.

Findings

Ten isolates carrying blaCTX-M-1 from Swedish broilers belonged to eight different multi-locus sequence types with three isolates belonging to ST155. The ST155 isolates were identical as assessed by PFGE. The blaCTX-M-1 was in all isolates carried on a plasmid of replicon type incI, which also transferred resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole.

Conclusion

The occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the Swedish broilers is not due to the emergence of a single clone, but rather the spread of a specific incI plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-1.  相似文献   

20.
Thirty-five Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the liver, spleen and intestines of 180 frugivorous and insectivorous bats were investigated for antimicrobial resistance phenotypes/genotypes, prevalence of Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, virulence gene detection and molecular typing. Eight (22.9 %) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Two isolates were cefotaxime-resistant, ESBL-producers and harbored the blaCTX-M-15 gene; they belonged to ST10184-D and ST2178-B1 lineages. tet(A) gene was detected in all tetracycline-resistant isolates while int1 (n = 8) and blaTEM (n = 7) genes were also found. Thirty-three of the E. coli isolates were assigned to seven phylogenetic groups, with B1 (45.7 %) being predominant. Three isolates were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathovars, containing the eae gene (with the variants gamma and iota), and lacking stx1/stx2 genes. Bats in Nigeria are possible reservoirs of potentially pathogenic MDR E. coli isolates which may be important in the ecology of antimicrobial resistance at the human-livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces. The study reinforces the importance of including wildlife in national antimicrobial resistance monitoring programmes.  相似文献   

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