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1.
BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the principal pests of pome fruits in the world. The effects of novaluron, a benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor insecticide registered for use on apples in the USA, on fecundity and egg viability in codling moth were studied under laboratory conditions. Three different exposure methods were investigated: ingestion, contact and topical spray. Additionally, the duration of novaluron sublethal effects was measured subsequent to the three modes of exposure. RESULTS: The fecundity of codling moth adults was not significantly affected by novaluron with any of the exposure methods. However, novaluron did cause significant reductions in the proportion of egg hatch with all three exposure methods. The duration of sublethal effects was 9 days or more for all modes of exposure, but with the topical spray these effects began to diminish after 6 days. CONCLUSION: Novaluron does not affect fecundity in codling moth, but has significant sublethal activity by reducing egg viability subsequent to adult exposure. The topical, contact and ingestion exposures all induce sublethal effects after exposure, and these persist to various degrees throughout codling moth oviposition. A more complete understanding of novaluron's lethal and sublethal activities will help IPM practitioners optimize its use for management of the codling moth. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
2.
The availability of pesticides in private gardens is limited by local law in the State of Baden-Württemberg in south-west Germany. Only 26 insecticides, fungicides and molluscicides are permitted. Hence, only pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Granulosis Virus, pyrethrum or the pheromone mating disruption method (PMDM) can be used for moth control in apple. The use of beneficials like Trichogramma sp. or Chrysoperla carnea is not limited. PMDM had not been previ-ously investigated in allotments until the experiments reported here were carried out in 1998 and 1999. In these experiments, PMDM was compared with the use of the egg parasites, Trichogramma dendrolimi and T. cacoeciae. The observations were done in 102 allotments, each of about 300 m2. The gardeners are members of a special club for the allotments and they often organize the bulk acquisition of plants or fertilizers for the club. Sometimes the club obtains plant protection products when something has to be done in all allotments. The codling moth and the plum fruit moth are important pests in these allotments.In 1997, attacks of codling moth were generally low throughout the southern Germany. This was reflected in the allotments where there was less than one per cent fruit damage with PMDM or the egg parasites the following year. During 1999, the attacks were generally much higher resulting in a higher use of insecticides in commercial German orchards. In the allotments, about six to eight per cent of fruits were damaged by the codling moth in both experimental treatments.The results indicate that PMDM can be successful in allotments and is equally as effective as the use of egg-parasites. But further experiments are required. 相似文献
3.
Sherif A. Hassan 《Pest management science》1993,37(4):387-391
The release of mass-produced egg parasites of the genus Trichogramma to control Lepidopterous pests has gained increasing attention in the last few years. About 18 different species of this egg parasite are being used to control pests on corn, sugar-cane, rice, soybean, cotton, sugar-beet, vegetables and pine. Some information on the global use of Trichogramma is given. Trichogramma evanescens(Westw.) has been used commercially to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in Germany since 1980. The treated area reached about 6200 ha in 1992. The use of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura to control the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) and the summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana (F.R.) was started in 1990 and covered an area of c. 15 ha in 1992. Research is being carried out to select effective Trichogramma species to control other pests such as grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.), plum fruit moth Cydia funebrana Tr. and diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.). 相似文献
4.
为明确辽宁省苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus)的发生规律,于2014—2016年连续3年对辽宁省彰武县哈尔套镇10个村59个不同梨园采用三角屋胶粘式诱捕器进行了雄成虫数量消长动态的监测,并对幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫数量及化蛹行径、蛹期进行调查。结果表明,在辽宁省彰武县,从4月下旬至9月下旬,苹果蠹蛾成虫共有2次发生高峰:第1次为5月下旬,第2次为7月中下旬;苹果蠹蛾在2016年全年内有3次明显的蛀果高峰期:第1次为6月下旬至7月上旬,第2次为8月上旬,第3次为8月下旬。老熟幼虫更趋向于脱果后直接掉落到地上再从地上沿着树干往上爬并在老翘皮下寻找合适位置化蛹;苹果蠹蛾经人工饲养的蛹期为9.95 d。研究表明,苹果蠹蛾在辽宁省彰武县1年发生2代,第1代从5月中旬到9月下旬,越冬代从7月中旬到翌年6月下旬。 相似文献
5.
苹果蠹蛾疫情防控阻截动态及思考 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
苹果蠹蛾近年来正从甘肃河西走廊向内地蔓延,形势十分严峻。甘肃省从保护本省苹果生产大局出发,自2006年以来采取一系列措施阻截苹果蠹蛾,全省设立了1300多个疫情监测点,开展了疫情普查,划定了疫区,设立了10个公路检查站,开展了防控行动,砍伐废弃果园,取得了明显的效果。但是,目前疫情控制工作仍面临一些突出的问题,如疫情人为传播严重、防控资金缺口较大、监测防控能力不足等。建议从4个方面加强今后的疫情防控工作：一是加强部省行政领导;二是加大各级对疫情防控的资金投入;三是强化疫情阻截和防控措施;四是进一步开展防控技术研究,提高检疫控制的效果。 相似文献
6.
Infection of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae by the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica, was studied under semi-field conditions. Late-instar diapausing codling moth larvae, coccooned in perforated cardboard strips, were used in all trials to evaluate the nematode treatments involved. A morning application of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MM infective juveniles (IJs) per tree resulted in 85%, 95% and 100% codling moth larval infection, respectively. Contrasting results were obtained for an evening application, with low levels of codling moth infection (<50%). Nematode treatment strips placed in direct sunlight resulted in almost no infection (<10%), opposed to strips attaining 67% infection placed in the shade. 相似文献
7.
Magalhaes LC Van Kretschmar JB Barlow VM Roe RM Walgenbach JF 《Pest management science》2012,68(6):883-888
BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the most important pests of apple worldwide. Use of insecticides for management of this insect has been extensive and has resulted in resistance development. There are a number of different bioassay methods to monitor for codling moth resistance; however, many are not applicable to new insecticides and most are time consuming. A novel 16‐well plasticware bioassay plate containing lyophilized diet was developed for rapid resistance monitoring of codling moth. RESULTS: The contact insecticides acetamiprid and azinphosmethyl were significantly more toxic to neonates than to fourth instars. However, there was no significant difference in LC50 values between neonates and fourth instars to the ingestion insecticides chlorantraniliprole, methoxyfenozide, novaluron and spinetoram. Field colonies of codling moth were significantly more resistant to methoxyfenozide than susceptible populations. A diagnostic dose of 20 µg mL?1 (LC99) was established to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here demonstrate that a novel and rapid bioassay can be used to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. The bioassay method is relevant to both ingestion and contact insecticides, but a single diagnostic dose, regardless of larval age, is only relevant to ingestion insecticides. Age‐dependent diagnostic doses are likely necessary for contact insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
8.
为研究不同国家和地区苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella种群的遗传多样性,对采自我国新疆维吾尔自治区和黑龙江省,以及德国、法国和西班牙等欧洲国家的11个种群共60个苹果蠹蛾个体进行基因组重测序,有效测序样本数为56个,共获得8 455 843个群体单碱基突变（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）位点。利用SNP数据进行了苹果蠹蛾群体遗传进化树的构建、主成分分析以及遗传结构分析。结果显示,入侵我国黑龙江省的苹果蠹蛾与德国BD种群更为接近,我国新疆维吾尔自治区与黑龙江省苹果蠹蛾种群有一定的分化,前者种群遗传多样性更低。表明我国东北地区和西北地区的苹果蠹蛾种群具有不同的遗传多样性特征,入侵我国的苹果蠹蛾种群可能来源于欧洲。 相似文献
9.
不同温度下苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
在15、20、25、28、31、34℃的恒温条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾Cydiapomonella（L．）各发育历期、存活率及产卵量,组建了苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表,以探讨温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。在15～31℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在15、20、25、28、31℃时分别为112．0、46．8、33．3、29．6、26．2天;在34℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育受阻,世代平均发育历期延长为31．4天。成虫寿命亦随温度的升高而缩短;单雌平均产卵量在25℃时最高,为92．7粒;在15和34℃条件下,没有有效卵产生。生命表分析显示,种群趋势指数（I）在20～31℃时均大于1,25℃时苹果蠹蛾种群内禀增长率（rm）和种群趋势指数最高,分别为0．0972和39．70。研究表明,25℃左右是苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度,温度过高或偏低均不利于苹果蠹蛾的生长繁殖。 相似文献
10.
为了明确温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育的影响,在室内15、20、25、28、31、34 ℃条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾各发育阶段的历期,利用Marquardt法拟合推导出苹果蠹蛾的发育起点温度与有效积温。结果表明,在15~31 ℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,但是当温度达34 ℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育速率变慢,各阶段发育历期出现较为明显的延长现象,各虫态死亡率大幅增加,已接近苹果蠹蛾存活的上限;苹果蠹蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为10.64、10.68、9.33、10.41 ℃,有效积温分别为75.46、293.57、147.63、508.86日•度。说明温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育有显著的影响,高温对苹果蠹蛾的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用。 相似文献
11.
BACKGROUND: The codling moth is the most serious pest of deciduous tree fruit (apples, pears, crabapples, walnuts, quince) worldwide. The high frequency of insecticide treatments per season has resulted in breakdown of codling moth control owing to insecticide resistance. As an alternative, integrated pest management includes mating disruption to achieve population suppression in orchards. Under this scheme, the sex pheromone of the codling moth, (E, E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (codlemone), is released from dispensers in crops to hinder mating by luring males. Increasing the attractiveness of codlemone formulations to codling moth males can be regarded as a key to increasing the efficacy of mating disruption. With this aim, the effects of adding plant volatiles on the behavioural responses of codling moth males to codlemone were tested. RESULTS: Adding R(+)‐limonene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate to codlemone significantly increases the proportion of males flying to the pheromone source in a wind tunnel. The response level is equivalent to that of males responding to females releasing codlemone. Using real‐time recordings, it is shown how these four plant products also shorten the response time of males to codlemone under the behavioural criteria time to activation, time till upwind flight is induced and time to pheromone source contact. CONCLUSION: Shortening the response time and increasing source location by males of dispensers releasing codlemone with R(+)‐limonene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate added would enhance mating disruption through better engagement of males with dispensers, to the detriment of females. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
Claudio Ioriatti Gianfranco Anfora Gino Angeli Stefano Civolani Silvia Schmidt Edison Pasqualini 《Pest management science》2009,65(3):306-312
BACKGROUND: Emamectin benzoate is a novel macrocyclic lactone insecticide derived from naturally occurring avermectin molecules isolated by fermentation from the soil microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis Kim & Goodfellow. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity of emamectin benzoate to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, C. molesta (Busck), under laboratory and semi‐field conditions. RESULTS: Dose response bioassays showed that emamectin benzoate had a high level of intrinsic toxicity to early‐stage larvae of both species, and that contact activity might contribute significantly to mortality. In the semi‐field trials, residual toxicity lasted for more than 1 week. Ovicidal activity was recorded only for C. pomonella (approximately 30%), irrespective of the concentrations tested. Field trials confirmed the efficacy of emamectin benzoate on codling moth when applied at 7 day intervals. Fruit damage, both from the first and second generations, was comparable with that on treatment with chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, used as a chemical reference. CONCLUSION: Emamectin benzoate may be considered a valuable tool for the control of codling moth as a component of an IPM programme. Its collective advantages are: high efficacy, lack of cross‐resistance with currently used products, control of secondary pests such as oriental fruit moth and selective toxicity that spares beneficials. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
13.
Alan L Knight 《Pest management science》2010,66(8):865-874
BACKGROUND: Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), has been intensely managed with the organophosphate insecticide azinphos‐methyl for 50 years, and populations have developed resistance. New management programs have been developed and implemented that rely more heavily on other classes of insecticides. A prerequisite for developing effective resistance management strategies for these compounds is to establish their current levels of effectiveness. Adult and neonate larval assays were conducted to assess the response of field‐collected codling moth populations from apple in Washington State. RESULTS: Male codling moth populations exhibited a range of responses to a discriminating concentration of azinphos‐methyl in a survey of 20 populations. Populations from certified organic orchards were more susceptible than those from conventional orchards. Mean fecundity was inversely related to azinphos‐methyl tolerance. Male responses to azinphos‐methyl and acetamiprid varied significantly among populations and were correlated. The residual effectiveness of field applications of both insecticides varied significantly against neonate larvae. Neonate bioassays with insecticide‐dipped fruit found significant differences among populations with azinphos‐methyl, acetamiprid, methoxyfenozide and spinosad, but not with esfenvalerate. CONCLUSION: These results support a concern that alternation of insecticides with different modes of action may not be a sufficient strategy to avoid the evolution of broad‐spectrum insecticide resistance by codling moth. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
迷向防治技术对苹果蠹蛾的田间防治效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取甘肃省12个苹果蠹蛾发生县区,研究了迷向防治技术对苹果蠹蛾的防治效果。结果表明:在种群密度较低(平均蛀果率在1%以下)的果园(连片面积17hm~2),采用迷向防治技术,即在诱捕到第1头苹果蠹蛾成虫(4月末5月初)后进行第1次悬挂迷向条(120~150根/hm~2),7月中旬进行第2次补充悬挂,可有效控制苹果蠹蛾为害,成虫诱蛾量和蛀果率分别较对照下降90.8%和92.6%,成虫无明显的诱集高峰;采用迷向防治的果园,增加化学防治次数,对防治效果影响不显著(P0.05)。本研究证实苹果蠹蛾迷向防治技术有较好的防治效果,虽然防治成本相对较高,但减少了环境污染,是未来值得推广的绿色防控技术措施。 相似文献
15.
From 2000 to 2002, local distribution and dispersion patterns of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), captured in pheromone traps were investigated in two heterogeneous agro-ecosystems (A and
B) of the Molise region, in central Italy. The main objectives of this study were to determine the temporal and spatial variations
in distribution and abundance of codling moth inside and outside apple orchards located in these study areas, and to evaluate
the importance of the presence of several host plants in relation to the observed distribution. Trap catches of male moths
were clumped during almost all sampling weeks. Spatial characterizations obtained by means of geostatistical methods illustrate
that the high trap capture foci were confined to the productive apple orchards for both agro-ecosystems or in small groups
of apple trees, and in the case of study area B, in a zone containing pear trees, service trees and walnut trees. Occasionally
moths were found in traps installed outside these zones. Furthermore, the position of high male population foci seems not
to change during a single flight period. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the improvement of Integrated
Pest Management programs employed in apple orchards situated in heterogeneous landscapes.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004. 相似文献
16.
17.
Alan L Knight 《Pest management science》2010,66(7):709-717
BACKGROUND: Studies surveyed the toxicity of several insecticides against adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and examined the field effectiveness of applying low‐volume (12 L ha?1) sprays alone or in combination with a microencapsulated (MEC) sex pheromone formulation. RESULTS: Neonicotinyls, organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids significantly reduced fecundity at concentrations nearly 100‐fold lower than their maximum labeled field rate. Field studies in 2005 demonstrated that six applications of esfenvalerate resulted in > 90% reduction in fruit injury versus the untreated check. The addition of the MEC pheromone formulation did not further improve control. Five sprays of esfenvalerate, phosmet and acetamiprid all significantly reduced levels of fruit injury compared with the untreated control in 2006. Esfenvalerate and acetamiprid mixed with the MEC pheromone significantly reduced fruit injury compared with the MEC‐only treatment. Significant increases in pest and decreases in predator mite densities occurred in plots treated with esfenvalerate in both years. Low‐volume sprays of phosmet and acetamiprid did not disrupt mites. CONCLUSION: Low‐volume insecticide sprays can effectively manage codling moth and are less disruptive of integrated mite management. Developing an effective ‘attract and kill’ technology with this approach will require optimization of the attractant(s) to maximize moth exposure to insecticide residues. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
BACKGROUND: The codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. Resistance monitoring is crucial to the effective management of resistance in codling moth. Three populations of codling moth in neonate larvae were evaluated for resistance to seven insecticides via diet bioassays, and compared with a susceptible population. In addition, apple plots were treated with labeled field rate doses of four insecticides. Treated fruit were exposed to neonate larvae of two populations from commercial orchards. RESULTS: Two populations of codling moth expressed two‐ and fivefold resistance to azinphos‐methyl, seven‐ and eightfold resistance to phosmet, six‐ and tenfold resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, 14‐ and 16‐fold resistance to methoxyfenozide and sixfold resistance to indoxacarb, but no resistance to acetamiprid and spinosad. The impact of the resistance to azinphos‐methyl, measured as fruit damage, increased as the insecticide residues aged in the field. In contrast, fruit damage in methoxyfenozide‐ and lambda‐cyhalothrin‐treated fruit was observed earlier for resistant codling moth. No differences in efficacy were found for acetamiprid. CONCLUSIONS: Broad‐spectrum insecticide resistance was detected for codling moth. Resistance to azinphos‐methyl, lambda‐cyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide was associated with reduced residual activity in the field. Broad‐spectrum resistance presents serious problems for management of the codling moth in Michigan. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
BACKGROUND: The possibility of improving the efficacy of various insecticides for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), by the addition of a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester, ethyl (2E, 4Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate (PE‐MEC, 5% AI), was evaluated in field trials in apple from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS: The addition of PE‐MEC (<3.0 g AI ha?1) significantly lowered fruit injury with low rates of organophosphate and neonicotinoid insecticides. The addition of PE‐MEC (1.48 g AI ha?1) to maximum label rates of insecticides with moderate activity for codling moth, such as ebamectin benzoate, spinosad and methoxyfenozide, significantly improved their effectiveness. However, PE‐MEC did not consistently improve the activity of maximum label rates of either rynaxypyr or spinetoram. The addition of PE‐MEC with seasonal spray programs of acetamiprid and azinphos‐methyl in combination with the use of sex pheromones for mating disruption provided the most effective control. CONCLUSION: The addition of PE‐MEC can improve the effectiveness of some insecticides for codling moth in apple. Insecticides active via dermal toxicity are more strongly improved by the addition of PE‐MEC. Season‐long use of PE‐MEC can also augment the effectiveness of mating disruption. Adding PE‐MEC to variable integrated management programs for C. pomonella should be further investigated. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
麦蛾在淮北地区1a发生5代,只有越冬代的化蛹、羽化高峰期短而整齐,使发生在小麦大田生长期的一代麦蛾的落卵高峰集中,且此时正值小麦扬花至灌浆初期。利用期距法和气温预报可准确预报发生期,选用高效农药进行统一防治,可达到控制全年为害的目的。 相似文献