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1.
A study was carried out on the behaviour of starlings (mainly juveniles) which are pests in cherry orchards where they eat ripening fruit. Observations on 17 radio-tagged starlings during the cherry-picking season showed that most individuals continued to feed in the orchards on consecutive days despite the use of a variety of scarers. Distress calls of starlings played through loudspeakers were effective in that they temporarily scared starlings, but birds returned during the periods when no distress call was played. However, starlings no longer responded to these distress calls after the period between days 7 and 13. Captive starlings could not maintain their weight on a diet of cherries and the maximum daily intake was 25 cherries, amounting to 1·5 times the bird's own weight. The length of time spent in the orchards by radio-tagged birds (on average 2·8 hours) was far longer than the time needed to eat 25 cherries. It is concluded that the present arrangement of scarers was inefficient and that the netting-in of an orchard would be more effective.  相似文献   

2.
Frugivorous birds impose significant costs on tree fruit growers through direct consumption of fruit and grower efforts to manage birds. We documented factors that influenced tree fruit bird damage from 2012 through 2014 with a coordinated field study in Michigan, New York, and Washington. For sweet cherries, percent bird damage was higher in 2012 compared to 2013 and 2014, in Michigan and New York compared to Washington, and in blocks with more edges adjacent to non-sweet cherry land-cover types. These patterns appeared to be associated with fruit abundance patterns; 2012 was a particularly low-yield year for tree fruits in Michigan and New York and percent bird damage was high. In addition, percent bird damage to sweet and tart cherries in Michigan was higher in landscapes with low to moderate forest cover compared to higher forest cover landscapes. 'Honeycrisp' apple blocks under utility wires were marginally more likely to have greater bird damage compared to blocks without wires. We recommend growers prepare bird management plans that consider the spatial distribution of fruit and non-fruit areas of the farm. Growers should generally expect to invest more in bird management in low-yield years, in blocks isolated from other blocks of the same crop, and in blocks where trees can provide entry to the crop for frugivorous birds.  相似文献   

3.
Methiocarb can be an effective, non-lethal repellent to bird pests in numerous agricultural situations world-wide. It elicits a conditioned aversion response (based on an internal physiological reaction) which birds presumably associate with a treated food crop and then avoid. However, in developing countries its cost is often prohibitive. Studies on Quelea quelea also indicate that repellency occurs at levels lower than birds can discriminate by taste. The cost of using methiocarb can be reduced by incorporating inexpensive sensory cues that birds associate with its soporific effects. In the laboratory, methiocarb/sensory-cue combinations applied to heads of sorghum significantly enhanced the repellent response to quelea. Likewise, field tests in Africa and the Philippines comparing a 1% methiocarb treatment with a 0·5% methiocarb/1·0% wattle tannin formulation applied to ripening sorghum, millet, and wheat resulted in equivalent protection and significantly less damage when compared with untreated heads. The results have practical implications to farmers, particularly in developing countries, for protecting their crops economically.  相似文献   

4.
Fruit loss to birds is a long-standing and costly problem for many producers. We conducted a survey of Honeycrisp apple, blueberry, cherry, and wine grape growers in California, Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Washington to estimate costs of bird damage and benefits of bird damage management. We also assessed grower perceptions of impacts on profits and effectiveness of bird management techniques. Current yield-loss estimates provided by growers and market price data were used to monetize current bird damage in each crop and growing region. Data on expected damage without management were used to estimate the benefits of bird damage management as it is currently being employed in the different crops and growing regions. We estimated that current bird damage costs per hectare ranged from $104 in Oregon tart cherries to $7267 in Washington Honeycrisp apples. Estimated benefits of bird management ranged from $299 per hectare in Oregon tart cherries to $36,851 in California blueberries. Aggregate bird damage in the five crops and states was estimated at $189 million, and the aggregate benefits of managing that damage were estimated at $737 million to $834 million. Growers viewed most techniques for bird damage management as ineffective, or only slightly effective, and a majority of blueberry and sweet cherry growers viewed bird damage as having a significant impact on profits. Enhancing the effectiveness of bird damage management would increase both the efficiency and profitability of fruit production.  相似文献   

5.
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine how house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) detect and avoid bunches of grapes treated with the repellent methiocarb and to determine whether the presence of a visual tag paired with methiocarb-treated bunches facilitates this detection and avoidance. Individually caged birds were offered one untreated and one treated grape bunch during a series of 2 h preference feeding trials, and each bird's total consumption and its preference for the treated bunch were measured. When the positions of the treated and untreated bunches were alternated during successive feeding trials, house finches took just as much from the methiocarb-treated bunch as from the untreated bunch, but their total consumption declined. When the positions of the treated and untreated bunches were kept constant, total consumption initially declined but increased again to pretreatment levels as the birds learned to feed from the non-treated bunch. Consumption from the grape bunch on the side of the cage where the birds had previously encountered the repellent remained low even after methiocarb treatments ended. The visual tag had little effect on either total consumption or grape bunch preference. The implications of these findings for controlling bird damage to ripening grapes are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
Estimates of damage caused by Rattus rattus to macadamia nut crops were determined from several Australian macadamia orchards during the 1995/1996 growing season. Both the extent and pattern of crop damage were associated with the type of adjacent non-crop habitat. Orchards adjacent to large, temporally stable, structurally complex habitats experienced high levels of rodent damage (mean 9.9%). Front row trees adjacent to these stable habitats showed significantly higher damage than trees further into the orchard, suggesting an interaction between the crop and non-crop habitats. Orchards adjacent to highly modified grasslands and other orchard blocks exhibited the lowest levels of damage (mean 0.8%), with the damage in these areas being uniformly distributed.

Rattus rattus was the main rodent species responsible for damage. Animals were not distributed uniformly throughout the orchard system. High densities of rodents were found in temporally stable adjacent habitats, while low densities were present in temporally unstable adjacent habitats and cropped areas. The stability and complexity of adjacent non-crop habitats directly affected the potential for rodent damage to macadamia crops. Manipulation of large, temporally stable adjacent habitats therefore could be an effective method for reducing rodent damage in macadamia orchards.  相似文献   


7.
Bird damage is a common and costly problem for fruit producers, who try to limit damage by using management techniques. This analysis used survey data from producers in five U.S. states to estimate bird damage to sweet cherry (Prunus avium) crops with and without the use of bird management. A partial equilibrium model was applied to the data to estimate the change in the marginal cost of production resulting from disuse of bird management. The model incorporates both decreased yield and elimination of management costs. A welfare analysis was conducted with short and long run supply elasticities derived from time-series data using geometric distributed lags. With no bird management, total surplus in the United States decreases by about $185 to $238 million in the short run and $21 to $29 million in the long run, indicating that bird management has a large impact on cherry production and associated market outcomes, including price and consumption.  相似文献   

8.
In August 1992, we treated cattail-dominated wetlands in four 23-km2 blocks with aerially-applied glyphosate herbicide (5.3 1 ha−1). Four other blocks of wetlands were left untreated (reference). We assessed the effects of cattail (Typha spp.) reduction on roosting blackbird (Icterinae) numbers and sunflower damage within the blocks. Blackbird numbers did not differ between posttreatment years (P = 0.453) or between treated and reference wetlands (P = 0.469), averaging 6227 ± 4185 (SE) birds per block. Sunflower damage within blocks was similar between posttreatment years (P = 0.250) and did not vary (P = 0.460) between treatments ( ). However, positive linear relationships were detected between blackbird numbers (y) and hectares of live cattails (x) [(y = 442.2 x)] (P = 0.006) and between blackbird numbers (x) and kilograms of sunflower lost per hectare per year (y) [(y = 0.003 x)] (P = 0.0001). Cattail reduction appears to discourage roosting blackbirds and, thus, may reduce sunflower damage in adjacent fields.  相似文献   

9.
Soil-incorporated and foliar-applied insecticides, alone and in combination, were tested in two different tropical sites of Peru. At San Ramon (altitude 800 m) major pests during the wet season were Diabrotica spp. and Myzus persicae. Soil-incorporated insecticides gave protection against Diabrotica but not M. persicae, and yields were significantly lower with these compared with the foliar-applied insecticide, carbofuran. Mean yield was inversely and significantly correlated with mean number of Diabrotica individuals per plant (r=0·989; 0·01 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide, season, major pests were Phthorimaea operculella, M. persicae and Feltia spp. Mean yield was inversely correlated with mean number of larval mines by P. operculella on foliage (r=0·976;0·02 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide methomyl, reduced pest damage and increased yields significantly. The major pests during the dry season at Yurimagus (altitude 180m) were Diabrotica spp. Foliar application of carbaryl alone, or in combination with soil-incorporated insecticides, was equally effective in reducing damage and yield loss. An inverse significant correlation (r=0·985; 0·01<P<0·02) for yield vs. damage from Diabrotica spp. was observed.  相似文献   

10.
Mist nets (57 m) were used in 10 ha of vineyard in order to capture and remove house sparrows, Passer domesticus, which had caused US$4500 damage during 1981. During a 10-day operation in June 1982, 2754 sparrows were caught and removed. A total of 133 other birds were caught and released. No bird damage to the vineyard was reported during the harvest of 1982, and non-target species were not affected. We recommend this method against flocks of house sparrows and possibly other small birds which are pests in vineyards and orchards, and possibly also in cowsheds and chicken coops.  相似文献   

11.
Captive starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were given choices between untreated turkey crumbs, and similar food treated with one of five chemical repellents (quinine sulphate, methiocarb, dinol sulphite, TS-69 and tannic acid), with or without the addition of a blue dye. All birds avoided the treated food to about the same extent, although starlings showed greater aversion to tannic acid when it was coloured. Sparrows developed aversions to tannic acid and TS-69 more quickly if the food was coloured than if it were not. Birds of both species avoided the blue-colured food even when it was not paired with a repellent; this prevented measurements of the persistence of colour aversions once the repellents were omitted. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the use of added colour cues to enhance the effects of chemical repellents to protect crops from bird pests.  相似文献   

12.
Leafhopper (LH) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) populations were monitored in a peach orchard in which eight blocks of 10 trees each were unsprayed or sprayed seven times in 1979 and three times in 1980 with methoxychlor. Of 7552 LH trapped during both years, 1335 adults of six species known to transmit the mycoplasma-like causal agent of X-disease (X-vectors) were recorded: Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say), 703; Scaphytopius acutus (Say), 439; Colladonus clitellarius (Say), 88; Norvellina seminuda (Say), 65; Gyponana lamina (Delong), 39; and Fieberiella florii (Stål), three. In sprayed blocks, total LH, total X-vectors and total P. irroratus and S. acutus adults (the most abundant X-vectors), were reduced by 49%, 46%, 43% and 50% respectively. In 1979, during one of two periods of peak adult LH activity, total LH, total X-vectors, P. irroratus and S. acutus were reduced by 56–73%, 22–48%, 26% and 62–85% respectively. In 1980, during the first period of adult leafhopper activity, total LH, total X-vectors, P. irroratus and S. acutus populations in sprayed trees were reduced by 72%, 56%, 50% and 60% respectively. The value of reducing X-vector populations, especially those of major X-vectors such as S. acutus and P. irroratus, for disease control is unknown, but should be considered for integrated management of X-disease.  相似文献   

13.
Non-lethal alternatives are needed to manage the damage caused by wild birds to oilseed sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus). We evaluated field residues and experimental applications of an anthraquinone-based repellent (active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) to minimize red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus) depredation of oilseed sunflower. Chemical residues from experimental applications of the anthraquinone-based repellent (4.7 l/ha and 9.4 l/ha; low, high) in a ripening oilseed sunflower field were 481 ppm and 978 ppm anthraquinone at the beginning of blackbird damage, and 385 ppm and 952 ppm anthraquinone at the end of blackbird damage, respectively. Prior to harvest, we observed 402 ppm and 462 ppm anthraquinone in the oil, and 27 ppm and 165 ppm anthraquinone in the pomace from crushed sunflower achenes previously sprayed with the low and high applications, respectively. For the purpose of developing application strategies useful for avian repellents, we subsequently investigated blackbird feeding response to oilseed sunflower treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent and either a registered insecticide or a registered fungicide popularly used for ripening sunflower. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among blackbirds exposed to anthraquinone and the insecticide (a.i. 8.4% esfenvalerate), or anthraquinone and the fungicide (a.i. 23.6% pyraclostrobin). Blackbirds reliably discriminated between untreated sunflower and that treated with 1810 ppm anthraquinone and 0.1% of the insecticide or 1700 ppm anthraquinone and 0.14% of the fungicide during our preference experiments. Given that ripening achenes are inverted from conventional pesticide applications throughout much of the period associated with blackbird depredation, we also evaluated blackbird repellency of the anthraquinone-based repellent applied to involucral bracts (i.e., the back of sunflower heads) of oilseed sunflower. Blackbirds did not discriminate between untreated involucral bracts and those treated with foliar applications comparable to 4.7 l/ha or 9.4 l/ha; blackbirds consumed more achenes from untreated sunflower heads than from those treated with 18.7 l/ha of the anthraquinone-based repellent. Supplemental repellent efficacy studies should investigate blackbird response to anthraquinone-based repellents (e.g., ≥4.7 l/ha) within 10–100 ha sunflower fields and include independent field replicates with predicted bird damage, repellent application strategies developed for protection of ripening crops, pre- and at-harvest repellent residues, and bird damage and crop yield measurements.  相似文献   

14.
Grain yields of a soft white winter wheat cultivar, cv. Ionia, susceptible to cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus (L.)), were determined when the crop was subjected to four controlled infestation levels of the beetle in caged plots over a 3-year period in Michigan. Although identical infestation procedures and insect numbers were used each year, the intensity of larval infestation and feeding damage varied with the year. Significant (P < 0·01) grain losses occurred in plots that had at least 9·0 larvae per stem. The greatest yield loss was 45% and occurred with 15 larvae per stem and 85% feeding damage. Beetle damage had a greater effect on kernel weight than on the other yield components. Although economic thresholds should be conservative to allow for environmental variations, it appears that soft white winter wheat can often withstand beetle infestation levels greater than the current economic threshold of three or more eggs and largae per stem before the boot stage or one or more large larvae per flag leaf during heading.  相似文献   

15.
Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) has recently been noted with increased frequency and earliness on spring-sown beans (Vicia faba) at Rothamsted. In 1982 an experiment was made to assess the damage and yield loss, if any, being caused by the disease. Plots received benomyl sprays to control chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) or not, maneb plus mancozeb (protective) or propiconazole (systemic) fungicide applied twice or three times to control rust, or no fungicide at all. Rust was first found on 7 July and sprays were applied from 9 July but by 19 August plants of all treatments were dead. Fungicides controlled disease development during July and at harvest overall yields were 4·51 and 5·43 t/ha in unsprayed and sprayed treatments respectively. The difference was accounted for by the weight of individual grains and not by the number of pods per plant or grains per pod. Previously rust has been considered unimportant in the UK but its potential for damage is considerable.  相似文献   

16.
Termites and ants are key ecosystem engineers and nutrient re-cyclers. Extensive spraying of insecticides presents a hazard to these insects. Using a control-treatment paired design comprising 3 replicate pairs of plots per soil type, we quantified the impact of fipronil on termite consumption of cardboard and wood baits, termite repair of deliberately damaged mounds as well as ant community composition and abundance in two different habitats (black vertisol and red kandosol soil) when applied aerially at a dose rate recommended for locust control in Australia. The study was conducted from 2006 to 2008. The diversity of termites and ants was higher and side-effects were more pronounced on kandosol than on vertisol soil. Overall termite consumption of cardboard baits was significantly greater in unsprayed than in sprayed plots while losses were significantly greater in only one (vertisol) or two (kandosol) sprayed plots, respectively, compared to paired unsprayed plots. In the first year, termite consumption of wood baits was generally significantly greater on unsprayed than on sprayed kandosol while only marginally significant on unsprayed vertisol. Again, losses were significantly greater in one (vertisol) and two (kandosol) sprayed plots, respectively, compared to paired unsprayed plots. Overall termite consumption of wood baits was similar among plots in the second year post-spray although consumption remained significantly depressed in one pair of sprayed plots in each habitat. The capacity of the mound-building termite, Drepanotermes rubriceps (Froggatt) unique to kandosol, to repair damaged mounds was significantly reduced by fipronil. Furthermore, colonies of Iridomyrmex greensladei Shattuck, an ant species associated with mounds of D. rubriceps, were not re-located five months post-spray. Ant communities were also adversely affected. On vertisol, species richness and relative abundance were similar among treatments, but significantly fewer species were caught in one individual sprayed plot. In contrast on kandosol, species richness and relative abundance were significantly reduced by fipronil. A drop in species richness was observed in all and a drop in relative abundance in two sprayed plots. On vertisol, abundances of two species were significantly lower in sprayed than in paired unsprayed plots. Likewise on kandosol, abundances of five species were significantly reduced in sprayed plots, and one species was not caught at all. The weight of evidence of our findings indicate that fipronil, even at a low rate, will have substantial adverse impacts on the diversity and activity of termites and ants, especially if applied within one to two years of earlier applications.  相似文献   

17.
为探讨覆膜和常规种植对柠檬园蚂蚁群落的影响,采用陷阱法对3种类型柠檬园的地表和树冠层蚂蚁群落进行调查。结果表明,柠檬园Ⅰ采集地表蚂蚁6种35头,树冠层蚂蚁5种13头;柠檬园Ⅱ采集地表蚂蚁7种253头,树冠层蚂蚁7种67头;柠檬园Ⅲ采集地表蚂蚁7种159头,树冠层蚂蚁6种99头。3种类型柠檬园地表蚂蚁群落的物种丰富度和相对多度差异不显著。3种类型柠檬园树冠层蚂蚁的物种丰富度和相对多度差异显著,柠檬园Ⅲ树冠层蚂蚁的物种丰富度和相对多度显著高于柠檬园Ⅰ。柠檬园Ⅰ地表层和树冠层蚂蚁群落结构与柠檬园Ⅱ和Ⅲ不相似。柠檬园Ⅱ地表层中蚂蚁指示物种为东方小家蚁（Monomorium orientale）和黑头酸臭蚁（Tapinoma melanocephalum）,柠檬园Ⅲ地表层指示为横纹齿猛蚁（Odontoponera transversa）;柠檬园Ⅱ和Ⅲ树冠层蚂蚁指示物种分别为巴瑞弓背蚁（Camponotus parius）和黑头酸臭蚁。本研究结果表明覆膜种植对柠檬园蚂蚁群落有影响,但对柠檬园蚂蚁群落的影响具有一定的时间效应。  相似文献   

18.
Bird damage to sunflowers might be reduced by the development of resistant cultivars. Neagra de Cluj may be one such cultivar, with high levels of anthocyanin (a possibly aversive flavour) in achene hulls, but low oil yield. Four experiments were designed to assess the importance of oil content and anthocyanin concentration in feeding preferences expressed by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.). Differences in oil concentration of 15% (w/w) were reliably discriminated in two-choice tests: higher concentrations were preferred. Conversely, all anthocyanin concentrations (0·5, 1·0, 2·5 and 5·0% [w/w]) were avoided, and two-choice tests suggested that higher concentrations (2·5 and 5·0%) were relatively more aversive. Both anthocyanin concentration and oil content could influence Neagra de Cluj resistance to bird depredation. Of these two characteristics, oil may be relatively more important.  相似文献   

19.
Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot caused by Alternaria spp. cause annual losses to the Australian apple industry. Control options are limited, mainly due to a lack of understanding of the disease cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to determine potential sources of Alternaria spp. inoculum in the orchard and examine their relative contribution throughout the production season. Leaf residue from the orchard floor, canopy leaves, twigs and buds were collected monthly from three apple orchards for two years and examined for the number of spores on their surface. In addition, the effects of climatic factors on spore production dynamics in each plant part were examined. Although all four plant parts tested contributed to the Alternaria inoculum in the orchard, significant higher numbers of spores were obtained from leaf residue than the other plant parts supporting the hypothesis that overwintering of Alternaria spp. occurred mainly in leaf residue and minimally on twigs and buds. The most significant period of spore production on leaf residue occurred from dormancy until bloom and on canopy leaves and twigs during the fruit growth stage. Temperature was the single most significant factor influencing the amount of Alternaria inoculum and rainfall and relative humidity showed strong associations with temperature influencing the spore production dynamics in Australian orchards. The practical implications of this study include the eradication of leaf residue from the orchard floor and sanitation of the canopy after harvest to remove residual spores from the trees.  相似文献   

20.
Prior to the 2009 season, sweet cherry fruits, Prunus avium (L.) L., from North America were required to be fumigated with methyl bromide before being exported to Japan to eliminate possible infestation by codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). However, based on recent biological research on host status, a new procedure (the “systems approach”) was implemented relying on the cumulative effects of pre- and post-harvest practices to produce pest-free sweet cherry fruits for export. This is an organized process that involves the integration of procedures used in the production, harvest, packaging, and distribution of a commodity which cumulatively meet the requirements for quarantine security. The objective of our study was to provide additional information to support the systems approach for codling moth in sweet cherries fruits. For four seasons, branches with sweet cherry fruits were caged on trees and infested by released ovipositing codling moths into the cages. Fruits were sampled weekly for codling moth individuals at each life stage. Eggs were laid mostly on leaves with the seasonal average numbers per cage ranging from 142 to 617. Populations declined rapidly after egg eclosion, with <1.5% of the original cohort surviving to fifth instars. Even after 8 weeks, none had formed cocoons or pupated. This failure of the codling moth to complete a life cycle under field conditions supports previous life history studies and demonstrates that sweet cherry fruits are inadequate hosts for codling moth.  相似文献   

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