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1.
There are no reports in the literature describing any tumours, and specifically sarcoids, in zebras. The equine sarcoid, a locally aggressive, fibroblastic skin tumour, is the most common dermatological neoplasm reported in horses. The Cape mountain zebra (CMZ) has been described as one of the most vulnerable mammals in South Africa with current populations existing in isolated units. All South African CMZ are descendants from no more than 30 individual animals originating from 3 populations, namely the Mountain Zebra National Park, and Kammanassie and Gamka Mountain Nature Reserves near Cradock. The possibility therefore exists that the existing populations arose from a very small gene pool and that they are considerably inbred. A reduction in major histocompatibility complex diversity due to genetic bottlenecks and subsequent inbreeding probably contributed to uniform population sensitivity and the subsequent development of sarcoid in two CMZ populations, namely in the Bontebok National Park and Gariep Nature Reserve. The entire population of CMZ in the Bontebok National Park was observed and sampled during 2002 to document the prevalence and body distribution of sarcoids. During the same year, a comparative study was carried out on an outbred population of Burchell's zebra in the Kruger National Park. The prevalence in CMZ in the Bontebok National Park was 53 %, while the Burchell's zebra in Kruger National Park had a prevalence of 1.9 %. The most common sites for sarcoid in CMZ were the ventral abdomen and limbs. Prevalence of sarcoids in horses recorded in the literature varies between 0.5 % and 2 %. The Gariep Nature Reserve recently reported a prevalence of almost 25 % in CMZ in the reserve.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 or 2 in sarcoids and other samples of cutaneous tissues collected from horses in the western United States. ANIMALS: 55 horses with sarcoids and 12 horses without sarcoids. PROCEDURE: Tissue samples (tumor and normal skin from horses with sarcoids and normal skin, papillomas, and nonsarcoid cutaneous neoplasms from horses without sarcoids) were collected. Tissue samples were analyzed for BPV-1 or -2 DNA, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The PCR products from 7 sarcoid-affected horses were sequenced to evaluate percentage homology with expected sequences for BPV-1 or-2. RESULTS: Most (94/96, 98%) sarcoids contained BPV DNA. Sixty-two percent of the tumors examined had restriction enzyme patterns consistent with BPV-2. Thirty-one of 49 (63%) samples of normal skin obtained from horses with sarcoids contained BPV DNA. All samples subsequently sequenced had 100% homology with the expected sequences for the specific viral type. All tissues from healthy horses, nonsarcoid neoplasms, and papillomas were negative for BPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bovine papillomaviral DNA was detected in essentially all sarcoids examined. There appears to be regional variation in the prevalence of viral types in these tumors. The fact that we detected viral DNA in normal skin samples from horses with sarcoids suggests the possibility of a latent viral phase. Viral latency may be 1 explanation for the high rate of recurrence following surgical excision of sarcoids.  相似文献   

3.
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4.
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 and -2 is linked to equine sarcoids, a commonly observed skin tumor in horses that is of considerable veterinary importance. Previous studies using in situ hybridization have detected BPV DNA only in fibroblasts and not in keratinocytes of sarcoids. In contrast, normal equine skin latently infected with BPV shows a dysplastic epithelium without dermal changes, similar to lesions induced by other papillomavirus types infecting the epithelium. The first goal of our study was to describe the epidermal and dermal characteristics of several stages in sarcoid development. Next, we explored whether BPV can infect epidermal cells in the horse using real-time PCR on laser-micro-dissected keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We found that latently infected normal skin samples and a subset of early stage sarcoids show dysplastic, koilocyte-like epithelial changes. BPV DNA was detected in keratinocytes in 40% of the samples with these particular epithelial properties, whereas advanced sarcoids only had BPV DNA in the fibroblasts. These data may indicate a novel and intriguing pathway of BPV infection in the horse composed of a first step of keratinocyte infection, followed by migration of viral material towards the dermis resulting in infection of sub-epidermal fibroblasts and their fully transformed phenotype. Additionally, an example of co-existence of a dermal BPV-1 and an epidermal BPV-2 infection in the same lesion is shown, indicating that horses can harbor infection with more than one BPV type at the same time.  相似文献   

5.
This case report describes for the first time sarcoids in tapirs (Tapirus bairdii), namely, a 2-year-old male and a 3.6-year-old female born and housed at the same facility. The male presented with a 3-cm nodular, red, pedunculated, hairless, ulcerated mass on the inner surface of the left pinna. No recurrence or additional growths were present during the 3 years following surgical excision of the mass. The female presented with a similar 2-cm mass on the inner surface of the right pinna, which recurred 2 months following surgical excision, but was subsequently successfully treated locally with liquid nitrogen with no further recurrence during a 2-year follow-up period. Histologically, these two masses closely resembled equine sarcoids. Similarly, an association with bovine papillomavirus 1 was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To examine apparently normal skin around equine sarcoids for evidence of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA, and to relate this finding to the observed recurrence after surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Forty-one equine sarcoids from 19 horses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The tumors were surgically excised at a measured distance of 8, 12, or 16 mm. Samples from the tumor and of the entire surrounding skin were taken at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm from the tumor border and analyzed for the presence of BPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The samples were grouped per examined sarcoid, and a tumor was considered positive at a certain distance as soon as at least one of the samples at that distance was positive. The clinical outcome was recorded for each sarcoid after a minimal follow-up of 6 months. RESULTS: All sarcoids were positive for BPV(1) or BPV(2). The tumor margin was positive at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm in, respectively, 95%, 73%, 39%, and 33% of the examined sarcoids. Local recurrence was observed in 3 sarcoids on 3 different horses. From survival analysis, there was a greater likelihood for local recurrence when sarcoids had a surgical margin that was positive for BPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: BPV DNA is often detected in visibly normal skin around sarcoids, and there is a significantly greater probability for local recurrence when the surgical margins are positive for the presence of BPV DNA.  相似文献   

7.
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), the causative agent of papillomas in cattle, has been shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids in horses. BPV has also been detected occasionally in normal equine skin. In this study, presence and activity of BPV in normal skin and peripheral blood of 4 groups of horses were evaluated: sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with papilloma-affected cattle and control horses. From each horse, 3 samples on 4 locations were collected: a swab of the intact skin surface and both a swab and a biopsy after decontamination. BPV DNA was found in the normal skin of 24 of 42 horses (57%). Mainly sarcoid-affected horses and horses living in contact with cattle were carriers (73%), but BPV DNA was also detected in 50% of the horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses and in 30% of the control population. BPV mRNA was detected in 58% of the samples positive for BPV DNA, although in a much lower quantity compared to sarcoids. In most of the BPV DNA positive samples mild acanthosis, slight basophilic cytoplasmic swelling of the epidermal layers and/or thickening of the basal membrane were noticed, but these observations were also present in several BPV DNA negative normal skin samples. BPV DNA could not be detected in peripheral blood. These findings suggest latent infection and a wide-spread occurrence of BPV in the horse population.  相似文献   

8.
Sequences of papillomavirus DNA in equine sarcoids   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
DNA was extracted from 14 equine sarcoids, electrophoresed and hybridised with a radioactively labelled probe of bovine papillomavirus type I (BPV 1) DNA under conditions of low stringency. Twelve sarcoids contained sequences of DNA that hybridised with the probe and that comigrated with BPV 2 DNA. The viral DNAs in four of these sarcoids differed from BPV 1 and BPV 2 DNA on restriction endonuclease analysis. One of four cell lines derived from sarcoids also contained BPV 1 related DNA. The results confirm the frequent presence in equine sarcoids of unintegrated papillomaviral DNA and suggest a role for papillomavirus infection in this disease.  相似文献   

9.
Ninety-five horses with sarcoids were subjected to three types of treatment: surgical excision (conventional or carbon dioxide laser), cryotherapy or local BCG vaccination. The type of treatment was selected on the basis of the size, location and clinical appearance of the tumours. The choice between conventional and laser excision was empirical. A successful outcome was obtained in 11 of 14 (79 per cent) of the horses treated by cryosurgery, 18 of 27 (67 per cent) treated by BCG vaccination, 18 of 22 (82 per cent) treated by conventional excision, and 20 of 28 (71 per cent) treated with a carbon dioxide laser. For both excision methods, rigorous measures were taken to avoid autoinoculation and to ensure a wide margin of normal skin. The probability of local recurrence after excision was significantly higher for large sarcoids and sarcoids which had previously failed to respond to treatment. In 10 of the 31 horses with remaining sarcoids, some or all of the untreated sarcoids were observed to regress spontaneously.  相似文献   

10.
Reasons for performing study: Infection with bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) can lead to the development of therapy‐resistant skin tumours termed sarcoids and possibly other skin diseases in equids. Although sarcoids seriously compromise the welfare of affected animals and cause considerable economic losses, no prophylactic vaccine is available to prevent this common disease. In several animal species and man, immunisation with papillomavirus‐like particles (VLP) has been shown to protect efficiently from papillomaviral infection. Hypothesis: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs may constitute a safe and highly immunogenic vaccine candidate for protection of horses against BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease. Methods: Three groups of 4 horses each received 50, 100 or 150 µg of BPV‐1 L1 VLPs, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 168. Three control horses received adjuvant only. Horses were monitored on a daily basis for one week after each immunisation and then in 2 week intervals. Sera were collected immediately before, 2 weeks after each vaccination and one and 2 years after the final boost and analysed by pseudovirion neutralisation assay. Results: None of the horses showed adverse reactions upon vaccination apart from mild and transient swelling in 2 individuals. Irrespective of the VLP dose, all VLP‐immunised horses had developed a BPV‐1‐neutralising antibody titre of ≥1600 plaque forming units (pfu)/ml 2 weeks after the third vaccination. Eight of 10 trial horses still available for follow‐up had neutralising antibody titres ≥1600 pfu/ml one year and ≥800 pfu/ml 2 years after the last immunisation. Conclusion: Intramuscular BPV‐1 L1 VLP vaccination in horses is safe and results in a long‐lasting antibody response against BPV‐1. Neutralisation titres were induced at levels that correlate with protection in experimental animals and man. Potential relevance: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs constitute a promising vaccine candidate for prevention of BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease in equids.  相似文献   

11.
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 2 is involved in carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder in cattle, while BPV-1 is commonly associated with equine sarcoid tumours. In both cases the early viral proteins are expressed, but virion is not produced. Given the similarities in BPV biology between the tumours in cattle and horses, bovine bladder cancers and equine sarcoids were compared with respect to physical status, load of viral DNA and variability of the E5 open reading frame (ORF). Rolling circle amplification demonstrated that BPV-1 and BPV-2 genomes exist as double stranded, episomal, circular forms in the two tumours. Realtime quantitative PCR revealed that equine sarcoids contained higher viral DNA loads compared to bovine bladder cancers. The BPV-1 E5 ORF showed sequence variation but BPV-2 ORF did not. The presence of BPV-1 E5 variations or their absence in the BPV-2 E5 ORF does not appear to have an effect on viral DNA load in either tumour type.  相似文献   

12.
Reasons for performing study: Sarcoids are nonmetastasising, yet locally aggressive skin tumours that constitute the most frequent neoplasm in equids. Infection by bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) has been recognised as major causative factor in sarcoid pathogenesis, but a possible correlation of intralesional virus load with disease severity has not been established thus far. Hypothesis: Given the pathogenic role of BPV‐1 and BPV‐2 in sarcoid disease, we suggest that intralesional viral DNA concentration may reflect the degree of affection. Methods: Severity of disease was addressed by recording the tumour growth kinetics, lesion number and tumour type for 37 sarcoid‐bearing horses and one donkey. Viral load was estimated via quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) of the E2, E5, L1 and L2 genes from the BPV‐1/‐2 genome for one randomly selected lesion per horse and correlated with disease severity. Results: Quantitative PCR against E2 identified viral DNA concentrations ranging from 0–556 copies/tumour cell. Of 16 horses affected by quiescent, slowly growing single tumours or multiple mild‐type lesions, 15 showed a viral load up to 1.4 copies per cell. In stark contrast, all equids (22/22) bearing rapidly growing and/or multiple aggressive sarcoids had a viral load between 3 and 569 copies per cell. Consistent results were obtained with qPCR against E5, L1 and L2. Conclusions: While tumours of the same clinical type carried variable virus load, confirming that viral titre does not determine clinical appearance, we identified a highly significant correlation between intralesional viral load and disease severity. Potential relevance: The rapid determination of BPV viral load will give a reliable marker for disease severity and may also be considered when establishing a therapeutic strategy.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of the study was to analyse a part of the sequence of the E5 gene of bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) associated with equine sarcoids in Polish horses. Samples of 40 skin lesions obtained from 29 horses were collected for molecular examination. The PCR amplicons of BPV DNA were detected in 38 specimens. After phylogenetic analysis 37 specimens were recognized as BPV-1 and one as BPV-2. Phylogenetic analysis has allowed the classification of the amplicons into two phylogenetic groups (A1,) and four separate isolates (2, 10, 16, 17).  相似文献   

14.
Unfixed and formalin-fixed frozen sections and paraffin-sections of histopathologically confirmed sarcoids of 20 horses were studied in the PCR. The used set of primers was located in the E5 open reading frame fitting both to bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2. Independent of the quality of the used tissues BPV-DNA was detected in all 20 sarcoids. By cleaving with restriction endonuclease Bst XI it was shown that the DNA-sequences amplified by PCR were identical with that of BPV-1. The results support the general view that BPV play an important role in equine sarcoids.  相似文献   

15.
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 (BPV-1) and 2 (BPV-2) are causally associated with the development of equine sarcoid tumors. Recurrence rates after surgical excision of sarcoids are estimated to be 30%–40%. We hypothesized that the presence of BPV DNA in histologically tumor-free surgical margins of sarcoids is associated with risk of recurrence, and increased quantity of BPV DNA is associated with increased risk of recurrence. Formalin-fixed sarcoids classified as “completely excised” histologically were obtained from two institutions. A total of 25 tumors were included, eight of which recurred within 1 year of excision. Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for detection of BPV-1 and BPV-2 were performed on neoplastic tissue and tumor-free surgical margins in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens following DNA extraction. Bovine papillomavirus-1 was found in all tumor samples and in histologically “clean” margins of 21 samples, whereas BPV-2 was found in only two tumor samples. Although quantitative PCR was more sensitive than qualitative PCR in detecting BPV DNA in surgical margins, there was no significant difference in the presence of BPV-1 or BPV-2 DNA in margins of tumors that recurred versus those that did not recur for either test. Although this study is limited by sample size, our results suggest that PCR analysis of surgical margins for BPV DNA is not a reliable method to predict equine sarcoid recurrence after resection.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome for equids with cutaneous neoplasms treated with cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads, alone or in conjunction with debulking. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 56 horses, 1 zebra, 1 donkey, and 1 mule. PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone conversations with owners and trainers of the animals. RESULTS: 22 tumors were sarcoids, 6 were fibrosarcomas, 1 was a fibroma, 2 were peripheral nerve sheath tumors, 11 were squamous cell carcinomas, 14 were melanomas (13 gray horses and 1 bay horse), 1 was a lymphosarcoma, 1 was an adenocarcinoma, and 1 was a basal cell tumor. Forty-five (76%) animals underwent conventional or laser debulking of the tumor prior to bead implantation. Forty of 48 (83%) animals for which long-term follow-up information was available were relapse free 2 years after treatment. This included 20 of 22 animals with spindle cell tumors (including 11/13 horses with sarcoids), 6 of 10 animals with squamous cell carcinomas, 13 of 14 animals with melanomas, and 2 of 3 animals with other tumor types. Adverse effects were minimal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that implantation of cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads, with or without tumor debulking, may be an effective treatment for equidae with various cutaneous neoplasms.  相似文献   

17.
Associations between clinical parameters of sarcoids and the equine leucocyte antigen system (ELA) were analysed for 120 Swedish horses. Median age of affected horses was 5.2 years, and the majority presented with solitary tumors between 2 and 5 cm in diameter and ventral abdomen was a predilection site. Clinical signs first appeared at a median age of 3.5 years, and sarcoids at different locations first appeared at different ages. Lesions at different sites differed in size, and multiple tumors, early onset, long duration, and older age all had an association with large size. Clinical manifestations of sarcoids and the association between certain ELA-specificities and early onset (A5) and increased recurrence rates after surgery (W13), in addition to increased prevalence (A3W13), strengthen further that some horses are inherently predisposed to sarcoid growth. Unassociated with any clinical parameters, one third of the untreated horses became free of sarcoids due to “spontaneous” regression, perhaps as a result of immune responses against the tumors. Seventy percent of the horses were treated (mostly by excision), and large size was the main parameter promoting treatment. Excision had no significant effect on possibly remaining sarcoids. Recurrence rate after first treatment was about 35%, with the majority of tumors recurring within 4 months. Early onset, long duration, large size, and localization to distal limbs all appeared to increase risk of recurrence. Early treatment, performed under general anesthesia in recumbency which permits wide excision and measures to avoid autoinoculation, significantly reduced recurrence rates.  相似文献   

18.
Twelve Hartmann's mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae, were shot for arthropod parasite recovery during the period June 1980-June 1981 on a farm in the Khomas Hochland region of South West Africa/Namibia. Four species of Gasterophilus larvae, 1 species of Rhinoestrus larvae and 3 ixodid tick species were recovered. The seasonal prevalence of the Gasterophilus species larvae and of Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus was determined. Three horses examined on the same farm were infested with larvae of 2 Gasterophilus species and with the same ixodid tick species as the zebras.  相似文献   

19.
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA can be detected on the normal skin and in the habitual surroundings of horses with and without equine sarcoids by means of superficially taken swabs. In affected horses, no significant difference in presence of BPV-DNA could be observed between samples obtained from the equine sarcoid surface, from normal skin close to the tumour and from a normal skin site in direct contact with the tumour. From the group of healthy horses living in contact with affected horses, 44% were BPV-DNA positive. The surroundings of affected and non-affected horses are probably not a major source of BPV-DNA contamination. It can be concluded that BPV-DNA is present on the normal skin of horses affected by equine sarcoid and to a lesser degree, on the normal skin of horses living in contact with affected horses.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome of horses in which cutaneous masses were removed with a carbon dioxide laser. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 32 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records of horses with 1 or more cutaneous masses treated with a carbon dioxide laser were examined. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinarians. RESULTS: Cutaneous masses were classified as sarcoids (15 horses), neoplastic masses other than sarcoids (squamous cell carcinoma [91; fibroma [1]; and melanoma [1]), and nonneoplastic masses (6). Minimum follow-up time was 6 months. Five sarcoids and 2 squamous cell carcinomas recurred. Seven (21%) horses had complications associated with dehiscence of wounds that had been closed primarily or failure of wound healing because of recurrence of the mass. Twenty-six (81%) owners were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance following surgery. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a carbon dioxide laser may be effective for treatment of cutaneous masses in horses.  相似文献   

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