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1.
对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区枝毛野牡丹(Melastoma dendrisetosum)的开花进程,访花昆虫、访花行为、访花频率以及气候条件等进行观察记录,同时检测了花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉胚珠比、繁育系统,并分析其致濒机制。结果表明:枝毛野牡丹是典型的异型雄蕊植物,5:30—8:30逐步开放,8:30—9:00完全开放,19:00花朵闭合,单花开放时间为12—14 h,群体花期36±2 d,无花蜜。访花昆虫主要有木蜂科、条蜂科、蚁科、食蚜蝇科的昆虫,最有效传粉昆虫为木蜂科昆虫。自然与人工授粉、套袋等试验结果表明,枝毛野牡丹不存在主动自花授粉、无融合生殖的生殖保障现象,为自交亲和的异交种,需要昆虫传粉,枝毛野牡丹繁育系统是兼性自交。枝毛野牡丹相对生殖成功率低仅为0.035,主要限制因子为花粉限制和传粉者限制。 相似文献
2.
对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区枝毛野牡丹（Melastoma dendrisetosum）的开花进程,访花昆虫、访花行为、访花频率以及气候条件等进行观察记录,同时检测了花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉胚珠比、繁育系统,并分析其致濒机制。结果表明：枝毛野牡丹是典型的异型雄蕊植物,5：30—8：30逐步开放,8：30—9：00完全开放,19：00花朵闭合,单花开放时间为12—14 h,群体花期36±2 d,无花蜜。访花昆虫主要有木蜂科、条蜂科、蚁科、食蚜蝇科的昆虫,最有效传粉昆虫为木蜂科昆虫。自然与人工授粉、套袋等试验结果表明,枝毛野牡丹不存在主动自花授粉、无融合生殖的生殖保障现象,为自交亲和的异交种,需要昆虫传粉,枝毛野牡丹繁育系统是兼性自交。枝毛野牡丹相对生殖成功率低仅为0.035,主要限制因子为花粉限制和传粉者限制。 相似文献
3.
2012年对锈叶杜鹃自然居群进行了开花物候及访花昆虫的调查,分析了其开花特性;并运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比和人工控制授粉方法,对其繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明,锈叶杜鹃开花时间为2月初至7月,其单花花期、单花序花期及单株花期分别为7.06±2.74 d,12.33±2.37 d和16.17±4.24 d。锈叶杜鹃的雌、雄性器官具有同熟性,但两者的最佳活性时间不同,花粉活力在开花第1天的活力最高,而柱头可授性在开花第4～6天最好。锈叶杜鹃的繁育系统为异交型,自交亲和,需要传粉者;同株异花授粉是其主要的授粉方式。锈叶杜鹃的有效传粉昆虫主要为蜂类,而象甲类、蚁类、叶蜂类昆虫是侵害性昆虫,严重影响其传粉;传粉昆虫访花频率低,可能是导致锈叶杜鹃自然杂交结实率低的主要原因。 相似文献
4.
《林业科学》2021,57(8)
【目的】枣树为虫媒花果树,探索枣花生物学特征与访枣花昆虫之间的适应性,辨析不同扰动生境下访花昆虫访花行为的差异,将有助于保护枣园中访花传粉昆虫,为枣树授粉受精率的提高奠定基础。【方法】以山西省太谷县小白乡的壶瓶枣为研究对象,分别用联苯胺-过氧化氢法、碘-碘化钾染色法、微量进样器法测定枣花的柱头可授性、花粉活力以及泌蜜量;采用目测法、网捕法及粘板法相结合,调查人类高扰动和低扰动2种枣园生境中访花昆虫的数量及行为,并进行统计分析。【结果】1)枣花花期分为蕾裂期、初开期、萼片展平期、花瓣雄蕊分离期、花瓣展平期、花瓣下垂期、雄蕊下垂期7个阶段。整个开花过程在24 h内完成。花药在开花当天中午12:00左右开裂,花粉活力在13:00左右达到最大,为68.35%;柱头在16:30发育成熟,柱头可授性在开花翌日13:00—15:00最强。枣花柱头可授性与花粉活力均为先上升后下降的趋势。2) 2个样地共采集到枣花访花昆虫3 090头,经鉴定隶属8目57科,共90种,包括膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、缨翅目、半翅目、脉翅目和啮虫目。其中膜翅目、双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目昆虫科数最多,分别占总科数的33.33%、19.30%、15.79%和14.04%;双翅目、缨翅目、膜翅目昆虫个体数最多,分别占总个体数的36.47%、24.72%和18.71%。3)高扰动样地访花昆虫共计43种703头,低扰动样地访花昆虫共85种2 387头,2个样地的访花昆虫均为膜翅目种数最多;高扰动样地中缨翅目个体数量显著高于其他目,优势访花昆虫为取食花朵的昆虫;低扰动样地双翅目个体数量显著高于其他目,优势访花昆虫为传粉昆虫,并且低扰动样地传粉型昆虫显著大于高扰动样地。4)枣花花蜜分泌时长约为12 h。低扰动样地13:00左右花蜜分泌量最多,访花昆虫在10:00—16:00数量最多,访花昆虫活动高峰期以及泌蜜量较多的时期与枣花花粉活力最强、柱头可授性最强的时间相一致;高扰动样地19:00—22:00花蜜分泌量最多,访花昆虫在7:00—10:00最多,昆虫访花多出现在清晨,错开了枣花花粉活力最强、柱头可授性最强的时间。【结论】低扰动样地访花昆虫种类及数量大于高扰动样地。高扰动样地优势访花昆虫为取食花朵的昆虫,低扰动样地优势访花昆虫为传粉昆虫,且传粉昆虫物种数和个体数均显著大于高扰动样地。高低扰动样地访花昆虫与枣花泌蜜特性相适应。 相似文献
5.
白花野牡丹兼具观赏性和药用价值,极具开发潜力。为更好地保护和利用该物种,对白花野牡丹的开花进程、花部形态特征及访花昆虫进行观察,运用花粉萌发、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比及人工授粉试验等方法测定其繁育系统。结果显示:白花野牡丹的单花花期约为12 h;白花野牡丹为雌雄异熟,柱头先花药成熟;雄蕊异型,2类雄蕊产生的花粉粒极轴长有差别,萌发率也不同;领木蜂、东亚无垫蜂、蓝彩带蜂、彩带蜂是白花野牡丹的主要传粉者;杂交指数(OCI)为4,花粉-胚珠比(P/O)约为417.6~1035.2;在自然条件下白花野牡丹不能自花授粉,繁殖需要传粉者参与,没有无融合生殖,自交亲和与异交亲和;白花野牡丹的繁育系统为自交亲和的异花授粉植物,需要传粉者。繁育系统为兼性异交。 相似文献
6.
2011年7~8月对云南香格里拉高山植物园的宝兴百合(Lilium duchartrei Franch.)种群进行了传粉生物学研究实验,以期找到这种花朵开放初期雌雄异位的植物传粉生物学特点。结果表明,记录到的178次昆虫对宝兴百合的访问中能触碰到柱头的仅有蝴蝶类1次,有效传粉者传粉频率严重不足;单花期5.5~6.5 d,花开放的前3天,柱头远离花药,从花开放的第二天起花柱缓慢向上偏转,第四天将柱头从远离花药位置送到刚好可以接受自花花粉的位置,利于早期没有昆虫传粉的花朵延迟自交,自花授粉发生在花期末期,自交之前仍然保持异交传粉机制;自然状态(92.3%)及完全套袋处理(90%)的结实率接近,说明宝兴百合传粉存在花柱偏转促进的延迟自交,但2种处理的每果实种子数自然状态(121)显著高于完全套袋处理(78),又说明由昆虫传粉的异交更利于宝兴百合结实。延迟自交避免了自交与异交竞争造成的花粉或者种子的折损,为宝兴百合在有效访花昆虫不足导致异交失败时提供繁殖保障。 相似文献
7.
濒危植物扇脉杓兰的花部特征与繁育系统 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过野外观测,运用杂交指数(OCI),花粉萌发试验,去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法对扇脉杓兰开花特性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统进行研究,并对其柱头表面和花粉进行扫描电镜观察.结果表明:扇脉杓兰4-6月份开花,群体花期23天,单花花期12 ～ 16天.开花当天柱头即具有可授性,柱头可授性持续期为14天左右.花粉活力在花朵刚开放时最高(95％),至花朵凋谢之前仍保持较高的活力(70％).雌雄生殖单位在持续时间上有较长的相遇期.开花时柱头略高出花药,在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变.扇脉杓兰杂交指数OCI =4.自然条件下,扇脉杓兰的结实率仅为5％.人工自花授粉、异花授粉的结实率分别为90％和95％,表明扇脉杓兰是高度自交亲和的.而套袋后不采取措施和去雄的花均小结实,表明扇脉杓兰不存在自动的自花授粉、无融合生殖,因而扇脉杓兰必须通过一定的媒介传粉才能繁衍后代. 相似文献
8.
《西部林业科学》2017,(3)
以云南省玉溪地区野外分布红马银花为研究对象,进行了花部特征及开花期动态观察、杂交指数和花粉与胚珠比估算、花粉活力及柱头可授性测定、传粉者及其行为观察。结果表明:红马银花的花期主要从2月上旬到3月中旬,单花花期5-8天;根据杂交指数初步判断其繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者,P/O比为89.91±11.17,判断其繁育系统为兼性自交;MTT染色法测定红马银花散粉后24h花粉活力达到90.6%,花粉离体萌发法测定红马银花散粉12-24h后花粉活力达82.9%;柱头可授性试验表明,红马银花开花2-4天柱头可授性最强;红马银花的主要传粉者为熊蜂和蓝喉太阳鸟,二者的主要访花频率时间分别为14:00-17:00和8:00-11:00。传粉者稀少及其自身的自交亲和特性可能是导致其繁殖失败的主要原因。 相似文献
9.
为探索四合木的濒危机制，对四合木种群的传粉生态学进行了初步研究。研究地点设在内蒙古杭锦旗地区，时间为1998年3～10月。研究结果表明：四合木花部形态有以下变异：萼片4～5。花瓣4～5，雄蕊8～10，心皮4～5。四合木的花期为5月上旬至6月初，单朵花的花期约为4～5d，整株开花可持续8～15d。花在上午盛开，下午花的多数萼片、花瓣呈半合拢状。在花开之前。花丝和花柱就已伸长，而且柱头高出花药2～3mm。花盛开时，花丝进一步伸长，与柱头近相等，内轮4～5个雄蕊花药先开裂，开裂方式为背向纵裂；花药紧围靠着雌蕊柱头，柱头有分泌物，可与花药粘在一起；外轮4～5个雄蕊花药至少晚一天开裂。花将谢时，花药全部开裂；花粉散毕之后。萼片、花瓣又闭上，并在几天后脱落。四合木种群传粉媒介是昆虫(主要是蜂类和蚁类)。四合木的传粉效率较低：50％的柱头上无花粉，20％的柱头上有1～2个花粉，30％的柱头上有多个花粉；只有25％的花柱中有多个花粉管。四合木的座果率为57．36％～68．76％，结籽率为1．26％～2．8％。在生境条件较差的群落中，座果率较高，这是其适应恶劣环境所采取的生殖对策。结实率低的主要原因是传粉过程受到障碍，即传粉媒介(昆虫)的访花频率极低，使得柱头上的花粉量受到限制。 相似文献
10.
从花部形态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉与胚珠比、杂交指数、套袋实验、传粉观察等方面,对花柱二型植物滇丁香的繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:针型花植株的单株花序数明显较多,而花冠管和柱头裂片长却明显较短;散粉8 h后,滇丁香的花粉活力达到最高值70%左右,从花药始散粉期至末花期其柱头均具过氧化物酶活性;针型花和线型花的花粉与胚珠比分别为1641.7±365.84和947.3±194.84,杂交指数均为3.结合套袋实验和传粉观察结果认为:在自然条件下,滇丁香为虫媒花植物,其中针型花和线型花所接受的亲和性花粉分别为异株同型花和异型花提供.滇丁香不仅是形态意义而且是功能意义上的花柱二型植物. 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
17.
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献