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1.
Li X Bickerdike R Lindsay E Campbell P Nickell D Dingwall A Johnston IA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(17):6844-6850
A simple HPLC method is presented to quantify the low concentration of hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (PYD) cross-links in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) muscle. The method involved the extraction of tissue with NaOH prior to hydrolysis, which greatly reduced the amount of protein to be hydrolyzed and made downstream operations easier and more reproducible. The concentration of PYD was 426 pmol g(-)(1) dry mass muscle in post-rigor muscle stored at 0 degrees C and sampled 3 d after death. Hydroxproline (HYP) concentration was determined following NaOH extraction as a measure of collagen content. In post-rigor samples, the alkaline-insoluble HYP fraction comprised 18.3% of the total HYP. Scanning electron microscopy revealed shrinkage of muscle fibers and a retraction of the connective tissue matrix in smoked salmon. PYD concentration was relatively resistant to processing to the smoked product, decreasing by around 11.7%, as compared to a 22.2% decrease in HYP. There was a positive correlation between PYD concentration and the firmness of post-rigor muscle samples as measured by an instrumental texture analyzer, explaining 25% of the total variation. A weaker but still significant correlation was found between PYD concentration and firmness in the smoked product. There was no relationship between fillet firmness and total collagen concentration, although the correlation with HYP in the alkaline-insoluble fraction was significant at the 6% level (P = 0.057). Our results indicate that only 1-3% of collagen molecules are linked by nonreducible mature cross-links in harvest size farmed Atlantic salmon and that PYD concentration is an important raw material characteristic for flesh quality. 相似文献
2.
Li X Bickerdike R Nickell D Campbell P Dingwall A Johnston IA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(2):510-515
We have investigated the interactions between dietary vitamin C levels (at 33, 79, 135, and 424 mg kg-1 of wet mass feed) and growth rate on the collagen and cross-link contents of fast muscle in farmed juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The growth rate was measured over an 11 week period using the thermal growth coefficient (TGC). Alkaline-soluble (0.1 M NaOH) (a-s) hydroxyproline (HYP) and alkaline-insoluble (i-s) HYP were determined as a measure of collagen content and hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (PYD) as a measure of mature collagen cross-link concentration. There was a approximately 5-fold increase in muscle vitamin C concentration at similar feed conversion ratios ( approximately 0.82) as dietary vitamin C levels increased from 39 to 424 mg kg-1 of wet mass feed. However, even the lowest dietary vitamin C was sufficient for normal skeletal development and growth. The lowest dietary vitamin C level tested resulted in a approximately 27% decrease in the a-sHYP concentration relative to the other diets, whereas there was no significant effect of vitamin C on the i-sHYP and PYD concentrations. ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between vitamin C and growth rate, whereas the covariate TGC was significant for i-sHYP and PYD but not for a-sHYP. Pyridinoline cross-link and i-s HYP concentrations were 11.1 and 7.7% lower, respectively, in high (TGC > 3.9) mass than low (TGC < 3.9) growth rate fish. These small differences in collagen cross-linking were associated with a 15.6% decrease in fillet firmness measured with an instrumental texture analyzer. It was concluded that for healthy juvenile salmon reared under controlled growth conditions, the dietary vitamin C inclusion of 79 mg kg-1 of wet mass feed was sufficient to produce the required synthesis of soluble muscle collagen. Furthermore, post-translational modifications of the collagen leading to cross-linking showed a small decrease with increasing growth rate but was independent of vitamin C concentration in the diet at these levels. 相似文献
3.
To clarify fish flesh quality problems and softening of fish muscle tissue during chilled storage, the collagen content, types I and V, and its changes in solubility during storage on ice in muscle of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were analyzed. The contents of acid-soluble, pepsin-soluble, and insoluble collagen in white muscle were determined in fresh fish muscle and after 3 days of storage in ice. The total collagen content was 2.9 g kg(-)(1) fresh weight. During storage on ice, a progressive change in solubility of muscle collagen was found. For acid- and pepsin-soluble collagen fractions, significantly higher and lower values, respectively, were detected. The presence and quantification of types I and V collagen in the different collagen fractions was determined also, but no significant difference in solubility during storage was found. The result suggested that collagen fibers of Atlantic salmon have a high solubility in acid solutions and contain few cross-links. 相似文献
4.
Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) were commercially farmed in Helgeland, Norway (May 2004-May 2005). The average weight (Mb) of fish increased over the 12 month production cycle by approximately 73% for females and approximately 50% for males, although during the winter months (November-early May) Mb was unchanged in females and declined by 18% in males because of sexual maturation and sperm release. Periods of zero or negative growth were associated with up to 5.7% (females) and 17.9% (males) decline in fast muscle protein content. The activities of cathepsins B, B + L, H, and D showed a reciprocal relationship and were highly correlated with the changes in protein content. Water-holding capacity was measured as the liquid loss increased from 3-5% in November to 11-13% in May. Two general additive models (GAMs) showed that cathepsin B + L, cathepsin D, and collagenase explained 73.1% of the total variance in protein content, while cathepsin H was the largest contributor to liquid loss, explaining approximately 48.8% of the total variance. The results indicate that to obtain the best flesh quality Atlantic halibut should be harvested in the fall or early winter when the liquid loss and cathepsin activities are low and less likely to cause problems during secondary processing and storage. 相似文献
5.
Fluorescence of muscle and connective tissue from cod and salmon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Autofluorescence of salmon and cod muscle was measured and compared with autofluorescence of collagen type I and type V. Similarities between fluorescence of fish muscle and collagen were found in that the same peaks were obtained around 390, 430, and 480 nm. These similarities are supported by principal component analyses. Texture and gaping score were predicted from the fluorescence spectra by partial least-squares regression. However, the predictions did not perform well. Relating fluorescence to the gaping score gave a prediction error of 0.91 and a correlation of 0.43 when measuring gaping on a scale from 0 to 5. There was no relation between texture and fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence of fish muscle could be related to the storage time. However, this relation seemed not to be induced by changes in collagen. 相似文献
6.
Wu JL Lu BJ Du MH Liu GM Hara KJ Su WJ Cao MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(6):2216-2222
Gelatinolytic proteinases from common carp dark muscle were purified by 30-60% ammonium sulfate fractionation and a combination of chromatographic steps including ion exchange on DEAE-Sephacel, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, ion exchange on High-Q, and affinity on gelatin-Sepharose. The molecular masses of these proteinases as estimated by SDS-PAGE were 75, 67, and 64 kDa under nonreducing conditions. The enzymes revealed high activity at a slightly alkaline pH range, and their activities were investigated using gelatin as substrate. Metalloproteinase inhibitors, EDTA, EGTA, and 1,10-phenanthroline, almost completely suppressed the gelatinolytic activity, whereas other proteinase inhibitors did not show any inhibitory effect. Divalent metal ion Ca (2+) is essential for the gelatinolytic activity. Furthermore, these gelatinolytic proteinases hydrolyze native type I collagen effectively even at 4 degrees C, strongly suggesting their involvement in the texture softening of fish muscle during the post-mortem stage. 相似文献
7.
R. A. Stripp M. Heit D. C. Bogen J. Bidanset L. Trombetta 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1990,51(1-2):75-87
Two species of fish, omnivorous Catostomus commersoni (white suckers) and carnivorous Perca flavescens (yellow perch) were collected from three natural lakes with different pH ranges (circumneutral, pH 6.5 to 6.8; variable, pH 5.8 to 6.7; and acidic, pH 4.9 to 5.4). The lakes are located in the North Branch of the Big Moose River drainage system in the New York State Adirondack Park Preserve. Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Ph, and Se) were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in water, sediment and fish (bone, gill, kidney, liver and muscle) from each lake. The results showed that concentrations of Pb and Cd were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in some of the tissues of the fish collected from the acidic lake. Also, the yellow perch from the acidic take had significantly higher (P<0.05) Se concentrations in their muscle and livers than fish from the other lakes. The concentrations of Al were elevated in the gill tissues of both fish species from the acidic lake relative to fish from the other lakes. Possible mechanisms contributing to these differences in tissue concentration are discussed. 相似文献
8.
为研究年龄对牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白含量和质构特性的影响。研究了1～6岁牦牛瘤胃平滑肌中的胶原蛋白含量、溶解性和交联度以及剪切力和质构变化。结果表明:随年龄的增加,牦牛平滑肌中总胶原蛋白、不可溶性胶原蛋白、吡啶诺林含量显著增加(P0.05),增幅分别为7.61%、33.86%和196.46%;可溶性胶原蛋白含量和溶解性显著下降(P0.05),降幅分别为30.80%和35.72%;表明随着年龄增加平滑肌中胶原蛋白的交联度增加、溶解性降低。牦牛平滑肌的剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性随年龄增加而显著增加(P0.05),增幅分别为96.48%、91%和102%;内聚性、弹性和胶着性随年龄增加而显著降低(P0.05),降幅分别为25%、32%和39%;表明平滑肌的质构随年龄增加而呈现劣变趋势。相关性分析表明年龄与牦牛平滑肌总胶原蛋白含量、不可溶性胶原蛋白含量、交联度、剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(P0.01);与可溶性胶原蛋白含量、胶原蛋白溶解性、内聚性、弹性和胶着性呈极显著负相关(P0.01);牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白的溶解性和交联度均与剪切力和质构指标呈极显著相关(P0.01)。综合来看,年龄对平滑肌的胶原蛋白含量、溶解性、交联度和质构有显著影响;年龄越大平滑肌胶原蛋白交联度越大、溶解性越小、质构品质越差,3岁是牦牛平滑肌加工利用的适宜年龄。研究结果明确了不同年龄平滑肌的胶原蛋白特性和质构品质的变化规律,以及胶原蛋白特性对其质构品质的影响,将为平滑肌及含平滑肌内脏的产品开发和品质控制提供理论依据和数据支持。 相似文献
9.
George R. Hendrey 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,35(1-2):1-6
The Hudson River Foundation convened a conference to evaluate evidence pertaining to the roles played by acid deposition and stream acidification in the decline of anadromous fish populations along the Atlantic coastal plain. The stimuli for the conference were that (1) some populations of Atlantic salmon, American shad, hickory shad, alewives, blueback herring and striped bass as well as a few species resident in coastal streams (yellow perch and white perch) are in a state of severe decline along portions of the east coast of North America; (2) several of these species have declined more or less simultaneously since about 1970; and (3) severe episodic pH depressions are observed in some streams of the Chesapeake Bay system. For example, the pH of Lyons Creek decreased from 7.0 to 5.9 in 1 hr during a rain event, returning to 7.0 a day later. After discussing several possible mechanisms for these observations, the conferees agreed that a combination of factors including stream and river acidification, toxic metals and organic compounds, eutrophication and overfishing appears to be contributing to the reduction in fish stocks. The essential point resulting from the conference is that the acid deposition hypotheses for stream acidification and declines of anadromous fish populations, a potential mechanism that has received very little attention heretofore, was shown to be viable for these coastal areas. Specific recommendations for research were agreed upon by the conferees. 相似文献
10.
为了量化评价夏橙化渣程度,利用仪器检测的指标建立夏橙感官化渣程度的预测模型,采集了湖北宜昌秭归的9种夏橙总计270个样品,首先测定了影响夏橙样本化渣程度的粗纤维成分含量,进行了夏橙化渣程度的感官评定分析,再利用质构仪的压缩试验、质地剖面TPA(texture profile analysis)试验、剪切试验模拟了口腔咀嚼果肉的过程。结果表明,粗纤维成分含量与质构参数之间存在显著相关性,质构参数与感官化渣程度之间的相关关系也十分显著,说明夏橙质构特性可以表征果肉的化渣性。进一步采用主成分回归分析法,以仪器测得的质构特征值为自变量,感官化渣程度为因变量进行回归分析,得到具有统计学意义决定系数R2为0.73的预测模型。由此表明,基于质构特性建立的夏橙化渣程度评价模型在一定程度上可以准确地评价夏橙的化渣程度,利用质构特性取代感官评定评价夏橙化渣程度是可行的,该研究可为夏橙化渣程度的检测提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Torstensen BE Bell JG Rosenlund G Henderson RJ Graff IE Tocher DR Lie Ø Sargent JR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(26):10166-10178
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) juveniles were fed either 100% fish oil (FO), 75% vegetable oil (VO), or 100% VO throughout their life cycle to harvest weight followed by a finishing diet period when all groups were fed 100% FO. The two experimental VO diets were tested at two different locations (Scotland and Norway) against the same control diet (100% FO). The VO blend was composed of rapeseed oil, palm oil, and linseed oil using capelin oil as a control for fatty acid class compositions. Flesh fatty acid profiles were measured regularly throughout the experiment, with the times of sampling determined by changes in pellet size/lipid content and fish life stage. Growth and mortality rates were not significantly affected by dietary fatty acid compositions throughout the life cycle, except during the seawater winter period in Norway when both growth and protein utilization were increased in salmon fed 100% VO compared to 100% FO. Flesh fatty acid composition was highly influenced by that of the diet, and after the finishing diet period the weekly intake recommendations of very long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCn-3 PUFA) for human health were 80 and 56% satisfied by a 200 g meal of 75% VO and 100% VO flesh, respectively. No effect on flesh astaxanthin levels was observed in relation to changing dietary oil sources. Sensory evaluation showed only minor differences between salmon flesh from the dietary groups, although prior to the finishing diet period, flesh from 100% VO had less rancid and marine characteristics and was preferred over flesh from the other dietary groups by a trained taste panel. After the finishing diet period, the levels of typical vegetable oil fatty acids in flesh were reduced, whereas those of VLCn-3 PUFA increased to levels comparable with a 100% FO fed salmon. No differences in any of the sensory characteristics were observed between dietary groups. By blending VOs to provide balanced levels of dietary fatty acids, up to 100% of the fish oil can be replaced by the VO blend without compromising growth or flesh quality. At the same time, 75% of the dietary fish oil can be replaced without compromising flesh VLCn-3 PUFA content, thereby providing a beneficial nutritional profile for human consumption. 相似文献
12.
无水保活条件下团头鲂生理应激及鱼肉品质的变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探讨无水保活对团头鲂生理应激和肌肉品质的影响,该文研究了团头鲂无水保活所需的较佳条件,测定了未处理(对照)、无水和恢复3种状态下团头鲂的血液生化以及鱼肉成分、持水力、新鲜度、质构和游离氨基酸等品质指标。结果表明:团头鲂无水保活的较佳生活水温为(14.8±0.2)℃(冬季),以2℃/h降至休眠温度2℃,充氧包装后在2℃无水保活14 h,在当季暂养水温中((14.8±0.2)℃)恢复24 h后存活率为100%;无水保活14 h后,血液中皮质醇和乳酸浓度、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于未处理(对照)(P0.05),血糖浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性明显低于未处理值(P0.05),当季暂养水温恢复24 h后,基本都恢复至未处理组值,但谷草转氨酶仍明显高于未处理组值(P0.05);低温无水环境对团头鲂鱼肉中蛋白质和脂肪含量、新鲜度和持水力无影响,但鱼肉的硬度和咀嚼性明显下降(P0.05),鱼肉游离氨基酸中丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、缬氨酸(Val)和精氨酸(Arg)等含量显著升高(P0.05),异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)在无水保活过程中无明显变化,当季暂养水温恢复后却显著高于未处理组水平(P0.05)。因此,团头鲂无水保活中产生的应激反应在恢复24 h后基本消除,且无水保活对鱼肉的食用品质影响较小。该研究结果为无水保活在淡水鱼活鱼运输中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
13.
Due to a pH-sensitive effect in many fish hemoglobins (Hb), analytical errors may occur when mammalian Hb is used as a standard in quantitative spectrophotometric multicomponent analysis of fish blood. The aim of this work was to examine differences in the optical spectra of mammalian (human) and fish (farmed Atlantic cod) Hb subjected to pH 7.4 and 6.5. The absorption spectra of the common derivatives, deoxy- (HHb), oxy- (OHb), carboxy- (COHb), and methemoglobin (metHb), were determined in the spectral range of 450-700 nm. The metHb spectra of fish differed considerably from the corresponding human Hb spectra, whereas only minor differences in OHb, HHb, and COHb were found. Cod Hb was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by a drop in pH compared to mammalian Hb. This resulted in deoxygenation of the Hb and increased autoxidation. For human Hb, a pH-independent isosbestic point in the spectra of OHb, HHb, and metHb at 523 nm was found. This isosbestic point was not found in the absorption spectra of cod Hb. In conclusion, spectra of cod metHb and human metHb behave differently. This must thus be taken into account in spectrophotometric multicomponent analysis. Ideally, Hb in muscle or blood should be determined by comparison to a standard made from the same species. 相似文献
14.
Watt W. D. Scott C. D. Zamora P. J. White W. J. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,118(3-4):203-229
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) resource of eastern Canada is impacted by acid rain in the Southern Upland (Atlantic Coast) area of Nova Scotia. Salmon runs in this area have become extinct in 14 rivers, are severely impacted in 20 rivers, and lightly impacted in 15 rivers. Water chemistry and fish communities in nine Southern Upland salmon rivers were studied from 1982 to 1996 as part of the effort to monitor the effects of the emission controlprograms in Canada and the United States. There hasbeen no statistically significant change in total ioncontent of Southern Upland river water, but there wasa significant decline in sulfate levels that was balanced by an increase in organic anions, and declines in calcium and magnesium that were balanced by increases in sodium and potassium. A geochemical scenario is proposed to account for these chemical changes. River water pH levels showed no overall linear trend, but at borderline toxicity sites the year-to-year variations in pH were correlated withchanges in juvenile salmon population densities. Tenfish species were collected, but none showed anysignificant overall time trend in population density.Fish species diversity was positively correlated with pH. 相似文献
15.
The effect of the addition of marine algae in fish feed on the levels of bromophenols in fish flesh was studied. These bromophenols include 2-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. Two types of algae-containing fish feeds with 30% Padina arborescens and 30% Sargassum siliquastrum were developed. The total bromophenol contents of these feeds were 132 and 340 ng/g respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the control feed (8.9 ng/g) (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Silver seabream was used as the model fish for the feeding experiment. Bromophenol contents of both fish gut and flesh were monitored at 2-week intervals throughout the 8-week period. Two-way ANOVA showed that only the 30% S. siliquastrum-containing feed significantly (p < 0.05) increased the total bromophenol content in the fish flesh with time. This also produced sensorial differences in the fish flesh. 相似文献
16.
通过对不同季节采集的不同质地类型土壤样品中有效铁、有机质和酸碱度的化验分析及对小麦、花生、黄瓜进行根外喷施 0 .5 %硫酸亚铁溶液对比研究 ,认为在旱作黄潮土中铁元素的有效性与土壤粘粒含量和有机质含量呈正相关 ,雨季土壤大于旱季土壤 ,而酸碱度的相关性不明显 ;花生、黄瓜对铁素营养的敏感性大于小麦。根外喷施铁肥应优先在质地较粗的旱季土壤和花生、黄瓜上应用 相似文献
17.
Proteome analysis elucidating post-mortem changes in cod (Gadus morhua) muscle proteins 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Proteome analysis was successfully applied to study the alterations in fish muscle proteins during ice storage. The processes occurring during post-mortem metabolism are known to lead to characteristic changes in the texture and taste of fish muscle. Endogenous proteases are anticipated to play the major role in these processes, although the exact mechanisms during fish meat tenderization have yet to be depicted. Protein changes in cod (Gadus morhua) muscle were followed during 8 days of storage. Within the partial proteome (pI 3.5-8.0, MW 13-35 kDa) significant changes were found in 11 protein spots. In nine protein spots the intensity increased, and for eight of these the increases were significant (p < 0.05) within the first 2 h post-mortem. In contrast, two protein spots decreasing in intensity showed significant (p < 0.03) changes after 8 days, thereby indicating that in the fish muscle different biochemical processes are involved in the protein changes observed post-mortem. 相似文献
18.
Undeland I Kristinsson HG Hultin HO 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(14):4444-4451
Lipid pro-oxidative properties and deoxygenation/autoxidation patterns of hemoglobins from nonmigratory white-fleshed fish (winter flounder and Atlantic pollock) and migratory dark-fleshed fish (Atlantic mackerel and menhaden) were compared during ice storage at pH 7.2 and 6. A washed cod mince model system and a buffer model system were used for studying lipid changes and hemoglobin changes, respectively. TBARS and painty odor were followed as markers for lipid oxidation. At pH 6, all four hemoglobins were highly and equally active as pro-oxidants. At pH 7.2, pro-oxidation by all hemoglobins except that from pollock was slowed down, and activity ranked as pollock > mackerel > menhaden > flounder. The higher catalytic activities of the hemoglobins at pH 6 than at pH 7.2 corresponded with higher formation of deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. Pollock had the most extensive formation of deoxy- and methemoglobin at both pH values, which could explain its high catalytic activity. The pro-oxidative differences among the other hemoglobins at pH 7.2 did not correlate with deoxygenation and autoxidation reactions. This indicates involvement of other structural differences between the hemoglobins such as differences in the heme-crevice volume. It is suggested that a biological reason for the species differences was their adaptations to different depths/water temperatures. 相似文献
19.
High-speed assessment of fat and water content distribution in fish fillets using online imaging spectroscopy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A nondestructive method using online spectral imaging has been developed for quantitative measurements of moisture and fat distribution in six species of fish fillets: Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), catfish (Icatalurus punctatus), cod (Gadus morhua), mackerel (Scomber japonicus), herring (Clupea harengus), and saithe (Pollachius virens). A spectral image cube was acquired for each fish fillet, and a subsampling approach for relating spectral and chemical features was applied. Spectral data was first analyzed by partial least-squares regression (PLSR), and then the regression coefficients were applied pixel-wise to convert the pixel spectra to a meaningful distribution map of moisture and fat contents. The resulting images are called "chemical images", which illustrate the distribution of fat and/or water content in the fillets. The pixel-wise prediction models for water and fat content had a correlation value of 0.94 with root-mean-square error estimated by a cross-validation (RMSECV) of 2.73% and a correlation value of 0.91 with RMSECV of 2.99%, respectively. This technique is suitable for high-speed assessment of quality parameters of biomaterials and should thus be implemented in industrial applications. The product could comprehensively be defined not only in terms of its external features such as size, shape, and color but also in terms of its chemical composition and its spatial distribution. 相似文献
20.
The effect of frozen storage (-10 and -30 degrees C), formaldehyde, and fish oil on collagen, isolated from cod muscle, was investigated. Salt- and acid-soluble collagen fractions as well as insoluble collagen indicated changes in solubility on frozen storage. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a highly cooperative transition at 28.2 degrees C for isolated collagen. Changes in the thermodynamic properties of collagen were observed on frozen storage at -10 degrees C compared with the control at -30 degrees C because of changes in structure. In the presence of formaldehyde, there were no changes in the DSC collagen transition; however, in the presence of fish oil there was an increase in enthalpy and an extra peak was observed at 44.6 degrees C, indicating collagen-fish oil interaction. Structural changes resulted in a decrease in the solubility of collagen in salt and acid solution. FT-Raman spectra obtained for collagen at -10 degrees C and -30 degrees C confirmed the alteration of the conformation of collagen not only at -10 degrees C but also in the presence of formaldehyde and fish oil. 相似文献