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1.
《水土保持学报》2014,(4)
为了探究不同作物残茬和生物篱的防风蚀效果及距驼绒藜下风向不同距离处的风蚀规律,采用地表埋放风蚀圈的方法对研究区土壤风蚀情况进行了监测。结果表明:不同作物残茬及驼绒藜对间作秋翻裸地的保护作用明显,驼绒藜冠幅越大防护效果越好,草谷子和油菜2种残茬相比,草谷子残茬由于秸秆密集,防护效果好于油菜茬,草谷子和油菜残茬加上驼绒藜冠幅的保护,裸地中土壤风蚀量下降73.40%~88.90%;与大面积秋翻裸地相比,不同残茬和生物篱均对间作秋翻裸地有防护作用,土壤风蚀量降低率为38.57%~76.45%,其防护效果大小顺序为草谷子茬4年驼绒藜莜麦茬油菜茬2年驼绒藜草玉米茬油葵秆;驼绒藜下风向不同距离处的风蚀趋势为,距驼绒藜2m之内,土壤沉降量逐渐降低,3~5m土壤沉降量又逐渐增大,5~8.5m土壤沉降量又逐渐减小,距驼绒藜8.5m外开始发生风蚀,而且随距离增加土壤风蚀量逐渐增大。秋翻裸地中距4年驼绒藜1m到10m不同距离处,较大面积秋翻裸地土壤风蚀量降低率为65.84%~132.40%;距4年驼绒藜10m之外的区域还能显现驼绒藜的防护效果。 相似文献
2.
河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作防风蚀效应的风洞试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对河西地区民勤县绿洲春小麦生产田实施保护性耕作,采用风洞试验,以传统耕作为对照,从风蚀量、风速廓线、风蚀速率和地表粗糙度等方面比较分析了不同保护性耕作措施(免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、残茬压倒处理)的防风蚀效应。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作土壤风蚀量减少,地表风速减小,土壤风蚀速率降低,地表粗糙度增大,土壤风蚀速率与地表粗糙度呈负相关关系。不同保护性耕作措施抑制风蚀的程度不同,4种耕作方式的风蚀速率从大到小依次为传统耕作、残茬压倒、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖,其中免耕秸秆覆盖处理的防风蚀效应最佳。 相似文献
3.
作物残茬与生物篱组合对减轻土壤风蚀的作用 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了探究中国北方农牧交错带冬春风蚀季节生物篱与作物残茬组合对间作裸露秋翻地的防护作用,采用风蚀圈和野外移动式风洞试验的方法对研究区土壤风蚀情况进行监测,利用PC-3型自动气象站进行风速测定。结果表明,油葵秆生物篱减小了间作裸地近地面风速,提高了地表粗糙度;从防风蚀效果看草谷子茬优于油葵秆生物篱;在距油葵秆生物篱或草谷子茬下风向裸地不同位置处,土壤风蚀量基本呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线变化趋势,在4 m左右土壤风蚀量最大,在篱和茬的双重保护下,距茬5 m处发生了风积现象;土壤风蚀量降低率基本呈“V”字型分布;土壤风蚀模数随风速增大而增加,在生物篱的保护下5～15 m/s风速时土壤风蚀降低率为5.03%～20.53%。因此,油葵秆生物篱具有防风蚀作用,而且与草谷子残茬组合对间作裸地会起到更好的固土防蚀作用。 相似文献
4.
阴山北麓残茬间作带田土壤风蚀规律 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探究带状间作农田残茬带宽度对土壤风蚀模数的影响,进一步验证野外移动式风洞对研究区带田土壤风蚀模数进行的原位测试结果,采用风蚀圈和陷阱诱捕的方法对研究区土壤风积和风蚀情况进行监测.风积量结果表明,不同宽度莜麦残茬带宽小于6 m时,风积量随带宽增加而减小,带宽6～10 m风积量随带宽增加而增加,带宽大于10 m后风积量开始下降;与残茬带等宽间作裸地中,随带宽加大风积量不断降低,带宽在3.6 m左右时达到最低值,带宽大于3.6 m后风积量随带宽增加而不断增加.风蚀量结果表明,不同宽度莜麦残茬带中,5 m带宽内土壤风蚀量显著降低,5～10 m范围缓慢上升,带宽超出10 m土壤风蚀量又呈现稳中有降的变化趋势;不同带宽间作裸地中,土壤风蚀量基本在带宽3 m之内呈直线下降,带宽在3 m左右时土壤风蚀量最低,带宽在3～7 m时土壤风蚀量呈直线上升趋势,在7～10 m时土壤风蚀量基本保持稳定,带宽大于10 m后土壤风蚀量又呈直线上升趋势;不同带宽残茬+等宽秋翻地的土壤风蚀量变化规律,基本与间作裸地的变化趋势相同;不同带宽间作裸地带中不同位置土壤风蚀量随距莜麦残茬距离的增加而增大. 相似文献
5.
不同地表状况对土壤风蚀的影响——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对采取不同耕作措施和不同留茬方式的农田土壤进行野外风沙观测.观测结果表明,人为因素对农田土壤风蚀影响非常大,不同地表状况的土壤风蚀特征存在显著差异.留茬地因为表面残茬的存在显著增加了土壤表面粗糙度,从而使得其风蚀强度较小;而秋翻地人为扰动较大,表面覆盖度较小,其风蚀强度在所研究的土壤中为最大.因此,对于内蒙古太仆寺旗农田土壤风蚀较严重区域,应该采取留茬措施以减少人为扰动,增加覆盖度以提高土壤表面粗糙度,从而有效地减少土壤风蚀. 相似文献
6.
典型薄层黑土区前期坡面水蚀对土壤风蚀的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了探究东北黑土区水力风力叠加作用的多营力复合侵蚀机理,该研究利用直流吹气式风洞对有、无前期降雨的地表进行风蚀试验,对比分析前期坡面水蚀作用对黑土区坡耕地土壤风蚀的影响。结果显示:不同降雨强度下前期坡面水蚀作用使土壤风蚀量明显减小,即前期坡面水蚀作用对地表产生了明显抗风蚀效应。在9、12和15 m/s风速作用下,50和100 mm/h降雨强度的前期坡面水蚀作用产生的抗风蚀效率分别为68.4%～96.2%和77.2%～97.6%,且随降雨强度增加,其抗风蚀效率增大。土壤风蚀强度受前期坡面水蚀作用中降雨强度和风蚀作用风速的综合影响,降雨强度的增加对土壤风蚀的抑制效果明显。前期坡面水蚀作用降低了土壤风蚀输沙量和输沙高度,且风蚀输沙量随前期坡面水蚀作用中降雨强度的增大而减小。前期坡面水蚀作用对地表产生抗风蚀效应的主要原因一方面是前期降雨径流侵蚀作用对土壤的压实过程改变了土壤性质和地表形态,使地表土壤抗剪强度和土壤紧实度增加,从而提高了土壤结构的稳定性和抗风蚀能力;另一方面前期降雨侵蚀作用使地表土壤颗粒分散并随径流流失,减少了后期土壤风蚀的物质来源,抑制了土壤风蚀的发生。该研究结果不仅揭示了前期坡面水蚀作用对黑土区土壤风蚀的影响机制,也为针对性防治黑土坡面复合侵蚀和黑土资源的可持续利用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
7.
随着土地免耕，少耕等休闲制的推广，地表覆盖物数量大大提高，风蚀与水蚀得到大面积控制。在美国北部平原，对冬小麦实行免耕，少耕和作物残茬覆盖等休闲法，测定土壤蓄水量，降水贮存效率及它们关系的关系。试验表明，休闲法对收割后冬闪期土壤水量无显著影响；降水贮存效率冬闲期最高，夏闲期最低。ＮＴ，ＭＲ法土壤蓄水量和降水贮存效率分别比ＳＭ高１２％和１６％。 相似文献
8.
在西班牙东北部半干旱区 ,采用的是谷物—休闲轮作的种植制度 ,风蚀异常严重。为较准确地评价该地区休闲期的风蚀危害 ,针对当地土壤条件和不同耕作措施 ,应用风蚀预测方程计算了休闲期土壤风蚀量。结果表明 :在沙质壤土上采用平板犁耕作风蚀最严重 ,如果采用凿形犁的少耕可将风蚀量控制在容许范围之内 ;采用带状种植可以通过减小田块长度来降低风蚀量 ,并且可以提供较多的残茬 ;耕作时土垄垂直或接近垂直于主风向 ,可将土壤可蚀性因子 (I)减小 10 %～ 5 0 %。 相似文献
9.
针对内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带土壤风蚀严重的问题,研究了带状留茬间作的防风蚀效果,通过测定风速、地表粗糙度和土壤风蚀量,揭示不同留茬高度对留茬地和相邻裸露地的防风蚀效果.结果表明,随着留茬高度的增加,作物残茬带近地表风速降低,且留高茬(30 cm)效果最明显;随着测定高度的增加,同一留茬高度对风速的降低程度减小.地表粗糙度随留茬高度的增加而增大,留高茬地(30 cm)和邻高茬裸地的地表粗糙度分别较对照增加了466.67％和126.98％.土壤风蚀量随留茬高度的增加而减少,留高茬地(30 cm)和邻高茬裸地的风蚀量分别较对照减少了90.21％和65.51％.因此,作物残茬既增强了自身带的防风蚀效果,又在一定程度上保护了邻茬裸露带,留茬高度30 cm时防风蚀效果最好,对相邻裸露带的保护作用最明显. 相似文献
10.
保护性耕作农田地表风沙流特性 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
土壤风蚀是中国北方干旱半干旱地区农田土地退化的重要原因。该文利用移动式风蚀风洞对保护性耕作农田和传统翻耕农田进行原位测试,对比分析保护性耕作农田地表风沙流特性,探讨保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响机理,为防治农田土壤风蚀提供理论依据。研究表明,与对照秋翻地相比,由于直立残茬的作用,保护性耕作农田能迅速降低近地表风速,特别是在残茬高度内改变了风速随高度变化的对数规律,风速随高度的降低而急剧减小。其风沙流结构也发生了明显变异,风沙活动层主要集中在180～400 mm高度范围内,占总输沙量的67.94%～69.28%,最大输沙率出现在距地表240 mm高度上,风沙流结构呈现出类似象鼻形状的“象鼻效应”。风沙流总输沙率也明显小于对照秋翻地,保护性耕作是一种防治农田风蚀沙化的有效耕作措施。 相似文献
11.
[目的]比较分析不同耕作方式下农田表层土壤防风蚀机理和效果,为区域社会经济和生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用室内风洞及相关配套设备对甘肃民勤绿洲区的免耕、少耕、秋翻和深松农田表层土壤进行风蚀测试,计算风蚀速率及输沙率,研究其风沙运动规律,分析各种耕作农田表层土壤防风蚀情况。[结果]耕作措施对土壤风蚀速率的影响与风速大小相关,风速较小时,不同耕作方式对风速的影响差异不显著,而当风速大于14 m/s后不同耕作农田表层土壤风蚀速率开始出现较明显差异;少耕、秋翻、深松等耕作方式对农田表层土壤风蚀速率和输沙率的影响差异不明显;免耕耕作方式下农田表层土壤风蚀速率和输沙率最低,风速越高,差距越大;风速、耕作以及两者交互作用对农田表层土壤风蚀速率和输沙率有极显著影响。[结论]免耕耕作能有效抵抗农田表层土壤的风蚀,大幅度减少输沙率,表现出极佳的抗风蚀效果。 相似文献
12.
B. Ulén H. Aronsson M. Bechmann T. Krogstad L. ØYgarden M. Stenberg 《Soil Use and Management》2010,26(2):94-107
In Scandinavia high losses of soil and particulate-bound phosphorus (PP) have been shown to occur from tine-cultivated and mouldboard-ploughed soils in clay soil areas, especially in relatively warm, wet winters. The omission in the autumn of primary tillage (not ploughing) and the maintenance of a continuous crop cover are generally used to control soil erosion. In Norway, ploughing and shallow cultivation of sloping fields in spring instead of ploughing in autumn have been shown to reduce particle transport by up to 89% on highly erodible soils. Particle erosion from clay soils can be reduced by 79% by direct drilling in spring compared with autumn ploughing. Field experiments in Scandinavia with ploughless tillage of clay loams and clay soils compared to conventional autumn ploughing usually show reductions in total P losses of 10–80% by both surface and subsurface runoff (lateral movements to drains). However, the effects of not ploughing during the autumn on losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP) are frequently negative, since the DRP losses without ploughing compared to conventional ploughing have increased up to fourfold in field experiments. In addition, a comprehensive Norwegian field experiment at a site with high erosion risk has shown that the proportion of DRP compared to total P was twice as high in runoff water after direct drilling compared to ploughing. Therefore, erosion control measures should be further evaluated for fields with an erosion risk since reduction in PP losses may be low and DRP losses still high. Ploughless tillage systems have potential side-effects, including an increased need for pesticides to control weeds [e.g. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] and plant diseases (e.g. Fusarium spp.) harboured by crop residues on the soil surface. Overall, soil tillage systems should be appraised for their positive and negative environmental effects before they are widely used for all types of soil, management practice, climate and landscape. 相似文献
13.
T. Seehusen I. S. Hofgaard K. S. Tørresen H. Riley 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(2):93-109
Four field trials (spring wheat and oats) were conducted (one on clay soil, one on loam soil and two on silt soil) for three years in important cereal growing districts, to investigate the influence of tillage regimes (ploughing versus reduced tillage in either autumn or spring) and straw management (removed and retained) on plant residue amounts, weed populations, soil structural parameters and cereal yields. The effect of tillage on soil structure varied, mainly due to the short trial period. In general, the amount of small soil aggregates increased with tillage intensity. Reduced soil tillage, and in some cases spring ploughing, gave significantly higher aggregate stability than autumn ploughing, thus providing protection against erosion. However, decreasing tillage intensity increased the amounts of weeds, particularly of Poa annua on silt soil. Straw treatment only slightly affected yields, while effects of tillage varied between both year and location. Reduced tillage, compared to ploughing, gave only small yield differences on loam soil, while it was superior on clay soil and inferior on silt soil. Our results suggest that shallow spring ploughing is a good alternative to autumn ploughing, since it gave comparable yields, better protection against erosion and was nearly as effective against weeds. 相似文献
14.
黑土区覆混耕作中玉米秸秆还田对土壤水分入渗性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
覆盖混埋耕作主要通过联合整地机对秸秆进行切碎并均匀混入土壤,对降低风蚀水蚀、提高耕层土壤蓄水能力及构建优质种床具有重要作用。为探究覆混耕作中玉米秸秆对土壤水分入渗性能的影响,该研究利用Design Expert软件,根据Box-Behnken试验原理通过室内土柱模拟试验,以覆混耕作中秸秆混埋深度、秸秆混埋量、秸秆长度为影响因素,以渗水量为指标进行三因素三水平二次回归正交试验。通过建立响应面数学模型,分析了各因素对土壤水分入渗性能的影响,并对影响因素进行了综合优化。试验结果表明:对渗水量影响主次顺序为秸秆混埋深度、秸秆长度、秸秆混埋量;当秸秆混埋深度为20 cm、秸秆混埋量为80%、秸秆长度为9 cm时,渗水量达到最优值0.249 L。利用优化后的参数进行试验验证,土壤渗水量为0.247 L。研究结果可为覆混耕作中联合整地机的作业参数调整提供参考和土壤水分入渗性能研究提供参考。 相似文献
15.
以内蒙古自治区武川县上秃乡保护性耕作农田地表土壤为研究对象,利用移动式风蚀风洞对麦茬深松农田地表进行土壤抗风蚀效果测试研究.研究结果表明,麦茬深松农田地表相对传统耕作地表可降低近地表风蚀土壤量,对土壤输沙影响显著.该研究可为防治农田土壤风蚀提供理论依据 相似文献
16.
Soil properties and surface characteristics affecting wind erosion can be manipulated through tillage and crop residue management. Little information exists, however, that describes the impact of long term tillage and residue management on soil properties in the subarctic region of the United States. This study examines the impact of 20 years of tillage and residue management on a broad range of physical properties that govern wind erosion processes on a silt loam in interior Alaska. A strip plot experimental design was established in 1983 and included intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk), spring disk, autumn chisel plow, and no tillage with straw either retained on or removed from the soil surface. Soil and residue properties measured after sowing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in May 2004 included penetration resistance, soil water content, shear stress, bulk density, random roughness, aggregate size distribution, and residue cover and biomass. No tillage was characterized by larger aggregates, greater soil strength (penetration resistance and shear stress), wetter soil, and greater residue cover compared to all other tillage treatments. Despite crop failures the previous 2 years, crop residue management influenced residue biomass and cover, but not soil properties. Autumn chisel and spring disk appeared to be viable minimum tillage options to intensive tillage in controlling erosion. Autumn chisel and spring disk promoted greater roughness, aggregation, and residue cover as compared with intensive tillage. Although no tillage appeared to be the most effective management strategy for mitigating wind erosion, no tillage was not a sustainable practice due to lack of weed control. No tillage also resulted in the formation of an organic layer on the soil surface over the past 20 years, which has important ramifications for long term crop production in the subarctic where the mean annual temperature is <0 °C. 相似文献
17.
Abstract. Since 1980 soil erosion by water on agricultural areas has been measured in plot experiments conducted at the Department of Soil and Water Sciences at the Agricultural University of Norway. Meltwater in spring is the most serious erosive agent but rainfall on nearly saturated soil and hare soil also has a considerable erosive effect. Erosion as a result of heavy rainfall in the growing season occurs occasionally. A high proportion of water-stable aggregates and a high content of clay and humus are characteristics of a soil with good resistance to emsion. Tillage has a strong influence on soil loss and it has been found that spring tillage reduces the annual soil loss by 90% compared with autumn ploughing. 相似文献
18.
保护性耕作对农田土壤风蚀影响的室内风洞实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
保护性耕作能够有效减少农田土壤风蚀。通过室内风洞实验,定量分析不同作物留茬、不同秸秆覆盖量对安塞黄绵土风蚀作用的影响。结果表明:(1)小麦留茬、玉米留茬以及秸秆覆盖都可以有效的减少风蚀。小麦秸秆覆盖量为4 210kg/hm2时土壤抗风蚀效率最高,达到95.9%;(2)风蚀量与风速成正相关关系,风蚀量随风速的变化均存在突然增大的转折点且30cm小麦留茬的转折点会明显滞后于30cm玉米留茬和裸土,30cm小麦留茬的抗风蚀效率要好于30cm玉米留茬;小麦秸秆覆盖量越大,抗风蚀效率越好;(3)随着高度的增加风蚀量逐渐减小,超过90%的风蚀量都集中在0～36cm高度范围内。随着风速的增大,0～10cm风蚀量所占比例会逐渐增加。 相似文献
19.
东北地区不同耕作方式农田土壤风蚀特征 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
为探究不同耕作方式农田土壤风蚀特征,揭示风蚀对表层土壤理化性质及养分含量的影响,以东北地区典型农田土壤(黑土和风沙土)为研究对象,通过野外集沙仪定点监测与室内理化分析等方法,对不同耕作方式(垄作、免耕)和不同地表覆盖措施(无覆盖、留茬、覆盖)下的土壤风蚀特征展开研究。结果表明:(1)风沙土的输沙量显著高于黑土,在0—100cm高度范围内风沙土的输沙量平均为黑土的168倍。随高度的上升输沙量急剧减少,其中0—10cm输沙量最大,占总输沙量的50%以上,40cm以上则无明显风蚀物;(2)不同耕作方式下,免耕农田土壤风蚀输沙量较垄作样地减少了66.0%~94.1%;而相同耕作措施下,不同地表覆盖的输沙量表现为无覆盖>留茬>覆盖,与无覆盖相比,留茬及秸秆覆盖下的输沙量可以减少90.3%~99.4%;(3)受风蚀影响,表层土壤颗粒、有机质及养分流失严重,其中风蚀物的砂粒含量是表层土壤的1.06~1.42倍,且10—20cm风蚀物中有机质、全氮和全磷含量均比表层土壤高;(4)通过修正风蚀方程(RWEQ)估算得出,垄作无覆盖(RTNF)风蚀模数高达181.7~86582.9t/(km^2·a),风蚀剧烈,而免耕覆盖(NTF)的风蚀模数仅为9.89t/(km^2·a),为微度风蚀。研究显示垄作及无覆盖方式下农田土壤风蚀程度剧烈,加剧了表层土壤颗粒和养分流失的风险,而免耕和地表覆盖能有效缓解风蚀危害。 相似文献
20.
《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,92(1-2):75-81
Soil properties and surface characteristics affecting wind erosion can be manipulated through tillage and crop residue management. Little information exists, however, that describes the impact of long term tillage and residue management on soil properties in the subarctic region of the United States. This study examines the impact of 20 years of tillage and residue management on a broad range of physical properties that govern wind erosion processes on a silt loam in interior Alaska. A strip plot experimental design was established in 1983 and included intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk), spring disk, autumn chisel plow, and no tillage with straw either retained on or removed from the soil surface. Soil and residue properties measured after sowing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in May 2004 included penetration resistance, soil water content, shear stress, bulk density, random roughness, aggregate size distribution, and residue cover and biomass. No tillage was characterized by larger aggregates, greater soil strength (penetration resistance and shear stress), wetter soil, and greater residue cover compared to all other tillage treatments. Despite crop failures the previous 2 years, crop residue management influenced residue biomass and cover, but not soil properties. Autumn chisel and spring disk appeared to be viable minimum tillage options to intensive tillage in controlling erosion. Autumn chisel and spring disk promoted greater roughness, aggregation, and residue cover as compared with intensive tillage. Although no tillage appeared to be the most effective management strategy for mitigating wind erosion, no tillage was not a sustainable practice due to lack of weed control. No tillage also resulted in the formation of an organic layer on the soil surface over the past 20 years, which has important ramifications for long term crop production in the subarctic where the mean annual temperature is <0 °C. 相似文献